A half adder adds two binary bits and produces a sum bit and a carry bit.
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2Which logic operation produces the sum output of a half adder?
Adders
Easy
A.NOT operation
B.AND operation
C.OR operation
D.XOR operation
Correct Answer: XOR operation
Explanation:
The sum output of a half adder is .
Incorrect! Try again.
3How many input bits does a full adder accept?
Adders
Easy
A.Four input bits
B.Three input bits
C.Two input bits
D.One input bit
Correct Answer: Three input bits
Explanation:
A full adder accepts two bits to be added and one carry-in bit.
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4What are the two outputs of a half subtractor?
Subtractors
Easy
A.Product and carry
B.Quotient and remainder
C.Sum and carry
D.Difference and borrow
Correct Answer: Difference and borrow
Explanation:
A half subtractor subtracts one binary bit from another and produces difference and borrow outputs.
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5Which logic operation produces the difference output of a half subtractor?
Subtractors
Easy
A.XOR operation
B.AND operation
C.NOT operation
D.NOR operation
Correct Answer: XOR operation
Explanation:
The difference output of a half subtractor is .
Incorrect! Try again.
6What additional input distinguishes a full subtractor from a half subtractor?
Subtractors
Easy
A.Select input
B.Borrow-in input
C.Enable input
D.Carry-in input
Correct Answer: Borrow-in input
Explanation:
A full subtractor includes a borrow-in input from the previous subtraction stage.
Incorrect! Try again.
7What is the main function of a multiplexer?
Multiplexers
Easy
A.Invert every input
B.Activate every input
C.Store one input
D.Select one input
Correct Answer: Select one input
Explanation:
A multiplexer selects one of several input signals and sends it to a single output.
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8How many select lines are required by a -to- multiplexer?
Multiplexers
Easy
A.Four select lines
B.Three select lines
C.One select line
D.Two select lines
Correct Answer: Two select lines
Explanation:
Two select lines provide combinations, allowing one of four inputs to be selected.
Incorrect! Try again.
9How many outputs does a basic multiplexer have?
Multiplexers
Easy
A.Two outputs
B.Four outputs
C.One output
D.Eight outputs
Correct Answer: One output
Explanation:
A basic multiplexer routes one selected input to a single output.
Incorrect! Try again.
10What is the main function of a de-multiplexer?
De-multiplexers
Easy
A.Combine many inputs
B.Store many inputs
C.Route one input
D.Compare two inputs
Correct Answer: Route one input
Explanation:
A de-multiplexer routes one input signal to one of several outputs.
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11How many data inputs does a basic de-multiplexer have?
De-multiplexers
Easy
A.Eight data inputs
B.One data input
C.Four data inputs
D.Two data inputs
Correct Answer: One data input
Explanation:
A basic de-multiplexer has one data input that is directed to a selected output.
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12How many output lines are present in a -to- de-multiplexer?
De-multiplexers
Easy
A.Eight output lines
B.Three output lines
C.Four output lines
D.Two output lines
Correct Answer: Four output lines
Explanation:
A -to- de-multiplexer routes its single input to one of four output lines.
Incorrect! Try again.
13How many outputs does a -to- decoder have?
Decoders
Easy
A.Four outputs
B.Three outputs
C.Eight outputs
D.Two outputs
Correct Answer: Four outputs
Explanation:
A -to- decoder has two input lines and four possible output lines.
Incorrect! Try again.
14For each valid input combination, how many outputs of a standard binary decoder are normally active?
Decoders
Easy
A.One output
B.No outputs
C.All outputs
D.Two outputs
Correct Answer: One output
Explanation:
A standard binary decoder activates one output corresponding to the applied binary input.
Incorrect! Try again.
15What is the purpose of an enable input on a decoder?
Decoders
Easy
A.Invert output values
B.Increase input count
C.Control decoder operation
D.Store decoded data
Correct Answer: Control decoder operation
Explanation:
The enable input determines whether the decoder is active or inactive.
Incorrect! Try again.
16What does a binary encoder produce from an active input line?
Encoders
Easy
A.A stored bit
B.An analog signal
C.A binary code
D.A clock pulse
Correct Answer: A binary code
Explanation:
An encoder converts the active input line into its corresponding binary code.
Incorrect! Try again.
17How many output bits does an -to- encoder produce?
Encoders
Easy
A.Two output bits
B.Eight output bits
C.Three output bits
D.Four output bits
Correct Answer: Three output bits
Explanation:
Three bits can represent eight input positions because .
Incorrect! Try again.
18What is the purpose of a digital comparator?
Comparator up to 2-bit
Easy
A.Compare binary numbers
B.Encode binary numbers
C.Add binary numbers
D.Store binary numbers
Correct Answer: Compare binary numbers
Explanation:
A digital comparator determines the relative values of two binary numbers.
Incorrect! Try again.
19Which output condition is active when two comparator inputs have the same value?
Comparator up to 2-bit
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The equality output is active when both binary inputs represent the same value.
Incorrect! Try again.
20For the -bit numbers and , which comparison is correct?
Comparator up to 2-bit
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Since and , the correct comparison is .
Incorrect! Try again.
21A half adder receives inputs and . What are the sum and carry outputs?
Adders
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
For a half adder, and .
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22A full adder has inputs , , and . What are its outputs?
Adders
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The input total is , which is in binary. Therefore, and .
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23A 4-bit ripple-carry adder adds and with an initial carry input of . What is the result?
Adders
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
, giving a 4-bit sum of and a carry-out of .
Incorrect! Try again.
24A full subtractor receives , , and borrow-in . What are the difference and borrow-out?
Subtractors
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The operation is . In binary subtraction, this produces with .
Incorrect! Try again.
25A 2-bit subtractor calculates . What are the difference and final borrow-out?
Subtractors
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
. Since the minuend is larger, there is no final borrow.
Incorrect! Try again.
26Which pair of Boolean expressions correctly represents the difference and borrow of a half subtractor?
Subtractors
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
A half subtractor has difference . A borrow is required only when and , giving .
Incorrect! Try again.
27A 4-to-1 multiplexer has , , , and . What is the output when ?
Multiplexers
Medium
A., determined by
B., determined by
C., determined by
D., determined by
Correct Answer: , determined by
Explanation:
The select code selects input , whose value is .
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28A 2-to-1 multiplexer uses as its select input. Which input assignments make its output equal to ?
Multiplexers
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
When , XOR equals ; when , XOR equals . Thus and .
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29The function is implemented using a 4-to-1 multiplexer with and as select inputs. What should be connected to ?
Multiplexers
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Evaluating for gives , respectively.
Incorrect! Try again.
30A 1-to-4 de-multiplexer has data input and select inputs . Which output is active?
De-multiplexers
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The select code routes the data input to , so and the other outputs are .
Incorrect! Try again.
31How can a 1-to-8 de-multiplexer be used as a 3-to-8 decoder with active-high outputs?
De-multiplexers
Medium
A.Fix the data input at
B.Use one select input as data
C.Connect all outputs together
D.Fix the data input at
Correct Answer: Fix the data input at
Explanation:
With , each select combination sends a logic to exactly one output, reproducing decoder operation.
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32A 3-to-8 active-high decoder receives the input . Which output becomes active?
Decoders
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The binary input represents decimal , so output is selected.
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33A 2-to-4 active-high decoder is used to implement . Which decoder outputs must be ORed?
Decoders
Medium
A. and
B. and
C. and
D. and
Correct Answer: and
Explanation:
The function is for minterms and , so decoder outputs and must be ORed.
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34Ignoring the inverter needed for complementary enables, how many 2-to-4 decoders with enable inputs are required to construct one 3-to-8 decoder?
Decoders
Medium
A.One decoder
B.Three decoders
C.Four decoders
D.Two decoders
Correct Answer: Two decoders
Explanation:
The most significant input enables one of two 2-to-4 decoders. Each decoder generates four of the eight outputs.
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35In an 8-to-3 binary encoder, only input is active. What is the encoded output ?
Encoders
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The active input number is , whose 3-bit binary representation is .
Incorrect! Try again.
36An 8-to-3 priority encoder gives priority to the highest-numbered input. If and , with all other inputs low, what output is produced?
Encoders
Medium
A., encoding both
B., encoding
C., encoding
D., indicating conflict
Correct Answer: , encoding
Explanation:
has higher priority than , so the encoder outputs the binary code for , which is .
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37A 2-bit comparator receives and . Which comparison output is active?
Comparator up to 2-bit
Medium
A.No output is active
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
and , so the output is active.
Incorrect! Try again.
38A 2-bit comparator reports , , and . If , which value could have?
Comparator up to 2-bit
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Since and , must be greater than . Among the options, only satisfies this.
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39For and , which expression correctly represents the condition ?
Comparator up to 2-bit
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
when , or when the most significant bits are equal and . Here, denotes XNOR.
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40Two 2-bit numbers have equal most significant bits. If and , what will the comparator indicate?
Comparator up to 2-bit
Medium
A.
B.
C.The result is undefined
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
When the most significant bits are equal, the least significant bits decide the result. Since , the comparator indicates .
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41A 4-bit ripple-carry adder adds and with . Each full-adder carry output becomes valid after its carry input becomes valid, and each sum output becomes valid after its carry input becomes valid. Ignoring all other delays, when are all five outputs and guaranteed valid?
Adders
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The carry propagates through all four stages. The MSB sum needs the carry into stage 3, giving , while the final carry requires .
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42For a 2-bit carry-lookahead adder, let and . Which expression correctly gives the carry without using the intermediate carry ?
Adders
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Expanding with gives .
Incorrect! Try again.
43A 4-bit two's-complement adder computes . What are the sum, unsigned carry-out, and signed overflow flag?
Adders
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
, which is outside the 4-bit signed range . The bit pattern is , the carry-out is , and the signed overflow flag is .
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44A full subtractor has inputs , , and borrow-in . Which expression for borrow-out is correct when the propagation term is written using ?
Subtractors
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
A borrow is generated by . When , an incoming borrow is propagated, represented by .
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45A 4-bit adder performs as , with and . What are the result , adder carry-out , unsigned borrow , and signed overflow ?
Subtractors
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
, represented by . In adder-based subtraction, borrow is , so means . The signed result is representable.
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46A 4-bit two's-complement subtractor computes for and . Which result and flags are correct?
Subtractors
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Unsigned needs no borrow, but signed is outside the 4-bit signed range. The wrapped result is and .
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47The function is implemented using a 4-to-1 multiplexer with and as the select inputs, ordered as . What must be connected to ?
Multiplexers
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Evaluating for each fixed value of gives , , , and , respectively.
Incorrect! Try again.
48A 4-to-1 multiplexer uses and as select inputs to implement the three-input majority function . For select order , which data-input assignment is correct?
Multiplexers
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
With , the majority is ; with or , it equals ; and with , it is .
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49A 16-to-1 multiplexer is constructed using only 4-to-1 multiplexers, with no external logic gates. What is the minimum number of multiplexers and the required number of multiplexer levels?
Multiplexers
Hard
A.Five multiplexers arranged in three levels
B.Four multiplexers arranged in two levels
C.Six multiplexers arranged in two levels
D.Five multiplexers arranged in two levels
Correct Answer: Five multiplexers arranged in two levels
Explanation:
Four first-level multiplexers select among the 16 inputs in groups of four, and one second-level multiplexer selects among their outputs.
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50An active-high 1-to-8 de-multiplexer must be built from one active-high 1-to-2 de-multiplexer and two active-high 1-to-4 de-multiplexers. Which connection correctly preserves the input data and select ordering ?
De-multiplexers
Hard
A.Use on the 1-to-2 stage and on both 1-to-4 stages
B.Use on the 1-to-4 stages and connect to their data inputs
C.Use on the 1-to-2 stage and on both 1-to-4 stages
D.Use on the 1-to-2 stage and on separate 1-to-4 stages
Correct Answer: Use on the 1-to-2 stage and on both 1-to-4 stages
Explanation:
The first stage selects the lower or upper group of four using . Each second-stage de-multiplexer then selects one line using .
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51For a 1-to-8 active-high de-multiplexer with data input and select inputs where is the MSB, outputs , , and are ORed. Which simplified function is obtained?
De-multiplexers
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
, which factors to .
Incorrect! Try again.
52A 3-to-8 decoder has active-high outputs through . The function is . Which external gate connection implements ?
Decoders
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The listed maxterm indices are precisely the input combinations where . NORing the corresponding active-high decoder outputs produces .
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53Two 2-to-4 decoders, each having an active-low enable and active-high outputs, are used to construct a 3-to-8 decoder. If is the MSB and drive both decoder input pairs, how should the enables be connected?
Decoders
Hard
A.Lower decoder ; upper decoder
B.Lower decoder ; upper decoder
C.Both decoder enables are connected directly to
D.Both decoder enables are connected directly to
Correct Answer: Lower decoder ; upper decoder
Explanation:
The lower decoder must be enabled when , so its active-low enable receives . The upper decoder must be enabled when , so its enable receives .
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54A combinational 3-to-8 decoder changes input directly from to . All outputs are intended to be active high and one-hot. What can occur if internal propagation delays are unequal?
Decoders
Hard
A.Only can glitch because it becomes active after the transition
B.The output must move directly from to without a transient
C.Only can glitch because it was active before the transition
D.A transient interval may have no active output or multiple active outputs
Correct Answer: A transient interval may have no active output or multiple active outputs
Explanation:
All three input bits change, and unequal path delays can momentarily decode intermediate combinations. The one-hot property is guaranteed only after signals settle.
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55A non-priority 4-to-2 encoder uses and . If while , what output is produced and why is it problematic?
Encoders
Hard
A., correctly identifying the higher input
B., falsely resembling an active
C., indicating that the input combination is invalid
D., correctly identifying the lower input
Correct Answer: , falsely resembling an active
Explanation:
Both encoder equations become , producing . A basic encoder assumes exactly one active input, so simultaneous inputs can create a misleading code.
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56For an active-high 4-to-2 priority encoder with priority , which equations correctly generate binary outputs and valid output ?
Encoders
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
is high for priority indices 2 or 3. is high for , or for only when the higher-priority is inactive. indicates any active input.
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57Two active-high 8-to-3 priority encoders are cascaded to form a 16-to-4 priority encoder, with having the highest priority. Let and be the valid outputs of the high and low groups. Which high-level combination is correct?
Encoders
Hard
A., always select the high code, and set
B., select the low code when , and set
C., select the low code when , and set
D., select the high code when , and set
Correct Answer: , select the high code when , and set
Explanation:
Any active high-group input must override the low group. Thus supplies the MSB and controls code selection, while the overall valid output is .
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58For two unsigned 2-bit numbers and , which Boolean expression is exactly when ?
Comparator up to 2-bit
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Both corresponding bit pairs must be equal. Each XNOR, denoted by , tests one pair, and their product requires both tests to pass.
Incorrect! Try again.
59Which expression correctly implements the unsigned condition for and ?
Comparator up to 2-bit
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
is greater if its MSB is while 's is , or if the MSBs are equal and .
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60The bit patterns and are applied to a 2-bit comparator. How do the results differ when the inputs are interpreted as unsigned numbers versus two's-complement numbers?
Comparator up to 2-bit
Hard
A.Unsigned gives ; signed gives
B.Unsigned gives ; signed gives
C.Unsigned gives ; signed gives
D.Unsigned gives ; signed gives
Correct Answer: Unsigned gives ; signed gives
Explanation:
Unsigned, and . In 2-bit two's complement, and , so the comparison reverses.
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