Explanation:Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) is an object storage service that offers industry-leading scalability, data availability, security, and performance.
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2Which Amazon S3 storage class is best suited for data that is accessed frequently and requires low latency?
A.S3 Standard
B.S3 Standard-IA
C.S3 Glacier
D.S3 One Zone-IA
Correct Answer: S3 Standard
Explanation:S3 Standard offers high durability, availability, and performance for frequently accessed data.
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3What is the durability guarantee provided by the Amazon S3 Standard storage class?
A.99.99%
B.99.9%
C.99.999999999% (11 9s)
D.99.0%
Correct Answer: 99.999999999% (11 9s)
Explanation:Amazon S3 is designed to provide 99.999999999% (11 9s) of data durability for objects over a given year.
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4Which S3 storage class automatically moves objects between two access tiers based on changing access patterns?
A.S3 Standard
B.S3 Intelligent-Tiering
C.S3 Glacier Deep Archive
D.S3 Standard-IA
Correct Answer: S3 Intelligent-Tiering
Explanation:S3 Intelligent-Tiering is designed to optimize costs by automatically moving data to the most cost-effective access tier, without performance impact or operational overhead.
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5In Amazon S3, what is the maximum size of a single object?
A.1 TB
B.5 GB
C.5 TB
D.100 GB
Correct Answer: 5 TB
Explanation:The maximum size of a single object that can be uploaded to Amazon S3 is 5 TB.
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6Which S3 storage class stores data in a single Availability Zone and is less expensive than Standard-IA?
A.S3 Standard
B.S3 Glacier
C.S3 One Zone-IA
D.S3 Intelligent-Tiering
Correct Answer: S3 One Zone-IA
Explanation:S3 One Zone-IA stores data in a single AZ, making it cost-effective for data that can be recreated if the AZ fails.
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7What is the primary use case for S3 Glacier Deep Archive?
A.Hosting static websites
B.Long-term data retention (10+ years) accessed rarely
C.Frequently accessed database backups
D.Storing session data for web applications
Correct Answer: Long-term data retention (10+ years) accessed rarely
Explanation:S3 Glacier Deep Archive is the lowest-cost storage class and supports long-term retention and digital preservation for data that may be accessed once or twice in a year.
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8To enable faster file uploads to an S3 bucket from geographically dispersed users, which feature should be used?
A.S3 Transfer Acceleration
B.S3 Versioning
C.S3 Lifecycle Policies
D.S3 Select
Correct Answer: S3 Transfer Acceleration
Explanation:S3 Transfer Acceleration enables fast, easy, and secure transfers of files over long distances between your client and an S3 bucket by utilizing CloudFront's edge locations.
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9What requirement must an S3 bucket name fulfill?
A.It must be unique within the region
B.It must be unique across all AWS accounts globally
C.It can contain uppercase letters
D.It must be unique within the user's account only
Correct Answer: It must be unique across all AWS accounts globally
Explanation:S3 bucket names are globally unique across all AWS accounts; once a name is taken by any user, it cannot be used by another.
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10Which S3 feature allows you to define rules to automatically transition objects to cheaper storage classes or expire them?
A.Cross-Region Replication
B.S3 Lifecycle Policies
C.S3 Versioning
D.S3 Object Lock
Correct Answer: S3 Lifecycle Policies
Explanation:Lifecycle configurations allow you to specify rules to transition objects to another storage class or expire (delete) them after a specific period.
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11When S3 Versioning is enabled, what happens if you upload a file with the same key (name) as an existing file?
A.The upload fails
B.The existing file is overwritten permanently
C.Amazon S3 generates a new version ID for the uploaded object
D.The old file is moved to Glacier
Correct Answer: Amazon S3 generates a new version ID for the uploaded object
Explanation:With versioning enabled, S3 retains the existing object and adds the new object with a unique version ID, allowing retrieval of previous versions.
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12What object is created when you delete a file in a versioning-enabled S3 bucket without specifying a version ID?
A.A snapshot
B.A delete marker
C.A null version
D.An archived copy
Correct Answer: A delete marker
Explanation:When you delete an object in a versioned bucket, S3 inserts a delete marker, which becomes the current version of the object, effectively hiding the object without permanently removing previous versions.
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13Which feature creates a physical layer of security by requiring a second form of authentication to permanently delete an object version?
A.S3 Object Lock
B.MFA Delete
C.Bucket Policy
D.IAM Role
Correct Answer: MFA Delete
Explanation:MFA Delete requires additional authentication (Multi-Factor Authentication) to change the versioning state of a bucket or permanently delete an object version.
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14What is an Amazon Machine Image (AMI)?
A.A physical server in a data center
B.A template that contains the software configuration (OS, application server, etc.) required to launch an instance
C.A virtual network definition
D.A storage volume attached to an instance
Correct Answer: A template that contains the software configuration (OS, application server, etc.) required to launch an instance
Explanation:An AMI is a template that provides the information required to launch an EC2 instance, including the OS and pre-installed software.
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15Which category of AMIs is generally considered the safest and most reliable to use?
Explanation:AWS Marketplace AMIs and Quick Start AMIs provided by AWS are verified and tested, whereas Community AMIs may carry security risks if the source is untrusted.
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16Which EC2 instance family is optimized for compute-bound applications like high-performance web servers and batch processing?
A.R-series (Memory Optimized)
B.C-series (Compute Optimized)
C.I-series (Storage Optimized)
D.T-series (General Purpose)
Correct Answer: C-series (Compute Optimized)
Explanation:The C-series instances are Compute Optimized, delivering high performance processors for compute-intensive workloads.
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17Which EC2 instance type is ideal for applications that need high memory performance, such as in-memory databases?
A.Compute Optimized
B.Memory Optimized
C.General Purpose
D.Accelerated Computing
Correct Answer: Memory Optimized
Explanation:Memory Optimized instances are designed to deliver fast performance for workloads that process large data sets in memory.
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18What is the primary characteristic of EC2 Spot Instances?
A.They provide dedicated physical hardware
B.They are always the most expensive option
C.They offer unused EC2 capacity at a steep discount but can be interrupted
D.They are reserved for a 1 or 3-year term
Correct Answer: They offer unused EC2 capacity at a steep discount but can be interrupted
Explanation:Spot Instances allow you to request unused EC2 instances at steep discounts, but AWS can reclaim them with a 2-minute warning if capacity is needed.
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19What is 'User Data' in the context of launching an EC2 instance?
A.Data stored in the /home directory
B.Scripts or commands entered during launch that run when the instance first boots
C.The login credentials for the instance
D.The metadata tags attached to the instance
Correct Answer: Scripts or commands entered during launch that run when the instance first boots
Explanation:User data allows you to specify a script (e.g., shell script or cloud-init directive) that runs only once during the first boot cycle of the instance.
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20What is the special IP address used to retrieve EC2 Instance Metadata from within the instance?
A.127.0.0.1
B.192.168.1.1
C.169.254.169.254
D.10.0.0.1
Correct Answer: 169.254.169.254
Explanation:169.254.169.254 is the link-local address used to access instance metadata (data about your instance) and user data.
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21Which storage option is block-level storage that behaves like a physical hard drive attached to an EC2 instance?
A.Amazon S3
B.Amazon EBS (Elastic Block Store)
C.Amazon EFS (Elastic File System)
D.Amazon Glacier
Correct Answer: Amazon EBS (Elastic Block Store)
Explanation:EBS provides block-level storage volumes for use with EC2 instances, behaving like a raw hard drive that can be formatted and mounted.
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22What is a key availability constraint of an Amazon EBS volume?
A.It can be attached to instances in any region
B.It is locked to a specific Availability Zone
C.It is automatically replicated across all zones in a region
D.It can be accessed over the public internet directly
Correct Answer: It is locked to a specific Availability Zone
Explanation:EBS volumes are created in a specific Availability Zone and can only be attached to instances in that same Availability Zone.
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23If you terminate an EC2 instance, what happens to the attached EBS root volume by default?
A.It is preserved
B.It is deleted
C.It is archived to Glacier
D.It is converted to a snapshot
Correct Answer: It is deleted
Explanation:By default, the 'DeleteOnTermination' attribute for the root EBS volume is set to true, meaning the volume is deleted when the instance terminates. This setting can be changed.
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24Which EBS volume type is best for mission-critical low-latency or high-throughput workloads requiring sustained IOPS?
A.Cold HDD (sc1)
B.Throughput Optimized HDD (st1)
C.Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1/io2)
D.General Purpose SSD (gp2/gp3)
Correct Answer: Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1/io2)
Explanation:Provisioned IOPS SSD volumes are designed to meet the needs of I/O-intensive workloads that require low latency and consistent performance.
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25How can you back up an EBS volume?
A.By copying the data to RAM
B.By taking a Snapshot
C.By converting it to an AMI
D.By using S3 Object Lock
Correct Answer: By taking a Snapshot
Explanation:You can back up the data on your EBS volumes to Amazon S3 by taking point-in-time snapshots.
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26Which storage service is a fully managed file system that supports the Network File System (NFS) protocol and allows concurrent access from multiple EC2 instances?
A.Amazon EBS
B.Amazon S3
C.Amazon EFS
D.Amazon RDS
Correct Answer: Amazon EFS
Explanation:Amazon EFS provides a simple, scalable, fully managed elastic NFS file system for use with AWS Cloud services and on-premises resources.
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27Unlike EBS, how does Amazon EFS handle storage capacity?
A.You must provision a fixed size
B.It shrinks and grows automatically as you add/remove files
C.It is limited to 1 TB
D.It requires manual resizing via the console
Correct Answer: It shrinks and grows automatically as you add/remove files
Explanation:Amazon EFS is elastic; it automatically grows and shrinks as you add and remove files, so you don't need to provision storage in advance.
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28Regarding the Well-Architected Framework: Which pillar focuses on selecting the right instance type for the workload?
A.Security
B.Performance Efficiency
C.Operational Excellence
D.Reliability
Correct Answer: Performance Efficiency
Explanation:Performance Efficiency includes the ability to use computing resources efficiently to meet system requirements, such as selecting the right resource types and sizes.
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29How does using Spot Instances contribute to the 'Cost Optimization' pillar of the Well-Architected Framework?
A.They provide the highest performance
B.They reduce costs for fault-tolerant, flexible workloads
C.They ensure 100% availability
D.They eliminate the need for storage
Correct Answer: They reduce costs for fault-tolerant, flexible workloads
Explanation:Spot Instances allow users to utilize spare capacity at significantly reduced rates, optimizing costs for workloads that can handle interruptions.
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30Which security measure applies to the 'Security' pillar when managing EC2 instances?
A.Using the largest instance type available
B.Using IAM roles to grant permissions instead of hardcoding credentials
C.Turning off CloudWatch logs
D.Making all security groups open to 0.0.0.0/0
Correct Answer: Using IAM roles to grant permissions instead of hardcoding credentials
Explanation:A key security best practice is to attach IAM roles to instances to manage credentials securely rather than embedding access keys in code.
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31In the context of Reliability, what is the benefit of using an Auto Scaling Group with EC2?
A.It automatically encrypts data
B.It ensures the correct number of instances are running to handle load and recover from failures
C.It reduces the latency of S3 transfers
D.It serves static content to users
Correct Answer: It ensures the correct number of instances are running to handle load and recover from failures
Explanation:Auto Scaling helps maintain application availability and reliability by adding or removing instances based on conditions you define.
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32What is the maximum file size supported by Amazon S3?
A.1 TB
B.5 TB
C.10 TB
D.Unlimited
Correct Answer: 5 TB
Explanation:The largest object that can be uploaded to S3 in a single PUT is 5 GB, but using multipart upload, the maximum object size is 5 TB.
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33Which tool can be used to physically migrate petabytes of data to Amazon S3 when internet transfer is too slow?
A.S3 Transfer Acceleration
B.AWS Snowball
C.AWS Direct Connect
D.Amazon Kinesis
Correct Answer: AWS Snowball
Explanation:AWS Snowball is a physical data transport solution that uses secure devices to transfer large amounts of data into and out of the AWS Cloud.
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34A 'T3' EC2 instance utilizes what type of performance characteristic?
A.Fixed high performance
B.Burstable performance
C.GPU acceleration
D.Storage optimization
Correct Answer: Burstable performance
Explanation:T-series instances are 'burstable' performance instances that provide a baseline level of CPU performance with the ability to burst above the baseline.
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35Which EC2 purchasing option allows you to reserve capacity for a 1 or 3-year term in exchange for a significant discount?
A.On-Demand
B.Spot Instances
C.Reserved Instances
D.Dedicated Hosts
Correct Answer: Reserved Instances
Explanation:Reserved Instances provide a significant discount (up to 75%) compared to On-Demand pricing and provide a capacity reservation when used in a specific AZ.
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36To secure login access to a Linux EC2 instance, what must be created and downloaded during launch?
A.A password file
B.An IAM Policy
C.A Key Pair (.pem file)
D.A Security Group
Correct Answer: A Key Pair (.pem file)
Explanation:Amazon EC2 uses public-key cryptography to encrypt and decrypt login information. You use the private key (.pem) to SSH into Linux instances.
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37Which storage service is region-resilient (stored across multiple AZs) by default?
A.Amazon EBS
B.Amazon S3 Standard
C.Instance Store
D.EBS Snapshots (prior to 2019)
Correct Answer: Amazon S3 Standard
Explanation:Amazon S3 Standard storage class redundantly stores data across a minimum of three Availability Zones within a region.
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38What is 'Instance Store' (Ephemeral Storage)?
A.Permanent block storage
B.Temporary block-level storage located on disks physically attached to the host computer
C.A type of S3 bucket
D.A database service
Correct Answer: Temporary block-level storage located on disks physically attached to the host computer
Explanation:Instance Store provides temporary block-level storage. Data on an instance store volume persists only during the life of the associated instance; if the instance is stopped or terminated, the data is lost.
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39EBS Multi-Attach allows you to attach a single io1/io2 volume to:
A.Multiple instances in different Regions
B.Multiple instances in the same Availability Zone
C.An infinite number of instances
D.Instances and S3 buckets simultaneously
Correct Answer: Multiple instances in the same Availability Zone
Explanation:EBS Multi-Attach enables you to attach a single Provisioned IOPS SSD (io1 or io2) volume to multiple instances that are in the same Availability Zone.
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40Which S3 feature allows you to use SQL expressions to retrieve only a subset of data from an object?
A.S3 Intelligent-Tiering
B.S3 Select
C.S3 Glacier
D.S3 Inventory
Correct Answer: S3 Select
Explanation:S3 Select enables applications to retrieve only a subset of data from an object by using simple SQL expressions, improving performance and reducing cost.
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41If you need a static IP address for your EC2 instance that persists even if the instance is stopped and restarted, what should you use?
A.Public IP
B.Elastic IP
C.Private IP
D.Dynamic DNS
Correct Answer: Elastic IP
Explanation:An Elastic IP address is a static IPv4 address designed for dynamic cloud computing. It remains associated with your account until you release it.
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42Which of the following is NOT a valid state for an S3 Lifecycle policy rule?
A.Transition to Standard-IA
B.Transition to Glacier
C.Expire (Delete)
D.Transition to EBS
Correct Answer: Transition to EBS
Explanation:You cannot transition S3 objects to EBS volumes. EBS and S3 are fundamentally different storage types (Block vs Object).
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43In the context of EC2, what acts as a virtual firewall to control inbound and outbound traffic?
A.Network ACL
B.Security Group
C.IAM Role
D.Route Table
Correct Answer: Security Group
Explanation:A Security Group acts as a virtual firewall for your EC2 instances to control incoming and outgoing traffic.
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44When launching an EC2 instance, which configuration determines the network location (subnet) of the instance?
Explanation:During launch, you select the VPC and the specific Subnet (which maps to an AZ) in the Network settings.
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45Which storage class has the longest retrieval time (ranging from 12 to 48 hours)?
A.S3 Standard
B.S3 Glacier Instant Retrieval
C.S3 Glacier Flexible Retrieval
D.S3 Glacier Deep Archive
Correct Answer: S3 Glacier Deep Archive
Explanation:S3 Glacier Deep Archive has the longest retrieval times, typically within 12 hours for standard retrieval and up to 48 hours for bulk retrieval.
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46For a High Performance Computing (HPC) workload requiring low network latency between instances, which placement group strategy should be used?
A.Spread
B.Partition
C.Cluster
D.Regional
Correct Answer: Cluster
Explanation:A Cluster placement group packs instances close together inside an Availability Zone to achieve low latency and high network throughput.
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47What is the main difference between stopping and terminating an EC2 instance?
A.Stopping deletes the instance; terminating saves it
B.Stopping keeps the EBS volume and instance ID; terminating deletes the instance permanently
Correct Answer: Stopping keeps the EBS volume and instance ID; terminating deletes the instance permanently
Explanation:Stopping an instance shuts it down but keeps the configuration and EBS volumes (you can restart it). Terminating deletes the instance permanently.
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48Which S3 functionality allows you to host a client-side Single Page Application (SPA)?
A.Static Website Hosting
B.S3 Transfer Acceleration
C.Requester Pays
D.BitTorrent Support
Correct Answer: Static Website Hosting
Explanation:S3 can be configured for Static Website Hosting, allowing it to serve HTML, CSS, and JS files as a website.
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49If you want to ensure an EC2 instance runs on physical hardware dedicated to your use (for compliance or licensing), what option do you choose?
A.Spot Instance
B.Dedicated Host
C.Reserved Instance
D.On-Demand Instance
Correct Answer: Dedicated Host
Explanation:A Dedicated Host is a physical server with EC2 instance capacity fully dedicated to your use, often used for compliance or BYOL (Bring Your Own License) scenarios.
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50Applying the 'Operational Excellence' pillar to storage, what is a best practice?
A.Manually deleting old files
B.Using Infrastructure as Code (IaC) to provision storage resources
C.Never monitoring storage usage
D.Using the most expensive storage tier to ensure safety
Correct Answer: Using Infrastructure as Code (IaC) to provision storage resources
Explanation:Operational Excellence emphasizes performing operations as code (IaC) to ensure consistency, reduce errors, and enable easy replication of infrastructure.
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