Unit 2: Fundamentals of Electricity and Devices - Practice Quiz

1 According to Ohm's law, what is the voltage across a resistor carrying a current of ?

2 Which law states that the algebraic sum of currents at an electrical junction is zero?

3 Two equal resistors are connected in series across a supply. What is the voltage across each resistor?

4 In a series voltage divider, which resistor receives the larger voltage drop?

5 A total current of enters two equal resistors connected in parallel. What current flows through each resistor?

6 In which bias condition does a PN junction diode normally conduct significant current?

7 What happens to the depletion region of a PN junction diode under forward bias?

8 What is the primary function of a diode rectifier?

9 When used as an ideal switch, how does a forward-biased diode behave?

10 What are the three terminals of a bipolar junction transistor?

11 Which small BJT current controls a larger collector current during normal operation?

12 Which two types of MOS transistors are combined in CMOS technology?

13 What is a major advantage of CMOS circuits in digital electronics?

14 Which statement correctly describes RAM?

15 Which type of semiconductor memory is commonly used for data storage in an SSD?

16 What is the main purpose of an AI accelerator chip?

17 What is the basic role of a sensor in an IoT system?

18 What is a computer network?

19 Which physical phenomenon mainly keeps light confined inside an optical fiber?

20 Which processor is generally better suited for performing many similar calculations in parallel?

21 A source is connected to two series resistors of and . What is the current in the circuit?

22 At a circuit node, currents of and enter, while currents of and leave. What is the value of ?

23 A supply is connected across series resistors of and . What voltage appears across the resistor?

24 A voltage divider has and connected to a source. If a load is connected in parallel with , what is the main effect?

25 A total current of enters two parallel resistors of and . What current flows through the resistor?

26 Two parallel branches have resistances of and . If the current through the branch is , what is the current through the branch?

27 When a silicon PN junction diode is forward biased, which change occurs in the depletion region?

28 A silicon diode is operated with its anode at and cathode at . Assuming a forward voltage of approximately , what is the expected behavior?

29 A full-wave bridge rectifier is supplied with an AC frequency of . What is the frequency of its ideal ripple output?

30 In a diode switch, the diode is forward biased when a logic HIGH signal is applied. Under the ideal diode model, what state does the switch represent during HIGH?

31 For a BJT operating in the active region, the collector current is and the base current is . What is the approximate current gain ?

32 Which pair of BJT operating conditions most closely represents transistor saturation?

33 In a CMOS inverter, the input is LOW. Which transistor is normally ON and what is the output state?

34 Why does a CMOS logic gate ideally consume very little static power when it is not switching?

35 A computer needs temporary working storage that can be read and written rapidly while programs are running. Which device is most suitable?

36 Which statement best explains why an SSD is generally more shock-resistant than a hard disk drive?

37 Why are GPUs and specialized AI accelerators effective for many neural-network workloads?

38 An IoT node measures temperature every minute and sends data only when the temperature changes by more than . What is the main benefit of this strategy?

39 A device wants to deliver data to every host on the same local network segment. Which addressing method is most appropriate?

40 Which property of optical fiber most directly allows it to carry signals over long distances with low attenuation?

41 A node at voltage is connected to a node through a resistor and to ground through a resistor. A current source injects current from ground into the node. Using Kirchhoff's laws, determine and the current through the resistor directed from the node toward .

42 A source drives a loaded voltage divider with and . A load is connected in parallel with . What value of makes the output voltage exactly ?

43 A ideal current source supplies parallel branches of , , and . The branch then becomes open-circuit while the source remains unchanged. By how much does the current in the branch increase?

44 A diode follows , where and . Its saturation current doubles for every rise. At a fixed , approximately what is ?

45 A forward-biased diode is modeled by . It is connected in series with a resistor across a source. Which operating point is predicted by this model?

46 A full-wave bridge rectifier is driven by a sinusoidal secondary with a peak. Each conducting diode drops . A capacitor and load follow the bridge. Using the small-ripple approximation, what are the approximate DC output and peak-to-peak ripple?

47 A diode logic circuit has a pull-up resistor connected to output . Two diodes have their anodes connected to and their cathodes connected to inputs and , each of which is either or . Assuming a forward drop and a high-impedance load, what positive-logic function is implemented?

48 An NPN transistor is used as a low-side switch for a relay connected to . Assume , , a driver, and a forced current gain of . What is the largest base resistor that still meets the forced-gain requirement?

49 A voltage-divider bias network is replaced by its Thevenin equivalent: and . It drives the base of an NPN transistor with , , and . Assuming forward-active operation, what is the collector current?

50 A CMOS block has effective switched capacitance and activity factor . Initially it operates at and . It is changed to and without changing or . Ignoring leakage, what is the new dynamic power and its percentage of the original?

51 In a static two-input CMOS NAND gate, input and input . Which transistor-state and output description is correct?

52 A memory protects each -bit data word using SECDED Hamming coding. What is the minimum total number of stored bits if the design uses the minimum Hamming parity bits plus one additional overall parity bit?

53 An SSD contains of physical NAND for a marketed capacity. Each NAND cell supports program/erase cycles, write amplification is , and wear leveling is ideal. Approximately how many host-written bytes can the SSD accept before exhausting its rated NAND writes?

54 An AI accelerator has a peak throughput of and memory bandwidth of . Under the roofline model, what throughput bounds apply at operational intensities of and operations per byte, respectively?

55 An accelerator computes a dot product of pairs of signed 8-bit two's-complement integers and accumulates exactly without saturation. What is the minimum signed accumulator width that covers every possible input pair, including ?

56 A sensor produces . An instrumentation stage outputs into an ideal -bit ADC spanning to . What are the largest symmetric acceleration range and the ADC's approximate input-referred acceleration resolution?

57 A -byte packet traverses three identical links separated by store-and-forward switches. Each link has a propagation delay. Ignoring processing, headers, and queuing, how long passes from the start of transmission at the source until the final bit reaches the destination?

58 A host is configured with IPv4 address . Which network address, broadcast address, and usable host range belong to its subnet?

59 An optical-fiber path has propagation speed . A wireless relay route covers at and adds of relay processing. Ignoring transmission and queuing delays, which route has lower one-way latency and by approximately how much?

60 Relative to CPU-only execution, of a workload can run times faster on a GPU, while the remaining stays on the CPU. CPU-GPU data transfer adds an overhead equal to of the original CPU-only runtime. What is the overall speedup?