1What cell organelle is detected using Janus green staining in cheek epithelial cells?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Nucleus
B.Mitochondria
C.Ribosomes
D.Cell wall
Correct Answer: Mitochondria
Explanation:
Janus green B is used to demonstrate the presence of mitochondria in living cells.
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2Janus green B is mainly used as a:
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Mounting medium
B.Vital stain
C.Fixing agent
D.Decolorizing agent
Correct Answer: Vital stain
Explanation:
A vital stain colors living cells or cell structures without immediately killing them.
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3Which cells are examined in this experiment?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Human red blood cells
B.Human cheek epithelial cells
C.Bacterial cells
D.Onion root cells
Correct Answer: Human cheek epithelial cells
Explanation:
The experiment uses cells collected from the inside of the human cheek.
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4What is the main function of mitochondria?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Digest food outside the cell
B.Store genetic information
C.Produce cellular energy
D.Make the cell wall
Correct Answer: Produce cellular energy
Explanation:
Mitochondria produce most of the usable energy, in the form of ATP, in many cells.
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5What color are mitochondria commonly observed after Janus green staining?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Deep red
B.Bright yellow
C.Opaque black
D.Blue-green
Correct Answer: Blue-green
Explanation:
Active mitochondria commonly appear blue-green when stained with Janus green B.
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6Which instrument is used to observe stained cheek cells?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Incubator
B.Spectrophotometer
C.Light microscope
D.Centrifuge
Correct Answer: Light microscope
Explanation:
A light microscope magnifies the stained cells so their structures can be observed.
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7A cheek-cell sample is usually collected by gently scraping the:
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Outer cheek
B.Nail surface
C.Inner cheek
D.Tongue surface
Correct Answer: Inner cheek
Explanation:
The epithelial cells used in this practical are collected from the inside lining of the cheek.
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8Why is a clean glass slide used for preparing the specimen?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.To replace the microscope
B.To produce more mitochondria
C.To increase cell size
D.To reduce contamination
Correct Answer: To reduce contamination
Explanation:
A clean slide helps prevent dust and unwanted microorganisms from interfering with observations.
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9What is placed over the specimen before microscopic observation?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.A filter paper
B.A rubber stopper
C.A metal plate
D.A coverslip
Correct Answer: A coverslip
Explanation:
A coverslip spreads and protects the specimen and helps provide a suitable surface for viewing.
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10Which cheek-cell structure is usually easiest to identify besides mitochondria?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Chloroplast
B.Nucleus
C.Large central vacuole
D.Cell wall
Correct Answer: Nucleus
Explanation:
Human cheek cells have a clearly visible nucleus, but they do not have cell walls or chloroplasts.
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11Human cheek epithelial cells are classified as:
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Prokaryotic cells
B.Fungal cells
C.Plant cells
D.Animal cells
Correct Answer: Animal cells
Explanation:
Cheek epithelial cells are cells from human tissue, so they are animal cells.
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12Which feature supports the presence of mitochondria after staining?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.A large empty vacuole
B.Colored granules in the cytoplasm
C.A thick cell wall
D.Green chloroplasts around the nucleus
Correct Answer: Colored granules in the cytoplasm
Explanation:
Mitochondria may appear as small colored granules distributed in the cytoplasm.
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13Where are mitochondria located in a cheek epithelial cell?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Only on the cell membrane
B.In the cytoplasm
C.Inside the cell wall
D.Outside the cell
Correct Answer: In the cytoplasm
Explanation:
Mitochondria are organelles located within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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14Janus green B helps identify mitochondria because it undergoes a:
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Process producing chromosomes
B.Reaction forming starch
C.Color change linked to oxidation
D.Change into a cell wall
Correct Answer: Color change linked to oxidation
Explanation:
Janus green B changes color according to its oxidation-reduction state, helping reveal active mitochondria.
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15What is the purpose of using a microscope objective with higher magnification?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.To increase the sample volume
B.To see smaller structures
C.To remove the stain
D.To make cells reproduce
Correct Answer: To see smaller structures
Explanation:
Higher magnification makes small structures, such as mitochondria, easier to observe.
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16Which microscope part is used to adjust the sharpness of the image?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Light switch
B.Stage clip
C.Focus knob
D.Eyepiece tube
Correct Answer: Focus knob
Explanation:
The focus knob moves the lens or stage to produce a sharp image.
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17Why should the cheek sample be observed soon after staining?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.To examine living cell activity
B.To allow the cells to form walls
C.To make the nucleus disappear
D.To produce additional cells
Correct Answer: To examine living cell activity
Explanation:
Janus green staining is useful for observing activity in living cells, so prompt observation is preferred.
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18Which structure is absent from human cheek epithelial cells?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Cell membrane
B.Nucleus
C.Cytoplasm
D.Chloroplast
Correct Answer: Chloroplast
Explanation:
Chloroplasts are found in plant cells, not in human cheek epithelial cells.
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19What does a negative result most directly suggest in this experiment?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.The sample was a plant tissue
B.The microscope created new cells
C.The cell definitely lacks DNA
D.Mitochondria were not observed
Correct Answer: Mitochondria were not observed
Explanation:
A negative result means that stained mitochondria were not detected under the conditions of the experiment.
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20Which safety practice is appropriate when collecting cheek cells?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Easy
A.Reuse an unwashed swab
B.Use a clean sterile swab
C.Touch the swab to the floor
D.Share one swab between students
Correct Answer: Use a clean sterile swab
Explanation:
A clean sterile swab helps reduce contamination and supports safe sample collection.
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21What observation most strongly supports the presence of mitochondria in a Janus green-stained cheek epithelial cell?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.A clear, unstained region inside the nucleus
B.Blue-green granules distributed in the cytoplasm
C.Uniform green staining across the entire slide
D.A dark blue outline surrounding the nucleus
Correct Answer: Blue-green granules distributed in the cytoplasm
Explanation:
Janus green selectively indicates mitochondria as blue-green granules within the cytoplasm of living cells.
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22Why is Janus green useful for demonstrating mitochondria in living cheek epithelial cells?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.It increases the size of mitochondrial structures
B.It permanently dissolves the cell membrane
C.It stains only the DNA inside the nucleus
D.It reacts with respiratory activity in mitochondria
Correct Answer: It reacts with respiratory activity in mitochondria
Explanation:
Janus green is a vital redox indicator whose oxidized color is associated with active mitochondria.
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23A student observes blue-green granules in the cytoplasm after applying Janus green. What is the best interpretation?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.The granules are evidence of mitochondria
B.The granules are bubbles trapped under the coverslip
C.The granules are detached pieces of the nucleus
D.The granules are deposits formed only by the glass slide
Correct Answer: The granules are evidence of mitochondria
Explanation:
The characteristic blue-green cytoplasmic granules produced by Janus green staining indicate mitochondria.
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24Which control would best help determine whether blue-green staining is caused by the cheek cells rather than the stain or slide?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.A slide containing extra stain and additional cells
B.A slide containing cheek cells without any light
C.A slide containing stain without cheek cells
D.A slide containing only the coverslip
Correct Answer: A slide containing stain without cheek cells
Explanation:
A stain-only control reveals whether the reagent forms colored deposits independently of cellular structures.
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25Why should cheek cells be examined soon after collection and staining?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.Mitochondrial activity may decline after cell death
B.The cell wall forms only during the first few minutes
C.The nucleus becomes larger during immediate observation
D.The stain becomes radioactive when cells are stored
Correct Answer: Mitochondrial activity may decline after cell death
Explanation:
Janus green depends on cellular redox activity, so delayed observation can weaken or eliminate the expected mitochondrial staining.
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26If the entire field appears intensely blue-green, which procedural problem is most likely?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.The stain was too concentrated or excessive
B.The cells contained no mitochondria
C.The microscope objective was too short
D.The cheek cells were collected too gently
Correct Answer: The stain was too concentrated or excessive
Explanation:
Excessive stain can produce high background coloration that obscures individual mitochondrial granules.
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27A cheek-cell preparation shows no blue-green granules, but the cells appear damaged and colorless. Which conclusion is most appropriate?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.The cells definitely lacked mitochondria before staining
B.The result may be a false negative caused by cell damage
C.The absence of granules proves the microscope is calibrated
D.Janus green always stains damaged cells more strongly
Correct Answer: The result may be a false negative caused by cell damage
Explanation:
Damaged or dead cells may lose the metabolic activity needed for the characteristic Janus green reaction.
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28Which microscope setting is most appropriate for initially locating stained cheek epithelial cells?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.Begin with low power, then increase magnification
B.Use the condenser fully closed for every observation
C.Begin with the highest power before locating cells
D.Observe only the edge of the coverslip without focusing
Correct Answer: Begin with low power, then increase magnification
Explanation:
Low power provides a wider field for locating cells, after which higher power can reveal mitochondrial granules.
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29Why are mitochondria usually observed in the cytoplasm rather than inside the nucleus in this experiment?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.The nucleus contains no water for staining
B.Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles
C.Janus green can enter only the coverslip
D.The cytoplasm is produced from the microscope light
Correct Answer: Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles
Explanation:
Mitochondria are located in the cytoplasm, where they can appear as stained granules surrounding the nucleus.
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30What is the main purpose of gently scraping the inside of the cheek before preparing the slide?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.To remove all cytoplasm from the epithelial cells
B.To collect epithelial cells from the mouth lining
C.To convert the stain into its oxidized form
D.To produce mitochondria inside the mouth
Correct Answer: To collect epithelial cells from the mouth lining
Explanation:
Gentle scraping dislodges superficial cheek epithelial cells for transfer to the microscope slide.
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31A student sees several stained particles outside the cells as well as granules inside them. What should the student do before identifying the particles as mitochondria?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.Compare their location with the cell boundaries
B.Increase the stain concentration until all particles merge
C.Ignore the cell membrane and record the entire field
D.Assume every colored particle is a mitochondrion
Correct Answer: Compare their location with the cell boundaries
Explanation:
Mitochondria should occur within the cytoplasm; extracellular stain precipitates may resemble granules but lie outside cells.
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32If the coverslip is pressed too firmly during slide preparation, what observation may result?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.Cells may rupture and release their contents
B.Janus green may lose its ability to absorb light
C.The nucleus may become a separate organism
D.Mitochondria may develop cell walls
Correct Answer: Cells may rupture and release their contents
Explanation:
Excessive pressure can damage cheek cells, making their structures difficult to identify and interpret.
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33Why should the Janus green solution be applied evenly across the specimen?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.To allow comparable staining throughout the cell sample
B.To prevent the cells from producing cytoplasm
C.To make the coverslip function as a control group
D.To ensure that only the nucleus receives the stain
Correct Answer: To allow comparable staining throughout the cell sample
Explanation:
Even staining reduces uneven background and makes differences among cells easier to evaluate.
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34Which finding would most strongly suggest that the stain was not functioning properly?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.A few cells have different numbers of granules
B.The cytoplasm contains several blue-green granules
C.Known living cells show no localized color change
D.The nucleus remains distinguishable from the cytoplasm
Correct Answer: Known living cells show no localized color change
Explanation:
If viable cells show no localized staining under suitable conditions, the reagent may be expired, improperly prepared, or mishandled.
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35Why is a cheek epithelial cell suitable for this demonstration even though it is not highly specialized for energy production?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.It lacks a plasma membrane and is easy to dissolve
B.It is accessible and contains mitochondria for cellular respiration
C.It is a bacterial cell with a simple respiratory surface
D.It contains chloroplasts that replace all mitochondria
Correct Answer: It is accessible and contains mitochondria for cellular respiration
Explanation:
Cheek cells are easy to obtain, and like other human cells, they contain mitochondria to produce ATP.
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36A student concludes that cells with more visible granules must always have more mitochondria. What is the best correction?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.Granule visibility also depends on staining and cell condition
B.All cheek cells must contain exactly the same granule number
C.Granules are unrelated to mitochondria in every preparation
D.The number of granules can be determined without using a microscope
Correct Answer: Granule visibility also depends on staining and cell condition
Explanation:
Stain concentration, focus, cell viability, and mitochondrial distribution affect how many granules are visible.
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37Which change would most likely improve a preparation with a very high background and poorly defined cells?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.Use a thicker smear with overlapping cell layers
B.Use less stain and remove excess solution
C.Press the coverslip harder against the cells
D.Add more stain and increase exposure time
Correct Answer: Use less stain and remove excess solution
Explanation:
Reducing excess stain lowers background coloration and improves contrast between cells and their surroundings.
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38What does the blue-green color of Janus green primarily indicate in this procedure?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.The oxidized state of the indicator near active mitochondria
B.The complete breakdown of the plasma membrane
C.The presence of cellulose in the cheek cell wall
D.The conversion of nuclear DNA into protein
Correct Answer: The oxidized state of the indicator near active mitochondria
Explanation:
Janus green changes according to its redox state, and its oxidized blue-green appearance is used to indicate mitochondrial activity.
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39A student observes a blue-green region only near the edge of a cell. Which explanation is most reasonable before repeating the experiment?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.Janus green stains only structures exposed to air
B.Mitochondria occur only at the cell membrane
C.The cell may be folded or unevenly covered by stain
D.The nucleus must have moved outside the cell
Correct Answer: The cell may be folded or unevenly covered by stain
Explanation:
Uneven cell thickness or stain distribution can make staining appear localized, so the observation should be confirmed in additional cells.
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40Which result would provide the strongest evidence that the observation is reproducible?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Medium
A.One unusually dark particle appears in a single field
B.The coverslip reflects green light under the lamp
C.The stain looks blue-green in the reagent bottle
D.Similar blue-green granules appear in several separate cells
Correct Answer: Similar blue-green granules appear in several separate cells
Explanation:
Repeated, localized staining in multiple cells is more reliable evidence than a single particle or a color observed outside cells.
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41A cheek-cell preparation shows discrete blue-green granules after Janus green staining, while an unstained preparation shows no granules. Which conclusion is most justified?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.The granules are artifacts because cheek cells cannot contain mitochondria.
B.The granules are nuclei because nuclei contain the cell's genetic material.
C.The granules are mitochondria because their staining is consistent with Janus green behavior.
D.The granules are ribosomes because ribosomes are abundant in cytoplasm.
Correct Answer: The granules are mitochondria because their staining is consistent with Janus green behavior.
Explanation:
Janus green B functions as a redox indicator and produces a blue-green signal in mitochondria under suitable oxidizing conditions. The conclusion is strongest when staining is compared with appropriate controls.
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42A student observes that freshly prepared cheek cells stain blue-green, but cells left covered on the slide for 20 minutes become nearly colorless. What is the best interpretation?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.The mitochondria may have become reduced because oxygen became limited.
B.The mitochondria must have multiplied because the color disappeared.
C.The nuclei may have dissolved because Janus green destroys DNA.
D.The cells must have gained chloroplasts because oxygen was depleted.
Correct Answer: The mitochondria may have become reduced because oxygen became limited.
Explanation:
Janus green staining depends on redox state. Reduced dye becomes much less colored, so prolonged oxygen limitation or declining cellular respiration can reduce the visible signal without proving that mitochondria disappeared.
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43Which control would most directly test whether blue-green staining depends on metabolically active mitochondria rather than nonspecific dye deposition?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.Compare viable cells with cells treated to inhibit mitochondrial respiration.
B.Compare cells collected from the left and right sides of the mouth.
C.Compare cells viewed with the low-power and high-power objectives.
D.Compare cheek cells with a slide containing only distilled water.
Correct Answer: Compare viable cells with cells treated to inhibit mitochondrial respiration.
Explanation:
A respiration-inhibited comparison tests the biological basis of the redox-dependent signal. Water, magnification, and sampling-side controls do not directly test mitochondrial activity.
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44A slide contains intensely blue-green material in the extracellular region but weak staining inside intact cheek cells. Which procedural error most likely explains the result?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.The cells were viewed with too much magnification.
B.Excess stain was left on the slide without adequate rinsing.
C.The microscope condenser was correctly adjusted.
D.The sample contained fewer mitochondria than expected.
Correct Answer: Excess stain was left on the slide without adequate rinsing.
Explanation:
Unremoved dye can produce extracellular background staining that obscures the intracellular pattern. A high-quality preparation should show staining associated with intact cells rather than predominantly free dye.
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45Why is an unstained cheek-cell preparation important when interpreting Janus green results?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.It increases mitochondrial respiration before staining begins.
B.It reveals natural cell structures and background colors for comparison.
C.It confirms that every visible granule is a mitochondrion.
D.It converts reduced Janus green into its oxidized form.
Correct Answer: It reveals natural cell structures and background colors for comparison.
Explanation:
An unstained control helps distinguish dye-dependent signal from naturally occurring granules, debris, or optical artifacts. It does not chemically activate the stain or identify every granule.
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46A student reports that no mitochondria are present because no blue-green color is visible after staining. Which additional observation would most weaken that conclusion?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.The slide was labeled with the student's initials.
B.The microscope stage was positioned near the edge of the bench.
C.The cells were flat and transparent under bright-field illumination.
D.The cells were old, damaged, and kept without oxygen before observation.
Correct Answer: The cells were old, damaged, and kept without oxygen before observation.
Explanation:
Loss of viability, oxygen limitation, or altered redox conditions can reduce Janus green color. Therefore, a negative result under poor physiological or procedural conditions does not reliably establish mitochondrial absence.
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47Which observation provides the strongest evidence that the staining pattern is intracellular rather than deposited on the coverslip?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.The color is evenly distributed across the entire coverslip.
B.The color forms discrete granules within the cytoplasm of several intact cells.
C.The color is strongest in regions where no cells are visible.
D.The color appears only along the outside edge of the slide.
Correct Answer: The color forms discrete granules within the cytoplasm of several intact cells.
Explanation:
A reproducible, granular pattern confined to the cytoplasm of intact cells is more consistent with mitochondria than with general dye deposition or slide contamination.
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48Why should a cheek-cell smear be thin rather than densely layered for Janus green observation?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.Thin layers guarantee that every mitochondrion will stain identically.
B.Thin layers reduce overlap and improve localization of stained organelles.
C.Thin layers eliminate the need for a control preparation.
D.Thin layers prevent Janus green from undergoing any redox reaction.
Correct Answer: Thin layers reduce overlap and improve localization of stained organelles.
Explanation:
Overlapping cells and excess material can obscure intracellular staining and create ambiguous patterns. A thin smear improves focusing and permits more reliable localization of the signal.
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49If the same cheek-cell field is examined before and after adding Janus green, which change most strongly supports a specific staining response?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.The entire field becomes uniformly darker, including cell-free regions.
B.The cells become invisible while the surrounding medium remains clear.
C.Only the coverslip edge becomes blue-green after staining.
D.New blue-green granules appear within the cytoplasm of intact cells.
Correct Answer: New blue-green granules appear within the cytoplasm of intact cells.
Explanation:
A localized intracellular change after adding the reagent supports a biological staining response. Uniform darkening or edge staining is more consistent with optical or procedural artifacts.
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50A preparation has intense blue-green staining in one cell and almost no staining in neighboring cells. Which explanation is most plausible before concluding that mitochondria are absent from the unstained cells?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.The neighboring cells may differ in viability, permeability, or redox state.
B.The stained cell must be a plant cell accidentally added to the sample.
C.Janus green stains only the largest cell in every microscopic field.
D.Human cheek cells normally alternate between having and lacking mitochondria.
Correct Answer: The neighboring cells may differ in viability, permeability, or redox state.
Explanation:
Unequal cell condition, reagent access, or metabolic state can produce variable staining. Human cheek cells are not expected to alternate categorically between containing and lacking mitochondria.
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51Which change would most directly test whether the observed color depends on oxidation of Janus green rather than on a permanent pigment in cheek cells?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.Move the slide to a different location without changing the preparation.
B.Change the microscope eyepiece while keeping the cells chemically untreated.
C.Use a thicker coverslip while keeping oxygen availability unchanged.
D.Alter oxygen availability while keeping staining and imaging conditions constant.
Correct Answer: Alter oxygen availability while keeping staining and imaging conditions constant.
Explanation:
Janus green color is linked to its oxidation-reduction state. Manipulating oxygen availability while controlling other variables tests that chemical basis more directly than changing optics or slide position.
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52A student uses a very concentrated Janus green solution and observes a uniformly dark cytoplasm. What is the principal interpretive problem?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.A concentrated dye necessarily removes all mitochondria from cells.
B.Uniform cytoplasmic color proves that mitochondria are absent.
C.High concentration converts cheek cells into prokaryotic cells.
D.High background can mask discrete mitochondrial localization.
Correct Answer: High background can mask discrete mitochondrial localization.
Explanation:
Excessive stain can produce nonspecific background and reduce contrast between mitochondria and cytoplasm. It therefore weakens localization even if mitochondria are present.
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53Why should the observer record the time between applying Janus green and examining the cells?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.The coverslip automatically changes magnification over time.
B.Janus green permanently increases mitochondrial number during observation.
C.Staining intensity may change as cellular redox conditions and dye reactions change.
D.The nuclei divide at a fixed rate after every stain application.
Correct Answer: Staining intensity may change as cellular redox conditions and dye reactions change.
Explanation:
The stain is redox-sensitive, and both cellular metabolism and chemical exposure can alter its appearance. Recording time improves reproducibility and helps explain differences between preparations.
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54A student identifies the dark central region of a cheek cell as a mitochondrion solely because it is prominent. What correction is most appropriate?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.Reject the central region because mitochondria occur only outside cells.
B.Use location, granular morphology, staining behavior, and controls together.
C.Identify every dark structure as a mitochondrion without further testing.
D.Conclude that the structure is a chloroplast because it absorbs dye.
Correct Answer: Use location, granular morphology, staining behavior, and controls together.
Explanation:
The nucleus and other structures can appear prominent in cheek cells. Mitochondrial identification should rely on a compatible intracellular pattern and control-supported Janus green staining, not prominence alone.
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55Which result would most strongly indicate that a negative Janus green result is technically inconclusive rather than biologically meaningful?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.The unstained control shows clear, intact cheek cells.
B.The stain was prepared correctly and examined promptly.
C.Several intact cells show consistent blue-green cytoplasmic granules.
D.The positive control also fails to show the expected staining pattern.
Correct Answer: The positive control also fails to show the expected staining pattern.
Explanation:
Failure of a positive control suggests that the reagent, procedure, or observation conditions were inadequate. A negative sample result is then not sufficient evidence for absence of mitochondria.
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56Why is it inappropriate to infer that cheek cells have no mitochondria merely because they are human epithelial cells rather than muscle cells?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.Most nucleated human cells require mitochondria for energy metabolism.
B.Only muscle cells can perform aerobic respiration in the human body.
C.Mitochondria occur only in cells that contain visible contractile fibers.
D.Epithelial cells obtain all ATP directly from the microscope light source.
Correct Answer: Most nucleated human cells require mitochondria for energy metabolism.
Explanation:
Human cheek epithelial cells generally contain mitochondria, although their abundance and activity may differ from those of muscle cells. Cell type affects quantity and physiology, not the basic expectation of mitochondrial presence.
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57A student compares two samples but changes stain concentration, exposure time, and cell density simultaneously. What is the main limitation of the comparison?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.The comparison becomes more valid because several variables were changed.
B.The independent cause of any staining difference cannot be identified.
C.The results become quantitative automatically because more variables were measured.
D.The mitochondria in both samples must have identical redox states.
Correct Answer: The independent cause of any staining difference cannot be identified.
Explanation:
Changing multiple variables creates confounding. A difference in staining could result from concentration, exposure time, cell density, or their interaction rather than from the intended experimental factor.
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58Which microscopy practice would best distinguish small stained mitochondria from uneven illumination or dust on the optical path?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.Increase illumination until every region appears equally bright.
B.Refocus through the specimen and compare patterns across multiple intact cells.
C.Use only one field because repeated fields introduce sampling error.
D.Identify any fixed bright spot as a mitochondrion without refocusing.
Correct Answer: Refocus through the specimen and compare patterns across multiple intact cells.
Explanation:
Biological structures remain associated with cells and change in focus with the specimen, whereas optical artifacts may remain fixed or behave differently. Multiple fields improve reliability.
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59If a mitochondrial inhibitor causes loss of blue-green staining but the cells remain structurally intact, what does this result support most directly?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.The inhibitor proves that mitochondria were physically removed from cells.
B.The stain identifies DNA directly rather than mitochondrial activity.
C.The staining depends partly on mitochondrial respiration or redox activity.
D.The cells had never contained mitochondria before inhibitor treatment.
Correct Answer: The staining depends partly on mitochondrial respiration or redox activity.
Explanation:
Loss of signal after respiratory inhibition, without loss of cell structure, supports a functional redox basis for the staining. It does not demonstrate physical removal of mitochondria.
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60A cheek-cell sample contains many lysed cells and abundant debris. Which conclusion is most defensible if scattered blue-green particles are observed?
Determine the presence of mitochondria in human cheek epithelial cells by Janus green staining.
Hard
A.The debris must be extracellular mitochondria released from all cells.
B.The particles cannot be assigned confidently to mitochondria without intact-cell localization.
C.Every particle is a mitochondrion because Janus green is completely specific.
D.The particles prove that cheek cells lack nuclei after lysis.
Correct Answer: The particles cannot be assigned confidently to mitochondria without intact-cell localization.
Explanation:
Cell lysis and debris make it difficult to determine whether stained particles originated from mitochondria, aggregates, or nonspecific material. Intact-cell context and controls are essential.
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