1In fruit trees, the arrangement of flower buds on the branches is known as:
A.Flowering mechanism
B.Bearing habit
C.Fruiting physiology
D.Branching architecture
Correct Answer: Bearing habit
Explanation:Bearing habit refers to the specific position and arrangement of flower buds on the shoots or branches of fruit trees (e.g., terminal, axillary, spurs).
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2Which of the following fruit crops bears flowers terminally on current season's growth?
A.Mango
B.Apple
C.Jackfruit
D.Loquat
Correct Answer: Jackfruit
Explanation:While Mango is often terminal on one-year-old wood, Jackfruit (and often Breadfruit) bears flowers on specialized lateral shoots or footstalks (cauliflory) or terminally on new growth depending on the specific classification context, but among options like Apple (spur) and Loquat (terminal on new growth), Loquat is a classic example. However, Jackfruit exhibits cauliflory. Let's correct the context: Carambola or Loquat are terminal bearers on current growth. If the question implies 'Terminal on one year old wood', it is Mango. If 'Terminal on current season growth', it is Loquat. Correction for clarity: Mango bears terminally on 1-year-old shoots.
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3Apple and Pear are classic examples of which type of bearing habit?
A.Terminal bearers
B.Axillary bearers
C.Spur bearers
D.Cauliflorous bearers
Correct Answer: Spur bearers
Explanation:Apple and Pear produce flowers on short, specialized, thickened shoots known as spurs, which have a restricted growth habit.
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4In Guava, the bearing habit is classified as:
A.Terminal on old season growth
B.Axillary on current season growth
C.Terminal on current season growth
D.Spur type
Correct Answer: Axillary on current season growth
Explanation:Guava produces flowers in the axils of leaves on the new shoots (current season's growth) that emerge in the spring.
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5The phenomenon where flowers and fruits are produced directly on the main trunk or older branches is called:
A.Ramiflory
B.Cauliflory
C.Basiflory
D.Axillary bearing
Correct Answer: Cauliflory
Explanation:Cauliflory is the botanical term for flowers and fruits developing directly on the trunks or old limbs, common in Jackfruit and Cocoa.
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6Which of the following grapes bears fruit on the basal buds of the cane?
A.Thompson Seedless
B.Anab-e-Shahi
C.Bangalore Blue
D.Muscat
Correct Answer: Bangalore Blue
Explanation:Bangalore Blue is fruitful at the basal buds. Varieties like Thompson Seedless are fruitful only from the 4th to 6th bud onwards, requiring cane pruning.
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7The physiological phase of a plant characterized by rapid vegetative growth and the inability to flower is known as:
A.Senescence
B.Dormancy
C.Juvenility
D.Quiescence
Correct Answer: Juvenility
Explanation:Juvenility is the pre-reproductive phase characterized by vigorous vegetative growth, lack of flowering, and often morphological differences like thorns (e.g., in Citrus).
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8According to the Kraus and Kraybill hypothesis, a high ratio (Carbohydrate/Nitrogen) in fruit trees promotes:
A.Vigorous vegetative growth
B.Flowering and fruiting
C.Root elongation
D.Leaf abscission
Correct Answer: Flowering and fruiting
Explanation:A high Carbon to Nitrogen () ratio indicates an accumulation of carbohydrates relative to nitrogen, which is conducive to the differentiation of flower buds.
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9In Mango, flower bud differentiation usually takes place during:
A.Oct - Dec
B.Feb - Mar
C.June - July
D.Aug - Sept
Correct Answer: Oct - Dec
Explanation:In North Indian conditions, flower bud differentiation in Mango typically occurs from October to December, leading to flowering in February/March.
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10Which plant hormone is generally associated with the inhibition of flower bud differentiation in fruit trees like Apple and Mango?
A.Ethylene
B.Abscisic Acid
C.Gibberellins
D.Cytokinins
Correct Answer: Gibberellins
Explanation:High levels of endogenous Gibberellins (GA) are often antagonistic to flowering in many fruit trees; seed-produced GA can inhibit flower initiation for the following year.
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11The practice of 'ringing' or 'girdling' is used to induce flowering by:
A.Increasing Nitrogen uptake
B.Accumulating carbohydrates above the cut
C.Stopping water transport
D.Increasing Gibberellin flow to roots
Correct Answer: Accumulating carbohydrates above the cut
Explanation:Girdling blocks the phloem transport, causing carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis to accumulate in the upper parts of the tree, increasing the C/N ratio and promoting flowering.
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12Unfruitfulness in fruit crops caused by the production of only one sex of flower on a plant (e.g., male only) is related to:
A.Dichogamy
B.Dicliny
C.Heterostyly
D.Abortive flowers
Correct Answer: Dicliny
Explanation:Dicliny refers to unisexuality (Dioecy), where staminate and pistillate flowers are borne on separate plants (e.g., Papaya, Date Palm), requiring pollinizers for fruit set.
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13The condition where stamens and pistils mature at different times, preventing self-pollination, is called:
A.Homogamy
B.Dichogamy
C.Cleistogamy
D.Herkogamy
Correct Answer: Dichogamy
Explanation:Dichogamy is the temporal separation of sexual maturity. It includes Protandry (male first) and Protogyny (female first).
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14Walnut and Pecan nut often exhibit unfruitfulness due to Protandry. This means:
A.Stigma becomes receptive before pollen shed
B.Pollen is shed before the stigma is receptive
C.Pollen is sterile
D.Style length differs from stamen length
Correct Answer: Pollen is shed before the stigma is receptive
Explanation:Protandry is a type of dichogamy where the anthers mature and shed pollen before the stigma of the same flower (or tree) is receptive.
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15Which of the following crops is a classic example of Protogyny?
A.Custard Apple (Annona squamosa)
B.Grape
C.Peach
D.Apricot
Correct Answer: Custard Apple (Annona squamosa)
Explanation:In Annonas (Custard Apple), the female reproductive organs mature before the male organs, making self-pollination difficult without overlapping cycles or hand pollination.
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16The condition known as Heterostyly (styles and filaments of different lengths) is commonly observed in:
A.Mango
B.Litchi
C.Pomegranate
D.Sapota
Correct Answer: Pomegranate
Explanation:While Pomegranate has different flower types (hermaphrodite, intermediate, staminate) based on ovary development, true heterostyly (pin and thrum) is distinct. However, among fruit options, Pomegranate is noted for having heterostyly-like variation in style length (Pin, Thrum, and homostyle), affecting fruit set.
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17Incompatibility where fertile pollen fails to fertilize the same flower due to physiological hindrance is called:
A.Male Sterility
B.Self-incompatibility
C.Parthenocarpy
D.Apomixis
Correct Answer: Self-incompatibility
Explanation:Self-incompatibility is a genetic mechanism that prevents self-fertilization despite the gametes being viable.
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18Which of the following is a genetic cause of unfruitfulness?
A.Adverse weather at flowering
B.Nutrient deficiency
C.Hybrid Sterility
D.Pest attack
Correct Answer: Hybrid Sterility
Explanation:Hybrid sterility arises from genetic irregularities (e.g., mismatched chromosomes) during meiosis, leading to abortive gametes.
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19The 'June Drop' in apples is a natural phenomenon primarily related to:
A.Lack of pollination
B.Competition for nutrients and moisture
C.Disease attack
D.Strong winds
Correct Answer: Competition for nutrients and moisture
Explanation:June drop occurs when the tree sheds excess fruitlets that it cannot support physiologically due to competition for resources (embryo abortion is also a factor).
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20To overcome self-incompatibility in commercial orchards (e.g., Apple, Cherry), one must plant:
A.Pollinizers
B.Wind breaks
C.Cover crops
D.Only female plants
Correct Answer: Pollinizers
Explanation:Pollinizers are different varieties planted specifically to provide compatible pollen for the main commercial variety.
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21What is the primary difference between a Pollinizer and a Pollinator?
A.Pollinizer is the insect; Pollinator is the plant
B.Pollinizer is the plant source of pollen; Pollinator is the agent (e.g., bee)
C.They are synonyms
D.Pollinizer is the female parent; Pollinator is the male parent
Correct Answer: Pollinizer is the plant source of pollen; Pollinator is the agent (e.g., bee)
Explanation:A pollinizer is the tree/variety that provides the pollen. A pollinator is the biological or physical agent (bee, wind) that transfers the pollen.
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22The commercially recommended proportion of pollinizer trees in an apple orchard is usually:
A.1-2%
B.10-15%
C.50%
D.80%
Correct Answer: 10-15%
Explanation:Usually, every 3rd tree in every 3rd row (1:9 ratio) or similar arrangements resulting in roughly 11-15% pollinizers are recommended to ensure adequate fruit set.
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23Pollination in Mango is primarily brought about by:
A.Wind (Anemophily)
B.House flies (Musca domestica)
C.Honey bees
D.Birds
Correct Answer: House flies (Musca domestica)
Explanation:While various insects visit mango flowers, the common House fly and Syrphid flies are considered the most significant pollinators in mango.
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24The specific pollinating agent for Fig is:
A.Honey bee
B.Fig Wasp (Blastophaga psenes)
C.Bumble bee
D.Wind
Correct Answer: Fig Wasp (Blastophaga psenes)
Explanation:Figs have a specialized symbiotic relationship with the Fig Wasp, which enters the syconium to pollinate.
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25Oil Palm pollination is significantly enhanced by the introduction of:
A.Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Weevil)
B.Apis mellifera
C.Bats
D.Hummingbirds
Correct Answer: Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Weevil)
Explanation:The introduction of the pollinating weevil Elaeidobius kamerunicus revolutionized the oil palm industry by replacing inefficient wind/hand pollination.
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26Which fruit crop is dioecious and requires male plants in the orchard for fruit set?
A.Guava
B.Date Palm
C.Citrus
D.Banana
Correct Answer: Date Palm
Explanation:Date Palm is dioecious (separate male and female trees). Artificial pollination (hand pollination) is a standard practice.
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27The fusion of one male gamete with the egg cell and the other with the secondary nucleus is known as:
A.Single Fertilization
B.Double Fertilization
C.Triple Fusion
D.Parthenogenesis
Correct Answer: Double Fertilization
Explanation:Double fertilization is unique to angiosperms. One sperm fertilizes the egg (zygote), and the other fuses with polar nuclei (endosperm).
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28The direct effect of pollen on the fruit tissue (outside the embryo/endosperm), affecting time of ripening or shape, is called:
A.Xenia
B.Metaxenia
C.Apomixis
D.Chimera
Correct Answer: Metaxenia
Explanation:Metaxenia is the effect of pollen on maternal tissues of the fruit (skin, pulp), famously observed in Date Palms.
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29The effect of pollen on the endosperm and embryo characteristics is termed:
A.Xenia
B.Metaxenia
C.Parthenocarpy
D.Stenospermocarpy
Correct Answer: Xenia
Explanation:Xenia refers to the immediate effect of foreign pollen on the endosperm/embryo (often affecting color in maize, but also nut characteristics).
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30Development of fruit without fertilization is called:
A.Polyembryony
B.Parthenocarpy
C.Heterostyly
D.Dichogamy
Correct Answer: Parthenocarpy
Explanation:Parthenocarpy is the formation of fruit without fertilization, resulting in seedless fruits.
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31Which type of parthenocarpy requires the stimulus of pollination (even if fertilization does not occur) to set fruit?
A.Vegetative Parthenocarpy
B.Stimulative Parthenocarpy
C.Genetic Parthenocarpy
D.Facultative Parthenocarpy
Correct Answer: Stimulative Parthenocarpy
Explanation:In stimulative parthenocarpy, pollination provides the necessary hormonal trigger for fruit set, though fertilization fails or is unnecessary.
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32Banana exhibits which type of parthenocarpy?
A.Stimulative
B.Vegetative
C.Stenospermocarpy
D.None
Correct Answer: Vegetative
Explanation:Commercial edible bananas set fruit naturally without the need for pollination stimulus; this is vegetative parthenocarpy.
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33Stenospermocarpy refers to:
A.Fruit set without pollination
B.Fruit set where pollination and fertilization occur, but the embryo aborts
C.Fruit set with viable seeds
D.Fruit set induced by chemicals
Correct Answer: Fruit set where pollination and fertilization occur, but the embryo aborts
Explanation:Stenospermocarpy results in 'seedless' fruits (like Thompson Seedless grapes) because the embryo aborts shortly after fertilization, leaving only trace seed coats.
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34Which hormone is most commonly applied exogenously to induce parthenocarpy in crops like Grapes and Tomatoes?
A.Cytokinin
B.Gibberellic Acid ()
C.Abscisic Acid
D.Ethylene
Correct Answer: Gibberellic Acid ()
Explanation:Gibberellic Acid is widely used to enlarge fruit size and induce parthenocarpy, particularly in grapes.
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35The Sindhu variety of Mango is seedless due to:
A.Vegetative Parthenocarpy
B.Stenospermocarpy
C.Male Sterility
D.Triploidy
Correct Answer: Stenospermocarpy
Explanation:Sindhu is a hybrid (Ratna x Alphonso) that exhibits stenospermocarpy, resulting in a paper-thin, non-viable seed.
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36The phenomenon of 'Dicliny' promotes:
A.Self-pollination
B.Cross-pollination
C.Apomixis
D.Vegetative propagation
Correct Answer: Cross-pollination
Explanation:Because dicliny separates sexes onto different flowers or plants, it enforces cross-pollination (xenogamy).
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37An example of a fruit crop where hand pollination is commercially practiced to ensure fruit set is:
A.Mango
B.Citrus
C.Vanilla
D.Banana
Correct Answer: Vanilla
Explanation:In Vanilla, the rostellum separates the stigma and anther. Hand pollination is required for commercial bean production.
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38Unfruitfulness due to nutrient imbalance is often caused by excess:
A.Nitrogen ()
B.Phosphorus ()
C.Potassium ()
D.Calcium ()
Correct Answer: Nitrogen ()
Explanation:Excess Nitrogen can promote excessive vegetative growth at the expense of reproductive development (low C/N ratio).
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39The entry of the pollen tube into the ovule through the micropyle is called:
A.Chalazogamy
B.Mesogamy
C.Porogamy
D.Autogamy
Correct Answer: Porogamy
Explanation:Porogamy is the standard mode of entry where the pollen tube enters through the micropyle.
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40Which of the following is a remedy for unfruitfulness caused by self-incompatibility in an existing orchard?
A.Root pruning
B.Top working with compatible pollinizers
C.Applying Nitrogen
D.Deep ploughing
Correct Answer: Top working with compatible pollinizers
Explanation:Top working involves grafting a compatible pollinizer variety onto branches of existing trees to provide the necessary pollen.
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41In Papaya, gynodioecious varieties produce:
A.Only female flowers
B.Male and Female flowers on separate plants
C.Female and Hermaphrodite flowers on the same plant
D.Only male flowers
Correct Answer: Female and Hermaphrodite flowers on the same plant
Explanation:Gynodioecious varieties (like Pusa Delicious, Taiwan-786) have trees that bear both female and hermaphrodite (bisexual) flowers.
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42The bearing habit of Peach is generally:
A.Terminally on spurs
B.Laterally on previous season's growth
C.Terminally on current growth
D.Trunk bearing
Correct Answer: Laterally on previous season's growth
Explanation:Peaches bear fruit on the lateral buds of the wood produced during the previous season (1-year-old wood).
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43What is the term for the failure of pollen to germinate on the stigma of the same flower?
A.Self-Sterility
B.Self-Incompatibility
C.Dichogamy
D.Male Sterility
Correct Answer: Self-Incompatibility
Explanation:While often used interchangeably, Self-Incompatibility is the specific genetic inability of fertile pollen to fertilize the same flower. Self-sterility implies non-functional gametes.
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44A fruit tree that blooms effectively but fails to set fruit due to aborted ovaries is suffering from:
A.Evolutionary sterility
B.Morphological sterility
C.Impoptency
D.Incompatibility
Correct Answer: Morphological sterility
Explanation:Morphological sterility involves malformations or suppression of sex organs (e.g., aborted pistils in some mango flowers).
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45Which climatic factor is most detrimental to pollination activity of bees?
46In the context of fruit set, 'Bouquet planting' refers to:
A.Planting flowers for aesthetics
B.Placing flowering branches of pollinizers in water buckets within the orchard
C.Planting trees in clusters
D.A method of pruning
Correct Answer: Placing flowering branches of pollinizers in water buckets within the orchard
Explanation:It is a temporary measure to ensure pollination where pollinizer trees are insufficient; branches of pollinizers are cut and placed in the orchard.
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47Triploidy in crops like Banana results in unfruitfulness (seedlessness) due to:
A.Chromosomal sterility
B.Generative sterility
C.Morphological sterility
D.Dichogamy
Correct Answer: Chromosomal sterility
Explanation:Triploids (3n) have unbalanced chromosome sets, leading to irregular meiosis and failure to produce viable seeds (generative sterility due to chromosomal imbalance).
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48The 'Stub' in pollen tube growth inhibition (incompatibility response) is typically formed in the:
A.Stigma
B.Style
C.Ovary
D.Anther
Correct Answer: Style
Explanation:In gametophytic self-incompatibility, the pollen tube often grows partway down the style and then is inhibited, forming a swollen tip or 'stub'.
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49Generally, temperate fruits like Apple initiate flower buds during:
A.Previous summer/autumn
B.Current spring
C.Winter dormancy
D.After fruit harvest immediately
Correct Answer: Previous summer/autumn
Explanation:Flower bud differentiation in temperate fruits occurs the summer prior to the spring bloom.
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50A 'Mixed bud' produces:
A.Only leaves
B.Only flowers
C.Both vegetative shoots and flowers
D.Roots and shoots
Correct Answer: Both vegetative shoots and flowers
Explanation:Mixed buds (e.g., in Apple/Pear) open to produce a leafy rosette or shoot along with the flowers.