1Which plant bio-regulator is commercially used to induce rooting in hard-to-root cuttings?
A.Gibberellic Acid ()
B.Indole Butyric Acid (IBA)
C.Ethylene
D.Zeatin
Correct Answer: Indole Butyric Acid (IBA)
Explanation:IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) is a synthetic auxin widely used in horticulture to promote root initiation and development in cuttings.
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2Which method of irrigation has the highest water use efficiency?
A.Flood irrigation
B.Sprinkler irrigation
C.Drip irrigation
D.Furrow irrigation
Correct Answer: Drip irrigation
Explanation:Drip irrigation has the highest water use efficiency () because water is applied directly to the root zone, minimizing evaporation and conveyance losses.
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3The application of fertilizers along with irrigation water is known as:
A.Herbigation
B.Fertigation
C.Foliar spray
D.Top dressing
Correct Answer: Fertigation
Explanation:Fertigation is the technique of supplying dissolved fertilizers to crops through an irrigation system, commonly used with drip systems.
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4Which plant hormone is primarily responsible for fruit ripening?
A.Auxin
B.Cytokinin
C.Ethylene
D.Abscisic Acid
Correct Answer: Ethylene
Explanation:Ethylene is the volatile gaseous hormone that triggers and coordinates the ripening process in climacteric fruits.
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5In the context of fertilizer application, what is 'Top Dressing'?
A.Applying fertilizer before sowing
B.Applying fertilizer in standing crops
C.Applying fertilizer on leaves
D.Applying fertilizer in deep bands
Correct Answer: Applying fertilizer in standing crops
Explanation:Top dressing refers to the broadcasting or application of fertilizers (usually Nitrogen) in a standing crop after it has established.
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6Which of the following is a major disadvantage of sprinkler irrigation?
A.It cannot be used on sandy soils
B.It is not suitable for undulating lands
C.High wind velocity affects water distribution uniformity
D.It causes excessive soil erosion
Correct Answer: High wind velocity affects water distribution uniformity
Explanation:High winds can distort the spray pattern in sprinkler irrigation, leading to uneven water application and reduced efficiency.
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7Gibberellic Acid () is extensively used in grape cultivation to:
A.Induce early ripening
B.Increase berry size and loosen clusters
C.Promote rooting
D.Inhibit vegetative growth
Correct Answer: Increase berry size and loosen clusters
Explanation: is applied to grapes (especially Thompson Seedless) to increase berry size, elongate the rachis, and reduce cluster compactness.
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8Which irrigation method is most suitable for fruit orchards planted in a square system?
A.Check Basin method
B.Basin (Ring) method
C.Wild flooding
D.Border strip method
Correct Answer: Basin (Ring) method
Explanation:The Basin or Ring method involves making a circular basin around the tree trunk. It is ideal for fruit trees as it targets the root zone effectively.
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9Which nutrient is most commonly applied through foliar spray due to its rapid fixation in the soil?
A.Phosphorus
B.Micronutrients (e.g., Iron, Zinc)
C.Calcium
D.Potassium
Correct Answer: Micronutrients (e.g., Iron, Zinc)
Explanation:Micronutrients are often fixed in the soil or required in small quantities, making foliar spray a highly efficient method for correcting specific deficiencies quickly.
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10Which growth retardant is commonly used in mango to induce flowering and control vegetative growth?
A.Paclobutrazol
B.GA3
C.IBA
D.Cytokinin
Correct Answer: Paclobutrazol
Explanation:Paclobutrazol inhibits gibberellin biosynthesis, restricting vegetative growth and promoting flowering in mango trees, especially in alternate bearing varieties.
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11Which bio-fertilizer is symbiotic and associates with leguminous crops?
A.Azotobacter
B.Rhizobium
C.Azospirillum
D.Blue Green Algae
Correct Answer: Rhizobium
Explanation:Rhizobium bacteria form symbiotic nodules on the roots of legumes and fix atmospheric nitrogen.
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12What is the primary stress hormone in plants that induces stomatal closure during drought?
A.Auxin
B.Gibberellin
C.Abscisic Acid (ABA)
D.Ethylene
Correct Answer: Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Explanation:Abscisic Acid (ABA) signals the plant to close stomata to conserve water during water stress conditions.
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13The 'Ring method' of fertilizer application is specifically recommended for:
A.Cereal crops
B.Fruit trees
C.Leafy vegetables
D.Fodder crops
Correct Answer: Fruit trees
Explanation:In the Ring method, fertilizer is applied in a circular trench around the tree canopy (drip line) where the active feeder roots are located.
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14Which of the following is a drawback of surface irrigation methods like flooding?
A.High initial cost of equipment
B.High energy consumption
C.Nutrient leaching and water wastage
D.Requires skilled labor
Correct Answer: Nutrient leaching and water wastage
Explanation:Surface irrigation (flooding) often leads to deep percolation, runoff, leaching of nutrients, and low water use efficiency.
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15What is the Nitrogen content in Urea?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:Urea () contains approximately Nitrogen, making it a high-analysis nitrogenous fertilizer.
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16Which method of fertilizer application involves placing fertilizers in narrow bands beneath and to the side of crop rows?
A.Broadcasting
B.Band placement
C.Foliar spray
D.Fertigation
Correct Answer: Band placement
Explanation:Band placement localizes the fertilizer near the seed or plant row, reducing fixation and making nutrients easily accessible to roots.
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17Which synthetic auxin is used as a herbicide at higher concentrations?
A.IAA
B.2,4-D
C.GA3
D.Zeatin
Correct Answer: 2,4-D
Explanation:2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) acts as an auxin at low concentrations but functions as a selective broad-leaved herbicide at higher concentrations.
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18Which irrigation system mimics natural rainfall?
A.Drip system
B.Sprinkler system
C.Furrow system
D.Basin system
Correct Answer: Sprinkler system
Explanation:Sprinkler irrigation sprays water into the air through nozzles, allowing it to fall on the ground like rain.
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19Green manuring involves:
A.Applying fresh cow dung
B.Ploughing under green undecomposed plant material into the soil
C.Burning green plants in the field
D.Applying green colored chemical fertilizers
Correct Answer: Ploughing under green undecomposed plant material into the soil
Explanation:Green manuring is the practice of growing specific crops (like Sunhemp or Sesbania) and ploughing them into the soil to improve organic matter and nitrogen content.
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20Which plant hormone is known as the 'anti-aging' hormone because it delays senescence?
A.Ethylene
B.Cytokinin
C.Abscisic Acid
D.Jasmonic Acid
Correct Answer: Cytokinin
Explanation:Cytokinins promote cell division and delay the aging process (senescence) in leaves and fruits, often used to extend shelf life.
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21Which of the following is a Nitrogen-fixing bacteria found freely in the soil (non-symbiotic)?
A.Rhizobium
B.Azotobacter
C.Mycorrhiza
D.Frankia
Correct Answer: Azotobacter
Explanation:Azotobacter is a free-living, non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacterium used as a biofertilizer.
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22The main disadvantage of the Drip Irrigation system is:
A.Low water efficiency
B.High potential for soil erosion
C.Clogging of emitters/drippers
D.Promotion of weed growth
Correct Answer: Clogging of emitters/drippers
Explanation:The small openings of drippers are prone to clogging by sediments, salts, or algae, requiring good filtration systems.
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23Starter solutions are generally used for:
A.Mature fruit trees
B.Transplanting vegetable seedlings
C.Post-harvest treatment
D.Drought management
Correct Answer: Transplanting vegetable seedlings
Explanation:Starter solutions (liquid fertilizers with N, P, K) are applied to young vegetable seedlings during transplanting to help them establish quickly.
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24Which form of manure is produced by the activity of earthworms?
A.Farm Yard Manure (FYM)
B.Compost
C.Vermicompost
D.Green Manure
Correct Answer: Vermicompost
Explanation:Vermicompost is the product of the decomposition process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms.
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25Which type of irrigation is most suitable for uneven or undulating topography?
A.Flood irrigation
B.Border strip irrigation
C.Sprinkler irrigation
D.Basin irrigation
Correct Answer: Sprinkler irrigation
Explanation:Sprinkler irrigation can be used effectively on uneven land where land levelling is too expensive or not feasible.
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26In horticulture, 'Parthenocarpy' (seedless fruit development) can be induced by:
A.Auxins and Gibberellins
B.Ethylene and ABA
C.Zeatin and Ethylene
D.ABA and Paclobutrazol
Correct Answer: Auxins and Gibberellins
Explanation:Application of Auxins or Gibberellins can induce fruit development without fertilization, resulting in seedless (parthenocarpic) fruits.
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27Broadcasting of fertilizer refers to:
A.Injecting fertilizer into the stem
B.Spreading fertilizer uniformly over the entire field
C.Placing fertilizer in a specific ring
D.Applying fertilizer through drip lines
Correct Answer: Spreading fertilizer uniformly over the entire field
Explanation:Broadcasting is the most common method where fertilizer is spread uniformly by hand or spreader over the field surface.
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28Which element is considered a primary macronutrient?
A.Calcium
B.Magnesium
C.Phosphorus
D.Zinc
Correct Answer: Phosphorus
Explanation:Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) are the three primary macronutrients required by plants in large quantities.
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29Which fertilizer application method reduces the fixation of Phosphorus in the soil?
A.Broadcasting
B.Placement (Band/Localized)
C.Top dressing
D.Mixing with irrigation water (Flood)
Correct Answer: Placement (Band/Localized)
Explanation:Phosphorus moves very little in soil and fixes easily. Localized placement restricts the contact of fertilizer with soil particles, reducing fixation and increasing availability to roots.
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30A tensiometer is used to measure:
A.Nutrient content in leaves
B.Soil moisture tension
C.Wind velocity
D.Rate of photosynthesis
Correct Answer: Soil moisture tension
Explanation:Tensiometers measure the soil moisture tension (suction), helping farmers decide when to irrigate.
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31Maleic Hydrazide (MH) is generally used in onion and potato to:
A.Increase size
B.Prevent sprouting during storage
C.Enhance color
D.Induce rooting
Correct Answer: Prevent sprouting during storage
Explanation:Maleic Hydrazide is a growth inhibitor applied before harvest to prevent sprouting of onions and potatoes in storage.
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32Which of the following is an example of a concentrated organic manure?
A.Farm Yard Manure
B.Oil cakes
C.Green Manure
D.Compost
Correct Answer: Oil cakes
Explanation:Oil cakes (residue after oil extraction) are concentrated organic manures as they have higher nutrient content compared to bulky manures like FYM.
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33Sub-surface irrigation is beneficial because:
A.It requires zero equipment
B.It keeps the soil surface dry, reducing evaporation and weeds
C.It is visible and easy to repair
D.It relies on wind power
Correct Answer: It keeps the soil surface dry, reducing evaporation and weeds
Explanation:Sub-surface irrigation applies water below the soil surface, minimizing surface evaporation and discouraging weed germination.
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34The 'Check Basin' method of irrigation is most suitable for:
A.Crops sensitive to waterlogging
B.Close-growing crops like leafy vegetables or groundnut
C.Steep slopes
D.Orchards only
Correct Answer: Close-growing crops like leafy vegetables or groundnut
Explanation:Check basins are rectangular plots suitable for crops that require uniform standing water or close-growing grain/vegetable crops on level land.
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35Single Super Phosphate (SSP) contains which secondary nutrient in significant quantity?
A.Magnesium
B.Sulphur
C.Iron
D.Copper
Correct Answer: Sulphur
Explanation:SSP contains approximately , Calcium, and Sulphur.
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36Which plant bio-regulator is used to prevent pre-harvest fruit drop in citrus and apples?
A.NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid)
B.Ethylene
C.ABA
D.Zeatin
Correct Answer: NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid)
Explanation:NAA is a synthetic auxin used to prevent the formation of the abscission layer, thereby preventing pre-harvest fruit drop.
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37Deep placement of fertilizers is essential for which type of fertilizer to prevent volatilization losses?
A.Ammoniacal fertilizers
B.Potassic fertilizers
C.Phosphate fertilizers
D.Micronutrients
Correct Answer: Ammoniacal fertilizers
Explanation:Ammoniacal nitrogen can be lost to the atmosphere as gas (volatilization). Deep placement in the reduced zone ensures better utilization.
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38Which irrigation method is best suited for row crops like potato and maize?
A.Furrow irrigation
B.Basin irrigation
C.Wild flooding
D.Mist irrigation
Correct Answer: Furrow irrigation
Explanation:Furrow irrigation involves creating channels (furrows) between crop ridges. It is ideal for row crops and tuber crops to avoid wetting the plant stem directly.
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39Biofertilizers mainly supplement nutrients by:
A.Providing chemical salts directly
B.Fixing atmospheric nitrogen or solubilizing soil phosphorus
C.Adding organic bulk to soil
D.Killing soil pathogens
Correct Answer: Fixing atmospheric nitrogen or solubilizing soil phosphorus
Explanation:Biofertilizers contain living microorganisms that mobilize nutrients through biological processes like Nitrogen fixation or Phosphate solubilization.
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40For rapid correction of Iron chlorosis in crops, the preferred method is:
A.Soil application of Ferrous Sulphate
B.Foliar spray of Ferrous Sulphate
C.Green manuring
D.Deep placement
Correct Answer: Foliar spray of Ferrous Sulphate
Explanation:Iron is immobile in plants and gets fixed in alkaline soils. Foliar spray bypasses soil fixation and directly corrects chlorosis.
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41The ratio of Carbon to Nitrogen (C:N ratio) is a critical factor in:
A.Water absorption
B.Decomposition of organic matter
C.Photosynthesis rate
D.Seed germination
Correct Answer: Decomposition of organic matter
Explanation:The C:N ratio determines the speed of decomposition and nutrient release. A high C:N ratio slows decomposition, while a low ratio speeds it up.
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42Ethephon is a commercial formulation that releases:
A.Auxin
B.Ethylene
C.Gibberellin
D.Cytokinin
Correct Answer: Ethylene
Explanation:Ethephon decomposes in plant tissues to release Ethylene gas, used for ripening and abcission.
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43Which of the following is a limitation of Green Manuring?
A.Decreases soil organic matter
B.Requires water for the decomposition of the green crop
C.Increases weed population significantly
D.Toxic to subsequent crops
Correct Answer: Requires water for the decomposition of the green crop
Explanation:Green manure crops need sufficient moisture in the soil to decompose after being turned under. If the soil is dry, they will not degrade effectively.
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44Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) contains:
A. and
B. and
C. and
D. and
Correct Answer: and
Explanation:DAP is a popular complex fertilizer containing Nitrogen and Phosphorus ().
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45Which irrigation method is known as 'Trickle Irrigation'?
A.Sprinkler
B.Drip
C.Border
D.Furrow
Correct Answer: Drip
Explanation:Drip irrigation is also known as Trickle irrigation because water trickles drop by drop near the roots.
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46The localized placement of fertilizer near the seed is generally done to:
A.Stimulate early root growth
B.Burn the roots
C.Reduce labor
D.Increase evaporation
Correct Answer: Stimulate early root growth
Explanation:Placing a small amount of fertilizer near the seed (starter dose) stimulates vigorous early root growth and seedling establishment.
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47Which nutrient is essential for cell wall structure and prevents 'Blossom End Rot' in tomatoes?
A.Nitrogen
B.Calcium
C.Potassium
D.Magnesium
Correct Answer: Calcium
Explanation:Calcium is a structural component of cell walls (calcium pectate). Its deficiency leads to physiological disorders like Blossom End Rot.
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48What is the primary merit of using organic manures over chemical fertilizers?
A.Higher nutrient content per kg
B.Immediate nutrient release
C.Improvement of soil physical properties and structure
D.Lower transportation cost
Correct Answer: Improvement of soil physical properties and structure
Explanation:While lower in nutrients, organic manures significantly improve soil texture, water holding capacity, and microbial activity.
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49Apical dominance (suppression of lateral buds by the terminal bud) is primarily controlled by:
A.Auxin
B.Cytokinin
C.Ethylene
D.ABA
Correct Answer: Auxin
Explanation:Auxin produced in the apical bud travels downwards and inhibits the growth of lateral buds, a phenomenon called apical dominance.
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50Which method involves applying fertilizer in holes made around the plant base?
A.Pocket placement
B.Broadcasting
C.Foliar spray
D.Aerial application
Correct Answer: Pocket placement
Explanation:Pocket placement involves placing fertilizer deep in the soil in pockets or holes, often used for deep-rooted crops or trees.