1In the context of agri-enterprises, which of the following best describes vertical integration within a value chain?
A.Expanding the farm size by purchasing neighboring land
B.A single firm controlling multiple stages of production, processing, and distribution
C.Collaborating with other farmers to share machinery
D.Switching from crop production to livestock rearing exclusively
Correct Answer: A single firm controlling multiple stages of production, processing, and distribution
Explanation:Vertical integration occurs when a company controls more than one stage of the supply chain, such as a farm that also owns a processing plant and a retail outlet, thereby capturing more value.
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2Which of the following is considered a secondary enterprise in a farming-based livelihood system intended to supplement income from primary crop production?
A.Rice cultivation
B.Wheat harvesting
C.Apiculture (Beekeeping)
D.Large-scale mechanization
Correct Answer: Apiculture (Beekeeping)
Explanation:Apiculture is a secondary enterprise that can be integrated with crop farming to provide supplementary income through honey and wax, while also enhancing crop yields through pollination.
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3When assessing the feasibility of farming systems across agro-climatic zones, what does the term 'Agro-climatic Zone' primarily refer to?
A.A region defined solely by political boundaries
B.A land unit uniform in respect of major climates and length of growing period suitable for certain crops
C.An area designated for industrial development
D.A zone with uniform market prices for agricultural goods
Correct Answer: A land unit uniform in respect of major climates and length of growing period suitable for certain crops
Explanation:Agro-climatic zones are defined by climatological variables (rainfall, temperature) and soil types to determine the suitability of specific crop and livestock systems.
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4In an Integrated Farming System (IFS), the relationship between crop production and livestock where crop residues feed animals and animal manure fertilizes crops is known as:
A.Competitive relationship
B.Complementary relationship
C.Antagonistic relationship
D.Independent relationship
Correct Answer: Complementary relationship
Explanation:This is a complementary relationship because the output of one enterprise (crop residues) serves as an input for the other (livestock feed), and vice versa (manure for soil), reducing waste and costs.
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5Which factor is LEAST likely to favor the integration of large-scale dairy enterprises in arid agro-climatic zones?
A.High availability of green fodder
B.Scarcity of water
C.Extreme temperature fluctuations
D.Sparse vegetation
Correct Answer: High availability of green fodder
Explanation:Arid zones generally lack sufficient water to support the high green fodder production required for large-scale dairy enterprises. Therefore, high availability of green fodder is not a characteristic of these zones; scarcity of fodder is the constraint.
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6What is the primary economic advantage of a small-scale integrated farming system compared to monoculture?
A.Maximizing the export potential of a single commodity
B.Risk minimization and year-round income flow
C.Complete elimination of labor costs
D.Ability to dictate global market prices
Correct Answer: Risk minimization and year-round income flow
Explanation:Small-scale integrated systems diversify income sources. If one crop fails, income from livestock or secondary enterprises protects the livelihood, smoothing income across the year.
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7In the context of enterprise integration, vermiculture contributes to livelihood enhancement primarily by:
A.Producing silk for textile industries
B.Converting organic farm waste into nutrient-rich manure
C.providing draft power for ploughing
D.Acting as a primary source of dairy products
Correct Answer: Converting organic farm waste into nutrient-rich manure
Explanation:Vermiculture involves using earthworms to convert organic waste into vermicompost, reducing fertilizer costs and improving soil health.
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8Which of the following represents a Backward Linkage in an agri-enterprise value chain?
A.Transporting finished goods to the market
B.Processing raw milk into cheese
C.Sourcing seeds, fertilizers, and machinery from suppliers
D.Marketing the produce to consumers
Correct Answer: Sourcing seeds, fertilizers, and machinery from suppliers
Explanation:Backward linkages refer to the connections an enterprise has with the suppliers of inputs required for production (seeds, chemicals, equipment).
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9For a farmer in a Coastal Agro-climatic Zone, which integrated system is most feasible and traditionally successful?
A.Rice-Fish Farming
B.Sheep-Wool Production
C.Apple Orchard-Apiculture
D.Camel-Millet System
Correct Answer: Rice-Fish Farming
Explanation:Coastal areas often have waterlogged conditions suitable for paddy cultivation, which integrates well with aquaculture (fish/shrimp) in the standing water.
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10If is Total Revenue and is Total Cost, a rational farmer integrates enterprises to maximize Profit (), where:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:Profit is the difference between the total revenue generated from the farm enterprises and the total costs incurred.
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11Which constraint is most critical for Small and Marginal Enterprises (SMEs) attempting to integrate into high-value global supply chains?
A.Lack of available sunlight
B.Inability to meet strict quality and safety standards
C.Excessive land availability
D.Too much diversification
Correct Answer: Inability to meet strict quality and safety standards
Explanation:Small enterprises often lack the technology, capital, and knowledge to comply with the rigorous quality, phytosanitary, and traceability standards required by global markets.
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12Which secondary enterprise is best suited for landless laborers to enhance livelihood?
A.Large-scale Wheat Cultivation
B.Orchard Management
C.Mushroom Cultivation
D.Teak Plantation
Correct Answer: Mushroom Cultivation
Explanation:Mushroom cultivation requires very little space (vertical farming mostly indoors) and does not require arable land, making it ideal for landless livelihoods.
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13The concept of 'Waste to Wealth' in enterprise integration is best exemplified by:
A.Burning crop stubble to clear land
B.Using biogas plants to convert animal dung into energy
C.Purchasing chemical fertilizers
D.Exporting raw grains directly
Correct Answer: Using biogas plants to convert animal dung into energy
Explanation:Biogas plants utilize animal waste (a byproduct) to generate fuel (wealth/energy) and slurry (manure), creating a closed-loop system.
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14In the analysis of farming systems, Economies of Scope refers to:
A.Reducing costs by increasing the volume of a single output
B.Cost savings generated by producing two or more distinct goods together rather than separately
C.Expanding the marketing area of a product
D.Government subsidies for scope of work
Correct Answer: Cost savings generated by producing two or more distinct goods together rather than separately
Explanation:Economies of scope occur when it is cheaper to produce a range of products together (e.g., crop and livestock sharing labor and machinery) than to produce them independently.
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15Which factor creates an Antagonistic relationship between two farm enterprises?
A.Enterprises competing for the same limited resource (e.g., labor during harvest)
B.Enterprises utilizing different soil depths
C.Enterprises providing inputs to each other
D.Enterprises harvesting at different times of the year
Correct Answer: Enterprises competing for the same limited resource (e.g., labor during harvest)
Explanation:Antagonism occurs when the introduction of one enterprise negatively impacts the output of another, often due to competition for critical resources like labor, water, or space.
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16For a Hill Region Agro-climatic Zone, which farming system integration is most ecologically and economically feasible?
A.Intensive Rice-Wheat rotation
B.Agro-forestry with Horticulture and Apiculture
C.Large-scale Sugarcane plantation
D.Mechanized Cotton farming
Correct Answer: Agro-forestry with Horticulture and Apiculture
Explanation:Hill regions require systems that prevent soil erosion. Agro-forestry and horticulture (orchards) stabilize soil, while apiculture thrives on the floral diversity and improves pollination.
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17In a value chain analysis, Processing adds value primarily by:
A.Increasing the shelf life and form utility of the agricultural produce
B.Reducing the cost of production seeds
C.Eliminating the need for transportation
D.Reducing the nutritional content
Correct Answer: Increasing the shelf life and form utility of the agricultural produce
Explanation:Processing transforms raw materials into finished goods (e.g., tomatoes to ketchup), extending shelf life and creating 'form utility' which commands a higher market price.
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18Which of the following is a key social factor affecting the integration of enterprises in rural livelihoods?
A.Soil pH level
B.Availability of family labor and gender roles
C.Global stock market trends
D.Average annual rainfall
Correct Answer: Availability of family labor and gender roles
Explanation:The availability of family labor and the cultural acceptance of gender roles (e.g., women managing poultry or dairy) significantly dictate which enterprises can be successfully integrated.
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19A Medium-sized agri-enterprise differs from a small one primarily in its capacity for:
A.Subsistence farming
B.Manual labor dependence
C.Capital investment and market orientation
D.Ignoring government regulations
Correct Answer: Capital investment and market orientation
Explanation:Medium enterprises generally have higher capital access, some level of mechanization, and are more oriented towards commercial markets rather than just subsistence.
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20Which integrated system is most recommended for dryland/rainfed areas to ensure livelihood security?
A.Aquaculture-based systems
B.Silvi-pastoral systems (Trees + Grass + Livestock)
C.Hydroponics
D.Water-intensive floriculture
Correct Answer: Silvi-pastoral systems (Trees + Grass + Livestock)
Explanation:Silvi-pastoral systems are resilient in drylands. Trees provide fodder/fuel, grasses cover soil, and livestock (goats/sheep) utilize these resources without heavy water demands.
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21The Cropping Intensity Index (CII) is calculated as: . High CII usually facilitates:
A.Lower enterprise integration
B.Better temporal utilization of resources for enterprise integration
C.Reduced need for secondary enterprises
D.Soil degradation only
Correct Answer: Better temporal utilization of resources for enterprise integration
Explanation:A high CII implies the land is used multiple times a year, allowing for better integration of short-duration crops, catch crops, and continuous residue supply for livestock.
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22Which secondary enterprise is specifically known for high conversion efficiency of organic waste into protein?
A.Sericulture
B.Poultry farming
C.Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Larvae farming
D.Jute cultivation
Correct Answer: Black Soldier Fly (BSF) Larvae farming
Explanation:BSF larvae farming is an emerging enterprise where larvae consume organic waste rapidly and convert it into high-protein biomass suitable for animal feed.
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23Sericulture integration is highly dependent on the cultivation of which primary plant?
A.Bamboo
B.Mulberry
C.Cotton
D.Jute
Correct Answer: Mulberry
Explanation:The silkworm Bombyx mori feeds exclusively on Mulberry leaves. Therefore, sericulture must be integrated with mulberry cultivation.
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24In the context of Large Agri-Enterprises, 'Contract Farming' serves as a tool for integration by:
A.Forcing farmers to sell land
B.Ensuring a consistent supply of quality raw materials at pre-agreed prices
C.Reducing the need for modern technology
D.Disconnecting the farmer from the market
Correct Answer: Ensuring a consistent supply of quality raw materials at pre-agreed prices
Explanation:Contract farming integrates primary producers (farmers) with large processing/exporting firms by assuring market access for farmers and consistent supply quality for the firm.
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25What is the role of Bio-pesticides (e.g., Neem extract) in an integrated organic farming livelihood?
A.To increase chemical residue in food
B.To reduce input costs and improve environmental sustainability
C.To kill all insects including pollinators
D.To increase water consumption
Correct Answer: To reduce input costs and improve environmental sustainability
Explanation:Producing bio-pesticides on-farm (using neem, etc.) reduces the cash outflow for chemical inputs and maintains the ecological balance required for sustainable livelihoods.
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26Which component is essential for a Duck-Fish Integrated System?
A.Arid soil
B.Deep sea water
C.Pond or water body
D.Greenhouse structure
Correct Answer: Pond or water body
Explanation:Ducks live on the water surface, dropping manure into the pond which fertilizes plankton growth for fish, while ducks feed on insects/weeds.
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27The feasibility of integrating Exotic Dairy Breeds (like Holstein Friesian) is low in tropical agro-climatic zones with high heat stress unless:
A.They are fed less food
B.Micro-climate management (cooling systems) is implemented
C.They are integrated with sheep
D.They are kept in open grazing fields
Correct Answer: Micro-climate management (cooling systems) is implemented
Explanation:Exotic breeds are sensitive to heat. Integration is only feasible if the enterprise can afford capital for climate control (fans, sprinklers) to prevent heat stress.
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28Which of the following describes a Circular Economy approach in farming systems?
A.Take-Make-Dispose model
B.Restorative and regenerative system where waste from one process becomes food for another
C.Maximizing external inputs
D.Specialization in a single crop for export
Correct Answer: Restorative and regenerative system where waste from one process becomes food for another
Explanation:Circular economy in farming involves closing nutrient loops (e.g., crop-livestock-biogas-compost) to minimize waste and external inputs.
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29For peri-urban farming livelihoods, which enterprise integration is most lucrative due to proximity to city markets?
A.Cereal grain storage
B.High-value Floriculture and Vegetable production
C.Extensive grazing of cattle
D.Timber forestry
Correct Answer: High-value Floriculture and Vegetable production
Explanation:Peri-urban areas have high land costs but close market access. High-value perishables (flowers, veggies) yield high returns per unit area and benefit from short transport times.
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30The Net Present Value (NPV) is a financial metric used to assess the feasibility of large agri-enterprises. A project is acceptable if:
A.
B.
C.
D.NPV is irrelevant
Correct Answer:
Explanation:A positive NPV indicates that the projected earnings (in present dollars) exceed the anticipated costs, meaning the enterprise integration is financially viable.
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31What is the primary risk associated with Monoculture (lack of integration)?
A.Complex management requirements
B.High susceptibility to pests, diseases, and market price crashes
C.Excessive biodiversity
D.Inefficient use of large machinery
Correct Answer: High susceptibility to pests, diseases, and market price crashes
Explanation:Relying on one crop concentrates risk. A single pest outbreak or a drop in market price can destroy the entire season's livelihood.
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32Alley Cropping is an agroforestry practice suitable for integrating trees and crops. It involves:
A.Growing crops in the alleys formed by hedgerows of trees/shrubs
B.Clearing all trees for crops
C.Planting trees in the middle of a dense forest
D.Growing crops only in winter
Correct Answer: Growing crops in the alleys formed by hedgerows of trees/shrubs
Explanation:Alley cropping integrates woody perennials with agricultural crops, where trees provide nitrogen fixation or mulch, and crops grow in the spaces (alleys) between them.
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33In the context of Value Chain upgrading, moving from selling raw mangoes to selling mango pulp is an example of:
A.Process Upgrading
B.Product Upgrading
C.Functional Upgrading
D.Chain Downgrading
Correct Answer: Product Upgrading
Explanation:Product upgrading involves moving into more sophisticated product lines with increased unit value (e.g., processed pulp vs. raw fruit).
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34Which institute in India is primarily responsible for classifying the country into 15 broad Agro-Climatic Zones?
A.Reserve Bank of India
B.Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog)
C.Indian Railways
D.Ministry of Textiles
Correct Answer: Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog)
Explanation:The Planning Commission initiated the agro-climatic regional planning approach in 1989, dividing India into 15 zones.
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35The Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) formula is: . For a viable enterprise integration, BCR should be:
A.Less than 1
B.Equal to 0.5
C.Greater than 1
D.Negative
Correct Answer: Greater than 1
Explanation:A BCR greater than 1 indicates that for every unit of currency spent, the return is more than one unit, signifying profitability.
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36Which secondary enterprise is most compatible with Coconut plantations to utilize the vertical space and shade?
A.Sun-loving Wheat
B.Shade-loving crops like Cocoa, Pineapple, or Black Pepper
C.Tall timber trees
D.Rice paddy
Correct Answer: Shade-loving crops like Cocoa, Pineapple, or Black Pepper
Explanation:Coconut trees allow partial light penetration. Multi-storey cropping with shade-tolerant species utilizes vertical space and soil resources efficiently.
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37Which factor creates a barrier for technology adoption in enterprise integration for smallholders?
A.High literacy rates
B.High initial investment costs and lack of credit
C.Availability of extension services
D.Clear land titles
Correct Answer: High initial investment costs and lack of credit
Explanation:New technologies (e.g., automated poultry feeders, processing machines) require capital. Smallholders often lack access to formal credit to fund this integration.
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38In a Mixed Farming System, the primary characteristic is:
A.Total separation of crops and livestock
B.At least 10% to 49% of income comes from a secondary source (livestock) alongside crops
C.100% income from a single enterprise
D.Farming without any animals
Correct Answer: At least 10% to 49% of income comes from a secondary source (livestock) alongside crops
Explanation:Mixed farming is defined by the integration of crops and livestock where the secondary enterprise contributes a significant, though not dominant (usually defined as <50%), portion of gross income.
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39Lac cultivation is a potential livelihood enterprise primarily in which agro-climatic setting?
A.Forest-fringe areas with specific host trees (Palas, Kusum)
B.Coastal sandy beaches
C.Urban rooftops
D.Deep water paddy fields
Correct Answer: Forest-fringe areas with specific host trees (Palas, Kusum)
Explanation:Lac insects require specific host trees found in forest/tribal belts (e.g., Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh). It is an important secondary enterprise for forest-dependent livelihoods.
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40What is the primary role of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) in enterprise integration?
A.To discourage farming
B.To aggregate produce from small farmers to achieve economies of scale and better bargaining power
C.To privatize all land holdings
D.To increase the cost of inputs
Correct Answer: To aggregate produce from small farmers to achieve economies of scale and better bargaining power
Explanation:FPOs allow small farmers to work together as a collective, enabling them to buy inputs at bulk rates and sell outputs at higher volumes, mimicking the advantages of large enterprises.
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41Which of the following is a key input-side constraint for integrating poultry farming with crop farming?
A.High demand for chicken meat
B.Availability of manure
C.High cost of maize and soybean (feed ingredients)
D.Availability of sunlight
Correct Answer: High cost of maize and soybean (feed ingredients)
Explanation:Feed constitutes 60-70% of poultry production costs. If the farm does not produce enough maize/soybean, the high cost of purchasing feed is a major input constraint.
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42For Precision Farming based enterprises, the integration relies heavily on:
A.Traditional knowledge only
B.Information Technology (IT), Sensors, and GPS
C.Random guessing
D.Manual broadcasting of seeds
Correct Answer: Information Technology (IT), Sensors, and GPS
Explanation:Precision farming integrates technology to manage spatial variability in fields, optimizing inputs (water, fertilizer) for maximum efficiency.
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43The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) helps evaluate intercropping systems. If , it implies:
A.Yield disadvantage
B.Yield advantage (more efficient land use)
C.No difference
D.Crop failure
Correct Answer: Yield advantage (more efficient land use)
Explanation:An LER > 1 means that the intercropped system produces more yield from the same area of land than growing the crops separately (sole cropping).
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44Which represents a forward linkage for a tomato farming enterprise?
A.Purchase of tomato seeds
B.Buying tractors
C.Tie-up with a ketchup manufacturing factory
D.Hiring labor for harvest
Correct Answer: Tie-up with a ketchup manufacturing factory
Explanation:Forward linkages connect the producer to the consumer side of the value chain (processing, distribution, marketing).
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45Hydroponics is a specialized enterprise feasible in:
A.Areas with abundant fertile soil
B.Areas with poor soil quality or urban settings with limited space
C.Open grazing lands
D.Forest interiors
Correct Answer: Areas with poor soil quality or urban settings with limited space
Explanation:Hydroponics (soil-less culture) is ideal where soil is degraded or unavailable (urban rooftops), as it relies on nutrient solutions.
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46The integration of Azolla cultivation is most beneficial for which livestock enterprise?
A.Dairy Cattle (as a protein supplement)
B.Sericulture
C.Apiculture
D.Forestry
Correct Answer: Dairy Cattle (as a protein supplement)
Explanation:Azolla is a floating fern rich in protein. It is widely used as a low-cost feed supplement for cattle to improve milk yield.
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47In the Trans-Gangetic Plains agro-climatic zone, the major sustainability challenge for the Rice-Wheat system is:
A.Lack of markets
B.Groundwater depletion
C.Excessive rainfall
D.Lack of mechanization
Correct Answer: Groundwater depletion
Explanation:This zone relies heavily on tube-well irrigation for intensive rice-wheat cropping, leading to a critical drop in the water table.
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48Which activity is an example of non-farm secondary enterprise integration for livelihood?
A.Goat rearing
B.Fish farming
C.Agri-tourism or Handicrafts
D.Fodder cultivation
Correct Answer: Agri-tourism or Handicrafts
Explanation:While goat, fish, and fodder are on-farm agricultural activities, handicrafts and tourism are non-farm or off-farm activities that can be integrated into the household livelihood strategy.
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49To ensure the feasibility of a large-scale Cold Chain enterprise, the most critical prerequisite is:
A.Unreliable power supply
B.Continuous energy supply and high volume of perishable produce
C.Production of dry grains only
D.Small, scattered landholdings
Correct Answer: Continuous energy supply and high volume of perishable produce
Explanation:Cold chains require constant power to maintain temperature and a high volume of perishables to justify the high capital (CAPEX) and operating (OPEX) costs.
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50The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a methodology that integrates soil, water, and nutrient management to:
A.Increase water usage by 50%
B.Increase yield with less water and fewer seeds
C.Promote the use of GMOs
D.Requires flooding fields continuously
Correct Answer: Increase yield with less water and fewer seeds
Explanation:SRI involves planting younger seedlings, wider spacing, and intermittent wetting/drying, which saves inputs while enhancing root growth and yield.
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