The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), developed by Sheldon Cohen, is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. It measures the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful.
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2The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) developed by Holmes and Rahe assesses stress based on which of the following?
A.Major life events requiring adaptation
B.Unconscious conflicts
C.Daily hassles and minor annoyances
D.Future-oriented anxiety
Correct Answer: Major life events requiring adaptation
Explanation:
The SRRS assigns numerical values (Life Change Units) to major life events (e.g., marriage, divorce, job loss) to measure the amount of adjustment required, which correlates with stress levels and potential illness.
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3In the context of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which three dimensions are assessed to evaluate burnout?
A.Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Reduced Personal Accomplishment
B.Anxiety, Depression, and Stress
C.Fatigue, Insomnia, and Irritability
D.Cynicism, Anger, and Denial
Correct Answer: Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Reduced Personal Accomplishment
Explanation:
The MBI characterizes burnout as a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (cynicism toward others), and a sense of reduced personal accomplishment (inefficacy).
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4Which coping style assessment tool distinguishes between Problem-Focused Coping and Emotion-Focused Coping?
A.NEO Personality Inventory
B.Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
C.Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
D.Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ)
Correct Answer: Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ)
Explanation:
The Ways of Coping Questionnaire, developed by Folkman and Lazarus, is designed to identify the thoughts and actions people use to cope with stressful situations, broadly categorized into problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies.
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5According to Goal-Setting Theory used in performance enhancement, goals are most effective in increasing motivation when they are:
A.Abstract and impossible
B.Vague and easy to achieve
C.Do your best
D.Specific and challenging
Correct Answer: Specific and challenging
Explanation:
Locke and Latham's Goal-Setting Theory demonstrates that specific and difficult (but attainable) goals lead to higher performance than vague or 'do your best' goals.
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6Which instrument is specifically designed to measure the worry and emotionality components of anxiety related to academic testing?
A.Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
B.Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7)
C.Impact of Events Scale
D.Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI)
Correct Answer: Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI)
Explanation:
The Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) specifically measures test anxiety as a situation-specific trait, differentiating between the 'Worry' (cognitive) and 'Emotionality' (physiological) components.
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7In the COPE Inventory, which of the following is considered a maladaptive or avoidant coping strategy?
A.Behavioral Disengagement
B.Active Coping
C.Planning
D.Positive Reframing
Correct Answer: Behavioral Disengagement
Explanation:
Behavioral Disengagement, often measured in the COPE Inventory, involves reducing one's effort to deal with the stressor, often giving up on attaining the goal with which the stressor is interfering.
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8When assessing academic pressure, the concept of Self-Efficacy, often measured alongside stress, refers to:
A.A student's belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
B.A student's global self-esteem
C.A student's level of introversion
D.A student's actual IQ score
Correct Answer: A student's belief in their capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments
Explanation:
Based on Bandura's theory, self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations. In academic testing, high self-efficacy typically buffers against stress.
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9The Daily Hassles Scale suggests that:
A.Stress is entirely genetic
B.Only major life catastrophes cause stress
C.Stress cannot be measured quantitatively
D.Minor, frequent irritations can have a cumulative impact on health greater than major life events
Correct Answer: Minor, frequent irritations can have a cumulative impact on health greater than major life events
Explanation:
The Daily Hassles Scale posits that the cumulative effect of minor daily stressors (traffic, losing keys, arguments) can be a better predictor of psychological distress than major life events.
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10Which of the following is a limitation of Self-Report Measures in assessing stress?
A.They are too expensive to administer
B.They are subject to social desirability bias and recall bias
C.They cannot measure subjective feelings
D.They require complex medical equipment
Correct Answer: They are subject to social desirability bias and recall bias
Explanation:
Self-report measures rely on the honesty and accurate memory of the respondent. Individuals may underreport stress to appear competent (social desirability) or fail to accurately remember past stress (recall bias).
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11In the context of feedback mechanisms, 360-degree feedback typically involves assessment from:
A.Only the supervisor
B.Supervisors, peers, subordinates, and self-evaluation
C.Only the individual themselves
D.External clients only
Correct Answer: Supervisors, peers, subordinates, and self-evaluation
Explanation:
360-degree feedback collects performance data from all around an employee (supervisors, peers, subordinates) and includes self-assessment to provide a holistic view for development.
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12The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) assesses which three main coping styles?
The CISS categorizes coping into Task-oriented (solving the problem), Emotion-oriented (emotional reactions), and Avoidance-oriented (distraction or social diversion).
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13Assessing Locus of Control (Rotter) is relevant to stress management because:
A.External locus of control guarantees high academic performance
B.It measures physical strength
C.Locus of control is the same as IQ
D.Internal locus of control is generally associated with better stress management and problem-focused coping
Correct Answer: Internal locus of control is generally associated with better stress management and problem-focused coping
Explanation:
Individuals with an internal locus of control believe they can influence outcomes, leading to more proactive (problem-focused) coping and lower perceived stress compared to those with an external locus.
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14Which psychological model suggests that stress is determined by the discrepancy between the demands of a situation and the individual's resources to cope?
A.General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye)
B.Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
C.Fight or Flight Response (Cannon)
D.Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (Lazarus & Folkman)
Correct Answer: Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (Lazarus & Folkman)
Explanation:
The Transactional Model views stress as a result of an appraisal process where the individual evaluates if the demands of the environment exceed their available resources.
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15The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) differs from the MBI by measuring which two dimensions?
A.Exhaustion and Disengagement
B.Anger and Fear
C.Sleep and Appetite
D.Depression and Anxiety
Correct Answer: Exhaustion and Disengagement
Explanation:
The OLBI measures Exhaustion (physical and cognitive) and Disengagement (distancing oneself from work content), and unlike the MBI, it includes both positively and negatively worded items.
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16In academic settings, Achievement Motivation is often assessed to predict performance. Who is the theorist associated with the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) for assessing need for achievement?
A.B.F. Skinner
B.Carl Rogers
C.David McClelland
D.Jean Piaget
Correct Answer: David McClelland
Explanation:
David McClelland used the TAT to measure the Need for Achievement (), a key driver in motivation and performance.
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17When using Biofeedback as a tool for stress management, what is primarily being measured and fed back to the client?
Biofeedback involves measuring physiological responses (like EMG, GSR, HRV) and providing real-time feedback to help the individual learn to control these bodily processes to reduce stress.
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18Which term refers to the feedback intervention that focuses on the gap between current performance and the desired goal?
A.Historical feedback
B.Personality feedback
C.Attribute feedback
D.Discrepancy feedback
Correct Answer: Discrepancy feedback
Explanation:
Discrepancy feedback highlights the difference between current status and the goal, which serves as a motivational mechanism to reduce the discrepancy.
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19The DASS-21 is a self-report instrument that measures:
A.Depression, Anxiety, and Stress
B.Diet, Activity, and Sleep
C.Delusions, Auditory hallucinations, and Schizophrenia
D.Dominance, Aggression, and Submission
Correct Answer: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress
Explanation:
DASS-21 stands for Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (21 items). It provides separate scores for the three emotional states.
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20In the context of the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, burnout is primarily caused by:
A.High job resources and low demands
B.High job demands and low job resources
C.High salary and low hours
D.Positive feedback loops
Correct Answer: High job demands and low job resources
Explanation:
The JD-R model posits that burnout results from excessive job demands (workload, pressure) combined with insufficient resources (support, autonomy, feedback).
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21Which of the following is considered a secondary appraisal in the stress assessment process?
A.Evaluating if the stressor is a threat
B.Reacting physiologically
C.Evaluating "What can I do about it?" (coping options)
D.Ignoring the stressor
Correct Answer: Evaluating "What can I do about it?" (coping options)
Explanation:
Primary appraisal determines if a situation is a threat. Secondary appraisal involves evaluating available coping resources and options to manage the threat.
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22The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) assesses burnout in which three domains?
Correct Answer: Personal burnout, Work-related burnout, Client-related burnout
Explanation:
The CBI distinguishes between generic personal burnout, burnout attributed to work in general, and burnout attributed to interaction with clients.
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23Which type of goal orientation is associated with viewing ability as malleable and focusing on learning and mastery?
A.Fixed Mindset
B.Performance-Approach Orientation
C.Performance-Avoidance Orientation
D.Mastery (Learning) Orientation
Correct Answer: Mastery (Learning) Orientation
Explanation:
Mastery orientation involves a focus on learning, understanding, and developing skills, viewing ability as improvable (growth mindset).
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24In measuring academic stress, the Westside Test Anxiety Scale is primarily used to:
A.Assess teacher performance
B.Diagnose clinical depression
C.Identify students with anxiety impairments that could affect test performance
D.Measure intelligence
Correct Answer: Identify students with anxiety impairments that could affect test performance
Explanation:
The Westside Test Anxiety Scale is a brief instrument designed to screen for anxiety impairments specifically related to test-taking contexts.
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25Which statistic is often used to evaluate the internal consistency reliability of a stress scale, such as the PSS?
A.t-test
B.Chi-square
C.Pearson's
D.Cronbach's
Correct Answer: Cronbach's
Explanation:
Cronbach's alpha () is the standard statistic used to measure internal consistency reliability of psychometric scales.
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26What is the primary focus of the Occupational Stress Inventory (OSI)?
A.Marital satisfaction
B.Genetic predisposition to anxiety
C.Childhood trauma
D.Occupational roles, psychological strain, and coping resources
Correct Answer: Occupational roles, psychological strain, and coping resources
Explanation:
The OSI is designed to measure three dimensions of occupational adjustment: occupational stress (roles), psychological strain, and coping resources.
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27Motivational Interviewing (MI) techniques in assessment feedback are used to:
A.Force the client to change
B.Diagnose personality disorders
C.Calculate IQ scores
D.Resolve ambivalence and elicit the client's own motivation for change
Correct Answer: Resolve ambivalence and elicit the client's own motivation for change
Explanation:
MI is a collaborative approach that helps individuals resolve ambivalence about change, often used during feedback sessions to enhance motivation for stress management.
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28Which component of the SMART goal framework ensures that a goal can be tracked quantitatively or qualitatively?
A.Relevant
B.Specific
C.Measurable
D.Attainable
Correct Answer: Measurable
Explanation:
M stands for Measurable. It ensures there is a criteria to track progress and determine when the goal is met.
C.Anxiety felt right now vs. a general propensity to be anxious
D.Depression vs. Anxiety
Correct Answer: Anxiety felt right now vs. a general propensity to be anxious
Explanation:
STAI measures State anxiety (temporary, situational) and Trait anxiety (a stable personality characteristic of being prone to anxiety).
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30In the context of the Brief COPE, 'turning to religion' or 'using humor' are examples of:
A.Specific coping subscales
B.Biological reflexes
C.Invalid responses
D.Signs of pathology
Correct Answer: Specific coping subscales
Explanation:
The Brief COPE breaks coping down into specific strategies, including humor, religion, self-distraction, denial, etc.
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31Effective feedback for performance enhancement should be formative, meaning:
A.It is strictly numerical
B.It is provided during the process to guide improvement
C.It is used to judge and rank employees
D.It is given only at the end of the year
Correct Answer: It is provided during the process to guide improvement
Explanation:
Formative assessment/feedback is developmental and occurs during the learning or work process to allow for adjustments and improvement.
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32Which test might be used to assess Depersonalization in a medical student suffering from burnout?
A.Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS)
B.Raven's Progressive Matrices
C.16PF
D.Beck Anxiety Inventory
Correct Answer: Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS)
Explanation:
The MBI-HSS is specifically designed for professionals in human services (including medical students) to measure burnout, including depersonalization (treating patients/people like objects).
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33Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) assessments measure a student's ability to:
A.Plan, monitor, and evaluate their own learning process
B.Score high on standardized tests
C.Memorize facts quickly
D.Follow teacher instructions without question
Correct Answer: Plan, monitor, and evaluate their own learning process
Explanation:
SRL involves the active, cognitive, and metacognitive control over one's own learning, including goal setting, monitoring, and regulating strategies.
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34Which of the following describes Intrinsic Motivation, as assessed by the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI)?
A.Doing an activity to avoid punishment
B.Doing an activity for a reward
C.Doing an activity for its inherent satisfaction and enjoyment
D.Doing an activity because of peer pressure
Correct Answer: Doing an activity for its inherent satisfaction and enjoyment
Explanation:
Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in behavior because it is personally rewarding, not for an external reward.
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35A high score on the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) indicates:
A.High Pessimism
B.High Stress
C.High Optimism
D.High Burnout
Correct Answer: High Optimism
Explanation:
The LOT-R measures dispositional optimism. High scores indicate a generalized expectation of positive outcomes, which is a resource in stress management.
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36The Yerkes-Dodson Law suggests the relationship between physiological arousal (stress) and performance is:
A.Random
B.Linear (more stress = better performance)
C.Inverted U-shaped
D.Linear (less stress = better performance)
Correct Answer: Inverted U-shaped
Explanation:
Performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point. When levels of arousal become too high, performance decreases.
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37Which scale focuses specifically on the frequency and severity of post-traumatic stress symptoms?
A.Impact of Events Scale - Revised (IES-R)
B.Perceived Stress Scale
C.Daily Hassles Scale
D.Self-Efficacy Scale
Correct Answer: Impact of Events Scale - Revised (IES-R)
Explanation:
The IES-R measures subjective distress caused by traumatic events, assessing intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal.
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38In the context of feedback and motivation, knowledge of results (KR) generally:
A.Enhances performance and learning by providing error correction
B.Decreases learning speed
C.Increases anxiety to a paralyzing degree
D.Has no effect on motivation
Correct Answer: Enhances performance and learning by providing error correction
Explanation:
Knowledge of Results provides information about the outcome of an action, which helps correct errors and motivates improvement toward the goal.
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39Proactive Coping refers to:
A.Coping after a trauma has occurred
B.Efforts undertaken in advance of a potentially stressful event to prevent it or modify its form
C.Ignoring future problems
D.Reacting emotionally to current stress
Correct Answer: Efforts undertaken in advance of a potentially stressful event to prevent it or modify its form
Explanation:
Proactive coping is future-oriented, dealing with stressors before they fully manifest.
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40Which tool assesses the Meaning-Focused Coping strategy?
A.The MBI
B.It is often a sub-component of comprehensive scales like the COPE or assessed via specific meaning-making scales
C.The SRRS
D.The PSS
Correct Answer: It is often a sub-component of comprehensive scales like the COPE or assessed via specific meaning-making scales
Explanation:
Meaning-focused coping (finding benefit, reminding oneself of beliefs) is often assessed within broader inventories like COPE (e.g., Positive Reframing).
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41Which of the following is a physiological measure often correlated with stress tests?
A.Handwriting analysis
B.Intelligence Quotient
C.Reading speed
D.Cortisol levels in saliva
Correct Answer: Cortisol levels in saliva
Explanation:
Cortisol is a primary stress hormone. Its levels are frequently used as a biomarker to validate psychological stress measures.
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42The Academic Stress Scale (ASS) measures stress from sources such as:
A.Stock market fluctuations
B.Traffic and weather
C.Teacher-student interaction, peer pressure, and parental expectations
D.Political climate
Correct Answer: Teacher-student interaction, peer pressure, and parental expectations
Explanation:
Academic stress scales focus on the specific environment of the student, including curriculum, social pressure within school, and expectations.
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43According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), intrinsic motivation is sustained by the satisfaction of which three basic psychological needs?
A.Power, Money, Status
B.Id, Ego, Superego
C.Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness
D.Food, Water, Shelter
Correct Answer: Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness
Explanation:
SDT posits that maintaining intrinsic motivation requires feeling a sense of volition (Autonomy), mastery (Competence), and connection to others (Relatedness).
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44What is the 'Sandwich Method' in giving feedback?
A.Layering multiple complaints together
B.Only giving positive feedback
C.Giving feedback during lunch
D.Placing constructive criticism between two positive comments
Correct Answer: Placing constructive criticism between two positive comments
Explanation:
The Sandwich Method is a technique to reduce defensiveness by starting with praise, addressing the area for improvement, and ending with praise/encouragement.
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45Defense Mechanisms (like repression or projection) differ from Coping Styles in that defense mechanisms are typically:
A.Unconscious and unintentional
B.Conscious and intentional
C.Taught in school
D.Planned strategies
Correct Answer: Unconscious and unintentional
Explanation:
Coping strategies are generally viewed as conscious, purposeful efforts to manage stress, whereas defense mechanisms (psychoanalytic tradition) operate unconsciously.
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46Which inventory measures Type A Behavior Pattern (urgency, hostility), which is a risk factor for stress-related heart disease?
A.The Stroop Test
B.Jenkins Activity Survey
C.Rorschach Test
D.Digit Span Test
Correct Answer: Jenkins Activity Survey
Explanation:
The Jenkins Activity Survey is a self-report questionnaire designed to detect Type A behavior patterns.
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47In the context of the MBI-Student Survey (MBI-SS), what replaces the 'Depersonalization' dimension found in the workforce version?
A.Absenteeism
B.Exhaustion
C.Efficacy
D.Cynicism
Correct Answer: Cynicism
Explanation:
In the student version of the MBI, Depersonalization is adapted as Cynicism (a detached, indifferent attitude toward one's studies).
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48High scores on Neuroticism in the NEO-PI-R are generally associated with:
A.Effective coping and low stress
B.Low creativity
C.High leadership potential
D.Higher susceptibility to stress and maladaptive coping
Correct Answer: Higher susceptibility to stress and maladaptive coping
Explanation:
Neuroticism is characterized by emotional instability and a tendency to experience negative emotions, leading to higher perceived stress.
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49What is the main utility of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) in stress research?
A.It measures stress in a lab setting
B.It collects repeated real-time data in the subject's natural environment
C.It relies on dreams
D.It uses historical records only
Correct Answer: It collects repeated real-time data in the subject's natural environment
Explanation:
EMA involves repeated sampling of subjects' current behaviors and experiences in real time, reducing recall bias compared to retrospective questionnaires.
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50Which theory suggests that feedback is most effective when it directs attention to the task rather than the self?
A.Trait Theory
B.Feedback Intervention Theory (Kluger & DeNisi)
C.Maslow's Hierarchy
D.Social Learning Theory
Correct Answer: Feedback Intervention Theory (Kluger & DeNisi)
Explanation:
FIT suggests that feedback cues that direct attention to the self (meta-task processes) can reduce performance by consuming cognitive resources, whereas task-focused feedback improves performance.
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