Unit 2: Advanced Concepts of Geomorphology - Practice Quiz

GEO295 — Physical Geography 50 Questions
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1 Which scientist is credited with proposing the theory of Continental Drift, the precursor to Plate Tectonics?

A. Arthur Holmes
B. Harry Hess
C. Alfred Wegener
D. J. Tuzo Wilson

2 The semi-molten layer of the mantle on which tectonic plates move is known as the:

A. Asthenosphere
B. Mesosphere
C. Lithosphere
D. Inner Core

3 Which type of plate boundary is characterized by plates sliding past each other horizontally?

A. Divergent boundary
B. Convergent boundary
C. Transform boundary
D. Subduction zone

4 The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of which type of plate margin?

A. Destructive margin
B. Constructive margin
C. Conservative margin
D. Collision margin

5 The formation of the Himalayas is primarily attributed to the collision between which two tectonic plates?

A. African and Arabian
B. Nazca and South American
C. Pacific and North American
D. Indian and Eurasian

6 What is the primary evidence used to support the theory of Sea-Floor Spreading?

A. Fossil distribution
B. Coastline fit
C. Paleomagnetism (Magnetic striping)
D. Glacial striations

7 A 'Benioff zone' is associated with which geological feature?

A. Subduction zones
B. Mid-ocean ridges
C. Rift valleys
D. Shield volcanoes

8 The concept of 'Isostasy' refers to:

A. The flow of lava
B. The cycle of erosion
C. The magnetic polarity of rocks
D. The gravitational equilibrium of the Earth's crust

9 According to the Geosynclinal Theory, the long, narrow, shallow water depressions where sediments accumulate are called:

A. Grabens
B. Horsts
C. Geosynclines
D. Cratons

10 Which of the following mountain systems was formed during the Alpine Orogeny?

A. The Caledonian mountains
B. The Appalachians
C. The Alps
D. The Urals

11 In the context of mountain building, what is a 'Nappe'?

A. A vertical fault
B. A basin formation
C. A large-scale recumbent fold that has been thrust forward
D. A type of volcanic intrusion

12 Block mountains, such as the Vosges in France, are primarily formed by:

A. Erosion
B. Folding
C. Faulting
D. Volcanism

13 Kober’s theory of mountain building focuses on the contraction of:

A. The entire globe
B. The ocean floor
C. Geosynclines
D. Continental shields

14 Which term describes a large-scale depression formed by the collapse of a volcano's magma chamber?

A. Crater
B. Caldera
C. Fissure
D. Vent

15 Lava with a high silica content causes explosive eruptions because it is:

A. High viscosity
B. Low viscosity
C. Very hot
D. Rich in iron

16 Which intrusive volcanic landform is a horizontal sheet of solidified magma usually intruded between sedimentary layers?

A. Dyke
B. Batholith
C. Sill
D. Laccolith

17 A massive, deep-seated intrusion of igneous rock, often forming the core of mountain ranges, is called a:

A. Lopolith
B. Batholith
C. Phacolith
D. Neck

18 The Hawaiian Islands are an example of what type of volcanism?

A. Subduction zone volcanism
B. Mid-ocean ridge volcanism
C. Hotspot volcanism
D. Continental rift volcanism

19 What is a 'Pyroclastic Flow'?

A. A fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter
B. A slow-moving stream of basaltic lava
C. A flow of groundwater heated by magma
D. A mudflow caused by volcanic melting of snow

20 Which scale is used to measure the intensity of an earthquake based on observed effects and damage?

A. Mohs Scale
B. Richter Scale
C. Mercalli Scale
D. Moment Magnitude Scale

21 The point within the Earth where an earthquake rupture starts is called the:

A. Focus (Hypocenter)
B. Epicenter
C. Fault scarp
D. Shadow zone

22 Which seismic waves are the fastest and the first to arrive at a seismic station?

A. P-waves
B. L-waves
C. Rayleigh waves
D. S-waves

23 S-waves (Secondary waves) cannot travel through:

A. Solids
B. Gases
C. Liquids
D. The mantle

24 The 'Elastic Rebound Theory' explains the mechanism of:

A. Earthquake generation
B. Volcanic eruptions
C. Tsunami propagation
D. Mountain folding

25 Tsunamis are most commonly generated by:

A. Hurricanes
B. Tides
C. Surface winds
D. Vertical displacement of the ocean floor

26 In W.M. Davis's Cycle of Erosion, the three main factors controlling landscape development are:

A. Structure, Process, Stage
B. Climate, Vegetation, Time
C. Rock type, Slope, Rainfall
D. Uplift, Erosion, Deposition

27 The end product of the Davisian cycle of erosion is a low-lying surface called a:

A. Etchplain
B. Panplain
C. Peneplain
D. Pediplain

28 Which geomorphologist proposed the concept of 'Slope Replacement' and criticized Davis's time-dependent model?

A. G.K. Gilbert
B. L.C. King
C. Walther Penck
D. J.T. Hack

29 According to L.C. King, the dominant process in landscape evolution in semi-arid and arid regions is:

A. Solution
B. Down-wearing
C. Scarp retreat (Back-wearing)
D. Glacial scouring

30 A 'Monadnock' refers to:

A. An isolated hill of resistant rock on a peneplain
B. A type of glacial deposit
C. A river terrace
D. A volcanic vent

31 The concept of 'Dynamic Equilibrium' in landscape development was proposed by:

A. W.M. Davis
B. J.T. Hack
C. Charles Lyell
D. Alfred Wegener

32 What landform is formed by the coalescence of pediments according to L.C. King?

A. Delta
B. Pediplain
C. Peneplain
D. Floodplain

33 The term 'Primarumpf', referring to an initial convex uplifted surface, is associated with:

A. King
B. Penck
C. Hutton
D. Davis

34 Rejuvenation of a river cycle is often indicated by the presence of:

A. Meanders
B. Ox-bow lakes
C. Deltas
D. Knickpoints and river terraces

35 Which theory suggests that landscapes are formed by the stripping of deeply weathered saprolite?

A. Pediplanation
B. Peneplanation
C. Glaciation
D. Etchplanation

36 The 'Base Level of Erosion' concept was first introduced by:

A. W.M. Davis
B. G.K. Gilbert
C. A. Penck
D. J.W. Powell

37 An 'Inselberg' is most closely associated with which landscape cycle?

A. Glacial cycle
B. Karst cycle
C. Coastal cycle
D. Arid/Semi-arid cycle (Pediplanation)

38 Polycyclic or Multi-cyclic landscapes result from:

A. Volcanic deposition only
B. A single uninterrupted period of erosion
C. Wind erosion
D. Multiple interruptions by uplift or climate change

39 The term 'Panplain', suggesting a surface formed by lateral planation of rivers, was proposed by:

A. Crickmay
B. Davis
C. Strahler
D. Penck

40 Which drainage pattern is likely to form on a dome or volcanic cone?

A. Radial
B. Dendritic
C. Rectangular
D. Trellis

41 A 'Graben' is a feature associated with:

A. Shear forces
B. Glacial erosion
C. Tensional forces
D. Compressional forces

42 Which of the following is an example of an antecedent river?

A. A river that maintains its course despite the uplift of land across its path
B. A river that changes course frequently
C. A river formed after the landscape was uplifted
D. A river that flows underground

43 In the context of erosion surfaces, a 'Summit Accordance' often indicates:

A. Glacial deposition
B. Random erosion
C. Recent volcanic activity
D. A former extensive erosion surface (Peneplain) that has been dissected

44 What is the specific term for the boundary between the crust and the mantle?

A. Lehmann Discontinuity
B. Gutenberg Discontinuity
C. Conrad Discontinuity
D. Mohorovicic Discontinuity (Moho)

45 Lapilli and Volcanic Bombs are examples of:

A. Tephra / Pyroclasts
B. Lava flows
C. Intrusive rocks
D. Chemical precipitates

46 The 'Ring of Fire' is located around which ocean?

A. Arctic Ocean
B. Indian Ocean
C. Atlantic Ocean
D. Pacific Ocean

47 Which type of volcano has gentle slopes and is formed by low-viscosity basaltic lava?

A. Cinder Cone
B. Composite Cone
C. Shield Volcano
D. Lava Dome

48 In plate tectonics, what is a 'constructive margin'?

A. Where plates collide
B. Where plates slide past each other
C. Where plates move apart and new crust is formed
D. Where plates are destroyed

49 The term 'Denudation' includes:

A. Only weathering
B. Only erosion
C. Volcanism and earthquakes
D. Weathering, mass wasting, and erosion

50 Exfoliation domes are primarily the result of which weathering process?

A. Oxidation
B. Frost action
C. Carbonation
D. Pressure release (Unloading)