Unit 1: Basic Concepts of Geomorphology - Practice Quiz

GEO295 — Physical Geography 50 Questions
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1 Who postulated the concept that 'Landscapes are a function of structure, process, and stage'?

A. W.M. Davis
B. L.C. King
C. Walther Penck
D. James Hutton

2 Which principle states that 'The present is the key to the past'?

A. Continental Drift
B. Isostasy
C. Uniformitarianism
D. Catastrophism

3 Which of the following is considered an Endogenetic force?

A. Volcanism
B. Running Water
C. Wind
D. Glaciers

4 Diastrophism includes all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A. Earthquakes
B. Epeirogenic movements
C. Weathering
D. Orogenic movements

5 Which layer of the Earth constitutes the SIAL (Silica and Aluminium)?

A. Lower Mantle
B. Inner Core
C. Upper Crust
D. Outer Core

6 The boundary separating the Crust from the Mantle is known as:

A. Mohorovicic Discontinuity
B. Conrad Discontinuity
C. Gutenberg Discontinuity
D. Lehmann Discontinuity

7 What is the primary source of energy for Exogenetic forces?

A. Core heat
B. The Sun
C. Radioactive decay
D. Gravitational force of the Moon

8 The 'Asthenosphere' is located in which part of the Earth's interior?

A. Lower Crust
B. Lower Mantle
C. Upper Mantle
D. Inner Core

9 Which term describes mountain-building movements?

A. Denudation
B. Epeirogenic
C. Exogenetic
D. Orogenic

10 Who first used the term 'Geosyncline'?

A. E. Haug
B. James Hall
C. J.A. Steers
D. J.D. Dana

11 According to the theory of Isostasy, who proposed that columns of crustal material have uniform density but varying heights?

A. Hayford
B. G.B. Airy
C. J.H. Pratt
D. Bowie

12 Which discontinuity separates the Mantle from the Core?

A. Gutenberg
B. Conrad
C. Repetti
D. Mohorovicic

13 The core of the Earth is primarily composed of:

A. Silica and Aluminium
B. Basalt and Granite
C. Nickel and Iron
D. Silica and Magnesium

14 Who is the proponent of the 'Continental Drift Theory'?

A. W.J. Morgan
B. Alfred Wegener
C. Arthur Holmes
D. Harry Hess

15 The supercontinent in Wegener's theory was named:

A. Laurasia
B. Pangaea
C. Tethys
D. Gondwanaland

16 Which evidence for Continental Drift involves the fitting together of coastlines?

A. Placer deposits
B. Paleomagnetism
C. Tillite deposits
D. Jig-saw Fit

17 In the context of Isostasy, what does the 'Level of Compensation' refer to in Pratt's theory?

A. The height of the highest mountain
B. The surface of the ocean
C. The depth where all rock columns exert equal pressure
D. The boundary between crust and mantle

18 Which seismic waves cannot travel through liquids, indicating the outer core is liquid?

A. S-waves
B. P-waves
C. Rayleigh waves
D. L-waves

19 The huge water body surrounding Pangaea was known as:

A. Panthalassa
B. Atlantic Ocean
C. Indian Ocean
D. Tethys

20 Geosynclines are often described as the:

A. Birthplace of oceans
B. Graveyard of sediments
C. Root of volcanoes
D. Cradle of mountains

21 The generation of the Earth's magnetic field is primarily attributed to:

A. Convection currents in the liquid outer core
B. Solar winds
C. The rotation of the solid inner core
D. Magnetic minerals in the crust

22 Paleomagnetism is the study of:

A. Magnetic fields of other planets
B. Atmospheric magnetism
C. Magnetic properties of rocks preserving past magnetic fields
D. Current magnetic field strength

23 The temperature at which magnetic materials lose their permanent magnetism is called:

A. Boiling Point
B. Dew Point
C. Melting Point
D. Curie Point

24 Which force did Wegener suggest was responsible for the equator-ward movement of continents?

A. Tidal force
B. Convection currents
C. Slab pull
D. Pole-fleeing force

25 The term 'Isostasy' was coined by:

A. Pratt
B. Heiskanen
C. Airy
D. Dutton

26 Which of the following is NOT a stage in the development of a Geosyncline?

A. Gliptogenesis
B. Orogenesis
C. Metamorphosis
D. Lithogenesis

27 Which layer of the Earth has the highest density?

A. Mantle
B. Crust
C. Inner Core
D. Outer Core

28 Epeirogenic movements typically result in:

A. Uplift or subsidence of large landmasses
B. Mountain ranges
C. Tsunamis
D. Volcanic eruptions

29 The occurrence of identical fossil species like Glossopteris on widely separated continents is evidence of:

A. Volcanic activity
B. Parallel evolution
C. Ocean currents
D. Continental Drift

30 What happens to the Earth's magnetic polarity over geological time scales?

A. It undergoes reversals
B. It remains constant
C. It rotates 90 degrees only
D. It weakens but never flips

31 In Kober's Geosynclinal theory, the rigid masses bordering the geosyncline are called:

A. Median Mass
B. Randketten
C. Foreland
D. Kratogen

32 Sudden endogenetic forces include:

A. Weathering
B. Mountain building
C. Volcanism and Earthquakes
D. Continental uplift

33 The lithosphere includes:

A. Only the crust
B. The mantle and the core
C. The crust and the asthenosphere
D. The crust and the uppermost solid mantle

34 Which hypothesis regarding Isostasy assumes varying densities of crustal blocks but a uniform depth of compensation?

A. Airy's Hypothesis
B. Holmes' Hypothesis
C. Pratt's Hypothesis
D. Wegener's Hypothesis

35 The angle between Magnetic North and Geographic North is called:

A. Magnetic Declination
B. Magnetic Inclination
C. Azimuth
D. Magnetic Dip

36 Which sea separated Angaraland and Gondwanaland during the Mesozoic era?

A. Mediterranean Sea
B. Caribbean Sea
C. Red Sea
D. Tethys Sea

37 Denudation is a general term that covers:

A. Uplift and Subsidence
B. Weathering and Erosion
C. Volcanism and Earthquakes
D. Folding and Faulting

38 Vine and Matthews used magnetic anomalies on the ocean floor to prove:

A. Isostasy
B. The shrinking Earth theory
C. The expanding Earth theory
D. Sea Floor Spreading

39 The average density of the Earth's crust is approximately:

A. 2.7 - 3.0 g/cm³
B. 13.0 g/cm³
C. 5.5 g/cm³
D. 11.0 g/cm³

40 Which factor is NOT a primary control of landform development?

A. Rock type (Lithology)
B. Tectonic stability
C. Population density
D. Climate

41 According to Plate Tectonics, the lithosphere is broken into:

A. Oceans
B. Continents
C. Plates
D. Shields

42 Glacial Isostatic Adjustment refers to:

A. The rebound of crust after the removal of ice weight
B. The formation of ice sheets
C. The melting of glaciers
D. The movement of glaciers downhill

43 The 'Median Mass' in Kober's theory is:

A. The deepest part of the ocean
B. The foreland
C. The unaffected middle part of the geosyncline between folded ranges
D. The volcanic zone

44 Magnetic inclination (Dip) at the magnetic poles is:

A. 45 degrees
B. 90 degrees
C. 180 degrees
D. 0 degrees

45 Which of the following rocks is most susceptible to chemical weathering?

A. Sandstone
B. Granite
C. Limestone
D. Quartzite

46 Tillite deposits found in India, Africa, and Australia provide evidence for:

A. Volcanic eruptions
B. Ancient Glaciation regarding Continental Drift
C. Desertification
D. River deposition

47 The zone of low velocity seismic waves in the upper mantle is the:

A. Asthenosphere
B. Mesosphere
C. Lithosphere
D. Barysphere

48 What is the approximate radius of the Earth?

A. 6,371 km
B. 12,000 km
C. 4,500 km
D. 3,400 km

49 Which of the following is an example of an Exogenetic process?

A. Faulting
B. Mass Wasting
C. Vulcanicity
D. Earthquake

50 The concept that 'Mountains have roots' is associated with:

A. Pratt
B. Airy
C. Jeffreys
D. Holmes