1What is the degree of a vertex in an undirected graph?
Graph terminologies
Easy
A.The total number of vertices in the graph
B.The number of edges incident with the vertex
C.The number of vertices adjacent to each edge
D.The total number of paths in the graph
Correct Answer: The number of edges incident with the vertex
Explanation:
The degree of a vertex is the number of edges incident with it. A loop contributes to the degree.
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2What are two vertices called if an edge connects them?
Graph terminologies
Easy
A.Isolated vertices
B.Isomorphic vertices
C.Adjacent vertices
D.Pendant vertices
Correct Answer: Adjacent vertices
Explanation:
Two vertices are adjacent when they are joined by an edge.
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3A vertex with degree is called what?
Graph terminologies
Easy
A.A pendant vertex
B.A terminal vertex
C.An isolated vertex
D.A regular vertex
Correct Answer: An isolated vertex
Explanation:
An isolated vertex has no incident edges, so its degree is .
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4How many edges does the complete graph have?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
A complete graph has edges. Thus, has edges.
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5Which statement describes a cycle graph?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Easy
A.Every vertex has degree
B.Every vertex has degree
C.Every vertex has degree
D.Every vertex has degree
Correct Answer: Every vertex has degree
Explanation:
In a cycle graph, each vertex is connected to exactly two other vertices.
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6What is a regular graph?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Easy
A.A graph containing no isolated vertices
B.A graph whose edges have equal weight
C.A graph containing exactly one cycle
D.A graph whose vertices have equal degree
Correct Answer: A graph whose vertices have equal degree
Explanation:
A graph is regular when every vertex has the same degree.
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7How is a wheel graph formed from a cycle graph?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Easy
A.By replacing every cycle edge with two parallel edges
B.By adding a central vertex adjacent to every cycle vertex
C.By removing one edge from the cycle
D.By joining each cycle vertex to exactly one new vertex
Correct Answer: By adding a central vertex adjacent to every cycle vertex
Explanation:
A wheel graph consists of a cycle together with a central vertex connected to every vertex on the cycle.
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8How many vertices does the three-dimensional cube graph have?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The three-dimensional cube graph has vertices.
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9What property defines a bipartite graph?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Easy
A.Its vertices can be divided into two sets with edges only between the sets
B.Each pair of distinct vertices is connected by an edge
C.Its edges can be divided into two sets with equal numbers of edges
D.Each vertex is adjacent to exactly two other vertices
Correct Answer: Its vertices can be divided into two sets with edges only between the sets
Explanation:
In a bipartite graph, the vertex set is divided into two disjoint sets, and every edge joins vertices from different sets.
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10How many edges are in the complete bipartite graph ?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The graph has edges. Therefore, has edges.
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11Which representation lists the neighbors of each vertex?
Representing graphs
Easy
A.Adjacency list
B.Degree sequence
C.Vertex label set
D.Edge weight table
Correct Answer: Adjacency list
Explanation:
An adjacency list stores each vertex together with the vertices adjacent to it.
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12For a simple undirected graph, what does an entry in an adjacency matrix indicate?
Adjacency and incidence matrix
Easy
A.The two corresponding vertices have equal degree
B.The corresponding vertex is isolated
C.The two corresponding vertices are adjacent
D.The corresponding edge has unit weight
Correct Answer: The two corresponding vertices are adjacent
Explanation:
An adjacency matrix entry is when an edge connects the corresponding pair of vertices.
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13What is always true about the adjacency matrix of a simple undirected graph?
Adjacency and incidence matrix
Easy
A.It contains only one row
B.It is triangular
C.It is symmetric
D.It has determinant
Correct Answer: It is symmetric
Explanation:
If vertex is adjacent to vertex , then is adjacent to , so the matrix is symmetric.
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14In the incidence matrix of a simple undirected graph, what do the columns usually represent?
Adjacency and incidence matrix
Easy
A.Edges
B.Vertices
C.Components
D.Paths
Correct Answer: Edges
Explanation:
In an incidence matrix, rows usually represent vertices and columns represent edges.
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15When are two graphs isomorphic?
Graph isomorphism
Easy
A.When a vertex correspondence preserves adjacency
B.When their vertices have the same labels
C.When their edges have the same lengths
D.When they are drawn in the same shape
Correct Answer: When a vertex correspondence preserves adjacency
Explanation:
Isomorphic graphs have a one-to-one correspondence between vertices that preserves which vertices are adjacent.
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16Which property must be the same for two isomorphic graphs?
Graph isomorphism
Easy
A.Drawing orientation
B.Vertex label names
C.Number of vertices
D.Physical edge lengths
Correct Answer: Number of vertices
Explanation:
Isomorphic graphs must have the same number of vertices and edges, even if their drawings or labels differ.
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17What is a path in a graph?
Path and connectivity for undirected graphs and digraphs
Easy
A.A matrix showing vertex degrees
B.A collection of vertices with no edges
C.A sequence of vertices connected by edges
D.A set containing every edge twice
Correct Answer: A sequence of vertices connected by edges
Explanation:
A path is a sequence of vertices in which each consecutive pair is connected by an edge.
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18When is an undirected graph connected?
Path and connectivity for undirected graphs and digraphs
Easy
A.When the graph contains exactly one cycle
B.When a path exists between every pair of vertices
C.When every vertex has degree exactly
D.When every pair of vertices shares an edge
Correct Answer: When a path exists between every pair of vertices
Explanation:
An undirected graph is connected if every vertex can be reached from every other vertex by a path.
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19When is a directed graph strongly connected?
Path and connectivity for undirected graphs and digraphs
Easy
A.When the underlying undirected graph has one cycle
B.When all directed edges point toward one vertex
C.When every vertex is reachable from every other vertex by directed paths
D.When every vertex has exactly one outgoing edge
Correct Answer: When every vertex is reachable from every other vertex by directed paths
Explanation:
A digraph is strongly connected when directed paths exist in both directions between every pair of vertices.
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20Which condition is required for Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm to work correctly?
Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest path problem
Easy
A.Every vertex must have degree
B.The graph must be complete
C.All edge weights must be nonnegative
D.All edge weights must be identical
Correct Answer: All edge weights must be nonnegative
Explanation:
Dijkstra's algorithm correctly finds shortest paths when no edge has a negative weight.
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21A simple undirected graph has 12 vertices, each of degree 5. How many edges does the graph contain?
Graph terminologies
Medium
A.60 edges
B.35 edges
C.30 edges
D.25 edges
Correct Answer: 30 edges
Explanation:
By the handshaking lemma, . Therefore, .
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22A simple graph has 8 vertices and 13 edges. What is the number of edges in its complement?
Graph terminologies
Medium
A.13 edges
B.21 edges
C.15 edges
D.28 edges
Correct Answer: 15 edges
Explanation:
A simple graph on 8 vertices can have edges. Its complement therefore has edges.
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23A complete graph has 45 edges. How many vertices does it have?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Medium
A.9 vertices
B.10 vertices
C.11 vertices
D.12 vertices
Correct Answer: 10 vertices
Explanation:
For , the number of edges is . Solving gives .
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24A wheel graph is formed by adding one hub vertex adjacent to every vertex of . Which statement describes the resulting graph?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Medium
A.It has 6 vertices and 10 edges
B.It has 5 vertices and 10 edges
C.It has 6 vertices and 11 edges
D.It has 5 vertices and 11 edges
Correct Answer: It has 6 vertices and 10 edges
Explanation:
The cycle contributes 5 vertices and 5 edges. The hub adds one vertex and 5 spokes, giving 6 vertices and 10 edges.
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25Which pair gives the degree of each vertex and the total number of edges in the 3-dimensional cube graph ?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Medium
A.Degree 3 and 12 edges
B.Degree 2 and 8 edges
C.Degree 3 and 16 edges
D.Degree 4 and 12 edges
Correct Answer: Degree 3 and 12 edges
Explanation:
has vertices, each of degree 3. Hence .
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26In the complete bipartite graph , which statement is correct?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Medium
A.It has 15 vertices and 8 edges
B.It has 8 vertices and 15 edges
C.It has 8 vertices and 16 edges
D.It has 15 vertices and 16 edges
Correct Answer: It has 8 vertices and 15 edges
Explanation:
has vertices and edges. Thus, has 8 vertices and edges.
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27A connected graph contains exactly one cycle, and that cycle has length 7. Which conclusion is necessarily true?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Medium
A.The graph is bipartite
B.The graph is regular
C.The graph is not bipartite
D.The graph is complete
Correct Answer: The graph is not bipartite
Explanation:
A graph is bipartite exactly when it contains no odd cycle. A cycle of length 7 is odd, so the graph is not bipartite.
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28An undirected graph has adjacency list , , , and . Which edge set represents the graph?
Representing graphs
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Each undirected adjacency appears in both endpoint lists. The distinct edges are , , , and .
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29The adjacency matrix of a simple undirected graph is What are the degrees of vertices 1 through 4?
Adjacency and incidence matrix
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
In a simple undirected graph, each row sum gives the corresponding vertex degree. The row sums are 2, 3, 2, and 1.
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30The incidence matrix of a simple undirected graph has 7 rows and 10 columns. What do these dimensions indicate?
Adjacency and incidence matrix
Medium
A.7 vertices and 10 edges
B.10 vertices and 7 edges
C.7 components and 10 vertices
D.10 components and 7 vertices
Correct Answer: 7 vertices and 10 edges
Explanation:
Using the standard vertex-edge incidence matrix, rows correspond to vertices and columns correspond to edges.
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31For a loop-free directed graph, the adjacency matrix uses when there is an arc from vertex to vertex . What does the sum of column represent?
Adjacency and incidence matrix
Medium
A.The in-degree of vertex
B.The out-degree of vertex
C.The total degree of vertex
D.The number of paths from
Correct Answer: The in-degree of vertex
Explanation:
Each 1 in column represents an arc entering vertex , so the column sum is its in-degree.
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32Graph has edges , and graph has edges . Which mapping is an isomorphism from to ?
Graph isomorphism
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Under this mapping, the edges become , exactly the edge set of .
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33Two simple graphs have the same degree sequence . One graph is , while the other consists of two disjoint triangles. Why are they not isomorphic?
Graph isomorphism
Medium
A.They have different vertex counts
B.They have different edge counts
C.They have different degree sums
D.They have different connectivity
Correct Answer: They have different connectivity
Explanation:
is connected, whereas two disjoint triangles have two connected components. Isomorphism preserves connectivity.
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34In a graph with edges , consider the sequence . How should this sequence be classified?
Path and connectivity for undirected graphs and digraphs
Medium
A.A path but not a trail
B.A trail but not a path
C.Both a path and a trail
D.Neither a path nor a trail
Correct Answer: A trail but not a path
Explanation:
The sequence uses distinct edges , so it is a trail. Vertex repeats, so it is not a path.
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35A connected graph has 9 vertices and 9 edges, with exactly one cycle. An edge on that cycle is removed. What is true of the resulting graph?
Path and connectivity for undirected graphs and digraphs
Medium
A.It becomes disconnected and becomes a tree
B.It remains connected and remains cyclic
C.It remains connected and becomes a tree
D.It becomes disconnected and remains cyclic
Correct Answer: It remains connected and becomes a tree
Explanation:
Removing an edge from the unique cycle does not disconnect the graph. The result has 9 vertices and 8 edges, so it is a tree.
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36A digraph has arcs , , , and . Which statement is correct?
Path and connectivity for undirected graphs and digraphs
Medium
A.It is neither strongly nor weakly connected
B.It is weakly connected but not strongly connected
C.It is strongly connected but not weakly connected
D.It is both strongly and weakly connected
Correct Answer: It is weakly connected but not strongly connected
Explanation:
Ignoring directions gives a connected graph. However, vertex has no directed route back to the other vertices, so the digraph is not strongly connected.
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37An undirected connected graph has a bridge . What happens when is removed?
Path and connectivity for undirected graphs and digraphs
Medium
A.The number of components increases
B.Every remaining edge becomes a bridge
C.Every remaining vertex becomes isolated
D.The number of vertices decreases
Correct Answer: The number of components increases
Explanation:
A bridge is an edge whose removal disconnects its component. Since the graph is connected, removing the bridge increases the number of components.
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38A weighted undirected graph has edges , , , , , , and . What is the shortest distance from to ?
Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest path problem
Medium
A.6
B.9
C.8
D.7
Correct Answer: 7
Explanation:
The shortest route is , with total weight .
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39During Dijkstra's algorithm, vertex has finalized distance 6. An edge from to an unvisited vertex has weight 4, while the current tentative distance of is 13. What is the updated distance of ?
Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest path problem
Medium
A.17
B.13
C.9
D.10
Correct Answer: 10
Explanation:
Relaxing the edge gives . Since , the tentative distance of is updated to 10.
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40Why can the standard Dijkstra's algorithm fail when a graph contains a negative-weight edge?
Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest path problem
Medium
A.The adjacency matrix may become asymmetric
B.The graph may contain too many vertices
C.The source may have more than one neighbor
D.A finalized distance may later decrease
Correct Answer: A finalized distance may later decrease
Explanation:
Dijkstra's algorithm assumes that once a minimum tentative distance is finalized, it cannot improve. A negative edge can violate this assumption.
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41Which of the following nonincreasing sequences is graphical for a simple graph on six vertices?
Graph terminologies
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Applying the Havel-Hakimi algorithm reduces to , then to , which is graphical. The other sequences violate parity or degree constraints.
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42A simple graph has ten vertices: six vertices have degree , and four vertices have degree . How many edges does the line graph have?
Graph terminologies
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Edges of correspond to pairs of incident edges in . Thus .
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43Let be formed by adjoining one hub vertex to every vertex of the cycle , where . For which value of is regular?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Hard
A.Every
B.Every even
C.Only
D.Only
Correct Answer: Only
Explanation:
The hub has degree , while each rim vertex has degree . These degrees are equal only when , giving .
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44In the -dimensional cube graph , what are, respectively, the number of shortest paths and the maximum number of internally vertex-disjoint paths between two antipodal vertices?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
A shortest antipodal path flips all five coordinates in any order, giving paths. Since is -vertex-connected, the maximum number of internally vertex-disjoint antipodal paths is .
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45How many distinct spanning trees does the complete bipartite graph have?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The number of spanning trees of is . Hence has spanning trees.
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46A simple graph on nine vertices is regular and isomorphic to its complement. Which pair gives the degree of each vertex and the number of edges of ?
Special types of graphs: complete, cycle, regular, wheel, cube, bipartite and complete bipartite
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
If is -regular, its complement is -regular. Isomorphism requires , so . The handshake lemma gives .
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47Let be the adjacency matrix of a graph under its original labeling. A new labeling is specified by a permutation matrix whose th column is the standard basis vector corresponding to the old label of new vertex . What is the adjacency matrix under the new labeling?
Representing graphs
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The entry must equal the old adjacency entry between the old labels assigned to new vertices and . This is exactly the entry of .
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48Let be the adjacency matrix of the cycle . What is the value of the entry ?
Adjacency and incidence matrix
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
counts length- walks from vertex to the opposite vertex . Of the direction sequences on , exactly half finish at the opposite vertex, giving .
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49An undirected graph has vertices, edges, and connected components. After assigning an arbitrary orientation to every edge, let be its oriented incidence matrix over . What are and ?
Adjacency and incidence matrix
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
For an oriented incidence matrix, . Rank-nullity then gives .
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50A simple graph has edges, degree sequence , and adjacency matrix satisfying . How many distinct -cycles does the graph contain?
Adjacency and incidence matrix
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Using , the degree term is . Thus , so .
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51Graph is obtained from by adding chords and . Graph is obtained from by adding chords and . Both graphs use the cyclic order . Which invariant proves that and are not isomorphic?
Graph isomorphism
Hard
A.The number of degree- vertices
B.The edges induced by degree- vertices
C.The common degree sequence
D.The total number of vertices
Correct Answer: The edges induced by degree- vertices
Explanation:
In , the four degree- vertices induce a -cycle with four edges. In , the four degree- vertices induce two disjoint edges. This isomorphism-invariant difference proves nonisomorphism.
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52Let have edge set and let have edge set . Which tuple defines an isomorphism ?
Graph isomorphism
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Under this mapping, the triangle maps to the triangle , while edges , , and map to , , and , respectively.
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53In , let belong to the part of size and belong to the part of size . What is the maximum number of pairwise internally vertex-disjoint - paths?
Path and connectivity for undirected graphs and digraphs
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
There is the direct edge and three additional internally disjoint paths using the other three vertices in the part containing . No larger family exists because removing the four-vertex part disconnects the graph.
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54The condensation of a digraph has vertices and arcs , , , , , and . What is the minimum number of arcs that must be added to make the original digraph strongly connected?
Path and connectivity for undirected graphs and digraphs
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The condensation DAG has three source components, , and one sink component, . The minimum required number is the maximum of the source and sink counts, namely .
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55A finite digraph has a condensation DAG containing exactly one source strongly connected component . Which conclusion is necessarily true?
Path and connectivity for undirected graphs and digraphs
Hard
A.Every vertex can reach every vertex of
B.The underlying undirected graph is complete
C.The condensation contains exactly one sink
D.Every vertex of can reach every vertex
Correct Answer: Every vertex of can reach every vertex
Explanation:
In a finite DAG, every vertex is reachable from some source. If the source is unique, it reaches every component. Strong connectivity within then lets every vertex of reach every vertex of the digraph.
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56Consider the directed weighted graph with arcs , , , , , , , and . What are the shortest distance from to and the number of distinct shortest - paths?
Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest path problem
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The paths and both have weight . Every other listed route to has greater weight.
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57A directed graph has arcs , , , , and . If standard Dijkstra's algorithm finalizes vertices and stops when is extracted, what distance does it report for , and what is the true shortest distance?
Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest path problem
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Dijkstra finalizes at distance and then extracts at distance . However, the path has weight , showing why negative edges invalidate the algorithm.
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58Dijkstra's algorithm is run on a graph with nonnegative edge weights, including zero-weight edges, and equal tentative distances are broken arbitrarily. Which property is guaranteed?
Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest path problem
Hard
A.The predecessor tree is unique
B.Every shortest path has equal edge count
C.The settled order is unique
D.Settled distances are nondecreasing
Correct Answer: Settled distances are nondecreasing
Explanation:
Dijkstra always extracts a vertex of minimum tentative distance, so extracted distances cannot decrease. Ties can change both the settled order and the predecessor tree.
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59Which transformation of all edge weights is guaranteed to preserve the complete set of shortest paths between every ordered pair of vertices in a nonnegatively weighted graph?
Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest path problem
Hard
A.Replace each directed edge by an undirected edge
B.Replace every weight by its square
C.Multiply every weight by the same positive constant
D.Add the same positive constant to every weight
Correct Answer: Multiply every weight by the same positive constant
Explanation:
Positive scaling multiplies every path weight by the same factor and therefore preserves all comparisons and ties. Adding a constant favors paths with fewer edges, while the other transformations can also change path ordering.
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60In an undirected graph, two nonadjacent vertices and are connected by at most four pairwise internally vertex-disjoint - paths, and a family of four such paths exists. What is the minimum size of a vertex set, excluding and , whose removal separates from ?
Path and connectivity for undirected graphs and digraphs
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The maximum number of internally vertex-disjoint - paths is . By the vertex form of Menger's theorem, this equals the minimum size of a separating vertex set.
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