1What is the main purpose of machine vision in a robot?
Machine vision overview
Easy
A.To control the robot's wheel speed
B.To increase the robot's battery size
C.To reduce the robot's operating temperature
D.To help the robot see and interpret objects
Correct Answer: To help the robot see and interpret objects
Explanation:
Machine vision uses cameras and image-processing methods to help robots detect and understand their surroundings.
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2Which device is commonly used to capture images for a robot's vision system?
Machine vision overview
Easy
A.Battery
B.Camera
C.Motor
D.Speaker
Correct Answer: Camera
Explanation:
A camera captures visual information that the robot can process.
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3What does artificial intelligence help a robot do?
Artificial intelligence in robotics
Easy
A.Remove all mechanical parts
B.Make decisions from data
C.Change its physical size
D.Produce fuel from air
Correct Answer: Make decisions from data
Explanation:
Artificial intelligence enables robots to analyze information and make suitable decisions.
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4Which task is an example of artificial intelligence in robotics?
Artificial intelligence in robotics
Easy
A.Painting a fixed metal panel
B.Charging a battery manually
C.Recognizing a spoken command
D.Switching off a power socket
Correct Answer: Recognizing a spoken command
Explanation:
Speech recognition uses artificial intelligence to interpret human language.
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5What is an autonomous robot?
Autonomous robots
Easy
A.A robot that has no power source
B.A robot that works with limited human control
C.A robot that can only be moved by hand
D.A robot that performs only decorative tasks
Correct Answer: A robot that works with limited human control
Explanation:
An autonomous robot can sense, decide, and act without continuous human instructions.
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6Which ability is important for an autonomous robot?
Autonomous robots
Easy
A.Having a silent motor
B.Using a fixed paint color
C.Using a glass body
D.Sensing its environment
Correct Answer: Sensing its environment
Explanation:
Autonomous robots need sensors to gather information about their surroundings.
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7What is robot communication?
Robot communication
Easy
A.Exchange of information between robots or devices
B.Manual cleaning of robot parts
C.Mechanical shaping of robot arms
D.Replacement of all robot sensors
Correct Answer: Exchange of information between robots or devices
Explanation:
Robot communication allows robots, controllers, and other devices to share information.
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8Which method can a robot use to communicate wirelessly?
Robot communication
Easy
A.Metal gear
B.Wi-Fi
C.Rubber belt
D.Hydraulic oil
Correct Answer: Wi-Fi
Explanation:
Wi-Fi is a wireless communication technology that can connect robots to networks and devices.
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9What does the Internet of Robotic Things connect?
Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT)
Easy
A.Only batteries with chargers
B.Only gears with machine frames
C.Only cameras with display screens
D.Robots with networks and smart devices
Correct Answer: Robots with networks and smart devices
Explanation:
IoRT combines robotics with internet connectivity so robots can exchange data with other systems.
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10Which feature is associated with the Internet of Robotic Things?
Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT)
Easy
A.Remote monitoring
B.Paint-based navigation
C.Manual gear cutting
D.Fixed mechanical timing
Correct Answer: Remote monitoring
Explanation:
IoRT systems can allow users to monitor robot status and performance through a network.
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11What is a collaborative robot, or cobot, designed to do?
Collaborative robots (Cobots)
Easy
A.Replace every computer network
B.Work safely near human workers
C.Function without any sensors
D.Operate only in deep water
Correct Answer: Work safely near human workers
Explanation:
Cobots are designed to share workspaces and tasks with people.
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12Which feature is commonly found in a cobot?
Collaborative robots (Cobots)
Easy
A.Steam propulsion
B.Paper-based control
C.Force sensing
D.Permanent locking
Correct Answer: Force sensing
Explanation:
Force sensing helps a cobot detect contact and respond safely around people.
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13Why are emergency stop buttons used in robotic systems?
Safety in robotics
Easy
A.To start a new software update
B.To improve the robot's color
C.To increase the robot's weight
D.To stop the robot quickly
Correct Answer: To stop the robot quickly
Explanation:
An emergency stop button allows operators to halt robot motion during a dangerous situation.
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14Which device can help detect a person near a robot?
Safety in robotics
Easy
A.Safety scanner
B.Power cable
C.Gearbox
D.Cooling fan
Correct Answer: Safety scanner
Explanation:
Safety scanners detect people or objects in protected areas around robots.
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15What does ethics in robotics mainly consider?
Ethics in robotics
Easy
A.The shape of robot screws
B.The number of robot wheels
C.The color of robot wires
D.Responsible effects of robot use
Correct Answer: Responsible effects of robot use
Explanation:
Robotics ethics considers how robots affect safety, privacy, fairness, and society.
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16Which issue is related to ethics in robotics?
Ethics in robotics
Easy
A.Protection of personal data
B.Design of gear teeth
C.Choice of battery shape
D.Selection of motor grease
Correct Answer: Protection of personal data
Explanation:
Robots that collect information may create privacy concerns, so personal data should be protected.
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17What is a common use of robots in industrial automation?
Industrial automation
Easy
A.Measuring ocean tides
B.Growing forest trees
C.Assembling products
D.Writing novels by hand
Correct Answer: Assembling products
Explanation:
Industrial robots are often used for repeated tasks such as assembly, welding, and packaging.
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18Which robot is commonly used in medicine?
Medical, agricultural, logistics, and defense robotics
Easy
A.Surgical robot
B.Patrol drone
C.Harvesting robot
D.Warehouse robot
Correct Answer: Surgical robot
Explanation:
Surgical robots assist medical professionals during certain surgical procedures.
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19Which task can an agricultural robot perform?
Medical, agricultural, logistics, and defense robotics
Easy
A.Sorting parcels
B.Assisting surgery
C.Inspecting battle zones
D.Monitoring crops
Correct Answer: Monitoring crops
Explanation:
Agricultural robots can monitor crop health, remove weeds, or assist with harvesting.
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20Which is an emerging trend in robotics?
Emerging trends in robotics
Easy
A.Exclusive use of manual controls
B.Replacement of software with gears
C.More intelligent autonomous systems
D.Removal of all robot sensors
Correct Answer: More intelligent autonomous systems
Explanation:
Modern robotics is moving toward systems that can learn, adapt, and operate more independently.
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21A warehouse robot must identify packages of different sizes on a conveyor belt. Which machine vision approach is most appropriate for locating each package before grasping it?
Machine vision overview
Medium
A.Audio recognition of package movement
B.Image classification of the entire conveyor
C.Object detection with position estimation
D.Temperature mapping of the conveyor
Correct Answer: Object detection with position estimation
Explanation:
Object detection identifies individual packages and provides their locations, allowing the robot to plan an accurate grasp.
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22A robot frequently misidentifies dark objects when the factory lights are dim. Which improvement would most directly address this problem?
Machine vision overview
Medium
A.Increase wheel motor torque
B.Replace vision processing with sound sensors
C.Improve lighting and image exposure
D.Reduce the robot's network bandwidth
Correct Answer: Improve lighting and image exposure
Explanation:
Better illumination and exposure provide clearer image features, improving the reliability of vision-based recognition.
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23A delivery robot learns to select routes by receiving rewards for shorter travel times and penalties for collisions. Which AI method is being used?
Artificial intelligence in robotics
Medium
A.Supervised learning
B.Unsupervised clustering
C.Rule-based sorting
D.Reinforcement learning
Correct Answer: Reinforcement learning
Explanation:
Reinforcement learning improves behavior through rewards and penalties received while interacting with the environment.
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24A robot must recognize defective components using thousands of labeled images showing defective and acceptable parts. Which technique is most suitable?
Artificial intelligence in robotics
Medium
A.Random motor calibration
B.Unsupervised exploration
C.Manual path teaching
D.Supervised machine learning
Correct Answer: Supervised machine learning
Explanation:
Supervised learning uses labeled examples to learn the difference between defective and acceptable components.
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25An autonomous cleaning robot detects a previously unknown obstacle in its planned path. What should it do first?
Autonomous robots
Medium
A.Continue using the original path
B.Stop or slow down and replan
C.Disable all obstacle sensors
D.Increase speed to pass the obstacle
Correct Answer: Stop or slow down and replan
Explanation:
A safe autonomous robot responds to unexpected obstacles by reducing risk and calculating an updated path.
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26A mobile robot uses wheel encoders and a camera to estimate its position indoors. Why are these sensors commonly combined?
Autonomous robots
Medium
A.To combine complementary location information
B.To make the battery charge faster
C.To eliminate the need for software
D.To increase the robot's payload capacity
Correct Answer: To combine complementary location information
Explanation:
Wheel encoders provide motion estimates, while cameras provide environmental features. Combining them can reduce the weaknesses of either sensor alone.
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27Several robots in a factory need to exchange position updates with low delay. Which communication feature is most important for coordinated movement?
Robot communication
Medium
A.High screen resolution
B.High latency and large delays
C.Large mechanical gripper size
D.Low latency and reliable delivery
Correct Answer: Low latency and reliable delivery
Explanation:
Timely and dependable position updates help robots coordinate actions and avoid collisions.
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28A robot receives a command to move from an external controller, but the message may be intercepted. Which measure best protects the command?
Robot communication
Medium
A.Lower the camera resolution
B.Encrypt and authenticate the message
C.Increase the robot's arm length
D.Remove status feedback
Correct Answer: Encrypt and authenticate the message
Explanation:
Encryption prevents unauthorized reading, while authentication helps confirm that the command came from a trusted source.
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29A fleet of robots sends sensor data to a central platform that predicts maintenance needs and assigns tasks. Which IoRT capability is illustrated?
Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT)
Medium
A.Connected sensing and cloud coordination
B.Local battery balancing only
C.Mechanical transmission control
D.Offline manual operation
Correct Answer: Connected sensing and cloud coordination
Explanation:
IoRT connects robots, sensors, networks, and computing services so data can support monitoring and coordinated decisions.
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30An IoRT system must continue basic robot operation when its cloud connection is temporarily unavailable. Which design is most appropriate?
Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT)
Medium
A.Disable all safety monitoring offline
B.Store no data on the robot
C.Depend entirely on cloud commands
D.Use local control with optional cloud support
Correct Answer: Use local control with optional cloud support
Explanation:
Local control preserves essential operation during network failures, while cloud services can still provide broader analytics and coordination.
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31A cobot and a worker share an assembly station. Which feature is most important for reducing injury risk during unexpected contact?
Collaborative robots (Cobots)
Medium
A.Force and speed monitoring
B.Higher unrestricted operating speed
C.Removal of proximity sensors
D.Heavier external coverings
Correct Answer: Force and speed monitoring
Explanation:
Monitoring force and speed allows a cobot to slow or stop when contact or unsafe conditions are detected.
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32A cobot is used to hold a part while a worker performs a finishing operation. Why is this application well suited to a cobot?
Collaborative robots (Cobots)
Medium
A.It replaces every human decision
B.It operates only in isolated cages
C.It supports shared human-robot work
D.It requires no safety assessment
Correct Answer: It supports shared human-robot work
Explanation:
Cobots are designed for applications in which robots assist people and operate near them under controlled safety conditions.
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33A robot arm can unexpectedly restart after a power interruption. Which safety control most directly prevents this hazard?
Safety in robotics
Medium
A.Manual reset before motion resumes
B.Automatic restart without inspection
C.Higher maximum arm velocity
D.Continuous operation during maintenance
Correct Answer: Manual reset before motion resumes
Explanation:
A manual reset requires an operator to verify that the area is safe before the robot can restart.
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34Before installing an industrial robot near workers, engineers identify crushing, collision, and electrical hazards and estimate their severity. What process are they performing?
Safety in robotics
Medium
A.Visual classification
B.Payload optimization
C.Risk assessment
D.Route memorization
Correct Answer: Risk assessment
Explanation:
Risk assessment systematically identifies hazards and evaluates their likelihood and consequences so suitable controls can be selected.
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35A hospital robot recommends patient priorities using historical treatment data that underrepresents certain groups. What ethical concern is most relevant?
Ethics in robotics
Medium
A.Mechanical wear
B.Battery overcharging
C.Network compression
D.Algorithmic bias
Correct Answer: Algorithmic bias
Explanation:
Biased or incomplete training data can cause an AI system to produce unfair recommendations for some groups.
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36A security robot records video in a public facility. Which practice best addresses privacy concerns?
Ethics in robotics
Medium
A.Collect unlimited footage permanently
B.Define data use and restrict access
C.Disable notices to people nearby
D.Publish all recordings automatically
Correct Answer: Define data use and restrict access
Explanation:
Clear data policies, limited collection, and controlled access reduce unnecessary surveillance and privacy risks.
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37A manufacturing line produces many identical parts with consistent dimensions. Which robotic application is likely to provide the greatest benefit?
Industrial automation
Medium
A.Randomized material placement
B.Automated repetitive assembly
C.Manual inspection without sensors
D.Unstructured artistic design
Correct Answer: Automated repetitive assembly
Explanation:
Industrial robots are effective at repetitive, precise, and consistent tasks such as assembling identical components.
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38A farm robot uses cameras to distinguish weeds from crops and applies herbicide only to detected weeds. What is the main advantage of this approach?
Medical, agricultural, logistics, and defense robotics
Medium
A.It increases uniform spraying everywhere
B.It reduces chemical use through targeted treatment
C.It removes the need for crop monitoring
D.It prevents all weather-related damage
Correct Answer: It reduces chemical use through targeted treatment
Explanation:
Vision-guided precision treatment applies chemicals only where weeds are detected, reducing waste and environmental impact.
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39A hospital robot transports medicines between a pharmacy and patient wards. Which capability is most important for dependable operation?
Medical, agricultural, logistics, and defense robotics
Medium
A.Long-range weapon targeting
B.Accurate indoor navigation
C.Crop disease detection
D.High-speed drilling
Correct Answer: Accurate indoor navigation
Explanation:
The robot must reliably localize itself and travel through corridors while avoiding people and obstacles.
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40A robot uses a digital simulation of a production line to test motion changes before applying them to the physical system. What emerging technology is being used?
Emerging trends in robotics
Medium
A.Manual joystick control
B.Analog-only signaling
C.Fixed mechanical gearing
D.Digital twin technology
Correct Answer: Digital twin technology
Explanation:
A digital twin represents a physical system in software, allowing behavior and changes to be analyzed before deployment.
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41A calibrated stereo camera has focal length pixels, baseline m, and measured disparity pixels. If the disparity standard deviation is pixels, what is the first-order standard deviation of the estimated depth?
Machine vision overview
Hard
A. m
B. m
C. m
D. m
Correct Answer: m
Explanation:
Depth is m. Error propagation gives m.
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42During hand-eye calibration using , all robot motions consist of rotations about the same axis with translations parallel to that axis. Which change most directly removes the resulting calibration degeneracy?
Machine vision overview
Hard
A.Average repeated measurements at every existing pose
B.Include rotations about multiple nonparallel motion axes
C.Increase image resolution without changing robot motion
D.Capture more poses while retaining the same motion axis
Correct Answer: Include rotations about multiple nonparallel motion axes
Explanation:
Single-axis motions do not sufficiently excite all rotational and translational degrees of freedom. Motions about nonparallel axes improve observability of the full hand-eye transform.
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43A warehouse robot operates under partial observability. A belief-space planner selects the action with the highest expected reward, but that action has a probability of collision. The specification requires collision probability below at every decision. Which formulation is most appropriate?
Artificial intelligence in robotics
Hard
A.Use belief-space planning with an explicit chance constraint
B.Apply unconstrained reinforcement learning with longer episodes
C.Increase the collision penalty until average reward becomes positive
D.Plan over the most likely state instead of the complete belief
Correct Answer: Use belief-space planning with an explicit chance constraint
Explanation:
An expected penalty does not guarantee a probability bound. A chance-constrained belief-space formulation directly enforces under state uncertainty.
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44A perception ensemble reports low predicted sensor noise but strong disagreement among its member networks on images from a new factory. What is the most appropriate interpretation and response?
Artificial intelligence in robotics
Hard
A.Localization uncertainty is low, so the robot should continue normally
B.Aleatoric uncertainty is high, so additional training data cannot help
C.Epistemic uncertainty is high, so the robot should invoke a safe fallback
D.Control uncertainty is absent, so ensemble disagreement can be ignored
Correct Answer: Epistemic uncertainty is high, so the robot should invoke a safe fallback
Explanation:
Ensemble disagreement is evidence of epistemic uncertainty, often caused by distribution shift. A safety-critical robot should reduce autonomy or use a validated fallback.
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45An indoor robot using a purely reactive obstacle-avoidance controller repeatedly enters a U-shaped obstacle and oscillates near its closed end. Which architectural modification best addresses the underlying failure?
Autonomous robots
Hard
A.Increase repulsive potential gains near every detected obstacle
B.Reduce sensor range so distant walls do not affect steering
C.Combine global path planning with local control and replanning
D.Increase maximum speed to cross the local minimum quickly
Correct Answer: Combine global path planning with local control and replanning
Explanation:
The U-shaped obstacle creates a local minimum for reactive control. A global planner supplies nonlocal route information, while replanning handles environmental changes.
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46A robot publishes state samples at Hz. Samples older than ms are useless, but occasional packet loss is acceptable. Which DDS-style QoS configuration best favors fresh control data over delayed delivery?
Robot communication
Hard
A.Reliable delivery, transient durability, and unbounded retransmission
B.Best-effort delivery, keep-all history, and persistent durability
C.Reliable delivery, keep-all history, and unlimited sample lifespan
D.Best-effort delivery, keep-last history, and a ms lifespan
Correct Answer: Best-effort delivery, keep-last history, and a ms lifespan
Explanation:
Best-effort avoids retransmission delays, keep-last prevents backlog, and lifespan discards stale samples. This is suitable when freshness matters more than complete delivery.
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47For a swarm running average consensus over time-varying communication graphs , each instantaneous graph may be disconnected. Which condition can still permit convergence under suitable consensus weights?
Robot communication
Hard
A.The union of graphs over each bounded interval is connected
B.Each instantaneous graph contains a directed Hamiltonian cycle
C.Packet delays are identical on every communication link
D.Every robot has the same number of neighbors at each instant
Correct Answer: The union of graphs over each bounded interval is connected
Explanation:
Consensus can tolerate temporary disconnections if information can propagate through a repeatedly connected union graph over bounded time windows.
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48An attacker records a valid cloud-issued motion command and later replays it to an IoRT robot over an authenticated channel. Which control most directly prevents execution of the replayed command?
Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT)
Hard
A.Compress command packets before transmitting them to the robot
B.Encrypt telemetry using a periodically rotated symmetric session key
C.Hide the robot endpoint behind a network address translation gateway
D.Verify device-bound signatures and strictly monotonic command nonces
Correct Answer: Verify device-bound signatures and strictly monotonic command nonces
Explanation:
Authentication alone does not guarantee freshness. Signed monotonic nonces or sequence numbers let the robot reject previously accepted commands.
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49A power-and-force-limited cobot satisfies joint torque limits during contact, but it carries a sharp tool and manipulates a rigid workpiece. Why is torque limiting alone insufficient to establish collaborative safety?
Collaborative robots (Cobots)
Hard
A.Tool geometry and workpiece hazards can create dangerous local pressure
B.Collaborative operation requires every actuator to be pneumatically driven
C.Joint torque sensors cannot be used while the robot is moving
D.Torque limits apply only when the robot is outside the shared workspace
Correct Answer: Tool geometry and workpiece hazards can create dangerous local pressure
Explanation:
Permissible contact depends on the entire application, including sharp edges, clamping, body region, speed, and contact area. Joint torque limits alone do not control concentrated pressure.
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50A safety function uses two processors, but both share one power supply, one compiler toolchain, and one communication bus. Which modification most effectively addresses the dominant weakness?
Safety in robotics
Hard
A.Run identical software twice on each existing processor core
B.Increase both processor clock rates and polling frequencies
C.Store additional diagnostic logs on the shared communication bus
D.Add separation, independent diagnostics, and diverse failure paths
Correct Answer: Add separation, independent diagnostics, and diverse failure paths
Explanation:
The design is vulnerable to common-cause failures. Physical and electrical separation, diagnostic coverage, and appropriate diversity make redundant channels less likely to fail together.
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51A service robot has equal overall task accuracy in two hospitals, yet its false-negative rate is substantially higher for patients using mobility aids. What is the most ethically appropriate engineering response?
Ethics in robotics
Hard
A.Optimize only average accuracy using a larger pooled validation set
B.Remove all patient-related variables without evaluating subgroup effects
C.Deploy unchanged because aggregate accuracy is equal across hospitals
D.Audit subgroup harms and redesign under explicit fairness constraints
Correct Answer: Audit subgroup harms and redesign under explicit fairness constraints
Explanation:
Equal aggregate accuracy can hide unequal harms. Subgroup error analysis, stakeholder input, and an explicit mitigation objective are needed before deployment.
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52A serial production line has station cycle times of , , and seconds. An -hour shift must produce conforming units, and line-level OEE is expected to remain . By at least how much must the bottleneck cycle time be reduced?
Industrial automation
Hard
A. seconds
B. seconds
C. seconds
D. seconds
Correct Answer: seconds
Explanation:
Effective production time is seconds. The required cycle time is at most seconds, so the -second bottleneck must be reduced by seconds.
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53In robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery, let the remote-center-of-motion constraint be . For an arbitrary candidate joint velocity , which projection satisfies this constraint to first order, assuming an exact pseudoinverse?
Medical, agricultural, logistics, and defense robotics
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The matrix projects motion into the null space of . Therefore, to first order.
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54A crop robot's RGB weed classifier fails under changing sunlight, shadows, and soil moisture. Which redesign most directly improves invariance while preserving plant-discrimination information?
Medical, agricultural, logistics, and defense robotics
Hard
A.Increase RGB saturation and classify every pixel independently
B.Use calibrated multispectral reflectance with geometric registration
C.Disable exposure control and train only on midday field images
D.Replace optical sensing with wheel odometry and inertial sensing
Correct Answer: Use calibrated multispectral reflectance with geometric registration
Explanation:
Radiometric calibration reduces illumination dependence, while registered spectral bands preserve vegetation signatures that are often unavailable from uncalibrated RGB alone.
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55Several warehouse robots use decentralized shortest-path planning. Four robots enter a narrow loop, each reserving the next segment occupied by another, creating a circular wait. Which approach most directly prevents this deadlock class?
Medical, agricultural, logistics, and defense robotics
Hard
A.Use time-expanded reservations with cycle detection and resolution
B.Increase every robot's local obstacle inflation radius
C.Raise the priority of whichever robot has the lowest battery
D.Let all blocked robots repeatedly choose random velocities
Correct Answer: Use time-expanded reservations with cycle detection and resolution
Explanation:
The failure is a circular resource wait. Time-indexed reservations expose occupancy conflicts, while cycle detection and priority or replanning rules break deadlocks.
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56A defense robot must continue limited operation during GPS denial and intermittent communication. Which design best balances mission resilience, safety, and meaningful human control?
Medical, agricultural, logistics, and defense robotics
Hard
A.Disable local autonomy whenever a single communication packet is lost
B.Use bounded autonomy with local safety rules and preauthorized abort conditions
C.Continue every assigned mission until completion regardless of uncertainty
D.Accept unauthenticated mission updates whenever the operator link degrades
Correct Answer: Use bounded autonomy with local safety rules and preauthorized abort conditions
Explanation:
Bounded autonomy permits resilient local behavior while constraining actions through safety limits, authenticated policies, uncertainty thresholds, and human-defined abort conditions.
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57A high-speed drone replaces frame cameras with event cameras. Which limitation must the perception architecture explicitly handle despite the sensors' low latency and high dynamic range?
Emerging trends in robotics
Hard
A.Event cameras require a mechanically scanned illumination beam
B.Every event provides a complete depth measurement for one pixel
C.Events encode absolute color but omit all timestamp information
D.Static or low-contrast regions may generate insufficient events
Correct Answer: Static or low-contrast regions may generate insufficient events
Explanation:
Event cameras report changes in log intensity rather than conventional frames. Regions with little temporal contrast can provide sparse information and may require sensor fusion or motion.
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58A protective system uses the separation model , where m/s, sensing and reaction time s, stopping time s, and intrusion allowance m. What minimum separation is required?
Safety in robotics
Hard
A. m
B. m
C. m
D. m
Correct Answer: m
Explanation:
The required distance is m.
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59A monocular SLAM system runs without wheel odometry, known-size landmarks, inertial scale information, or other metric references. Which state property should a consistent estimator preserve?
Autonomous robots
Hard
A.Metric velocity becomes observable from image timestamps alone
B.Absolute scale becomes observable after any pure camera rotation
C.Global position becomes observable from loop closure alone
D.Global scale remains an unobservable gauge freedom
Correct Answer: Global scale remains an unobservable gauge freedom
Explanation:
Pure monocular geometry reconstructs motion and structure only up to an unknown scale. Loop closure reduces drift but does not create metric scale without an external metric cue.
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60A digital twin accurately predicts a robot before deployment but gradually diverges after tool wear changes friction and backlash. Which strategy best maintains safe usefulness of the twin?
Emerging trends in robotics
Hard
A.Freeze the original model so all predictions remain reproducible
B.Estimate parameters online and trigger fallback when residual uncertainty grows
C.Ignore residual errors while the commanded trajectory remains identical
D.Retrain solely on synthetic data generated by the unchanged twin
Correct Answer: Estimate parameters online and trigger fallback when residual uncertainty grows
Explanation:
Online system identification adapts the twin to physical changes. Residual and uncertainty monitoring prevents the controller from trusting a twin that no longer represents the robot reliably.
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