1What is the primary definition of Cloud Computing according to NIST?
A.A model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources
B.A hardware virtualization technique used solely for creating virtual machines
C.A database management system stored on a local hard drive
D.A specific type of operating system designed for mainframes
Correct Answer: A model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources
Explanation:According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources.
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2Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of Cloud Computing?
A.On-demand self-service
B.Resource pooling
C.Fixed monthly hardware maintenance by the user
D.Rapid elasticity
Correct Answer: Fixed monthly hardware maintenance by the user
Explanation:Cloud computing is characterized by measured service and broad network access. Users generally do not perform hardware maintenance; the cloud provider handles this.
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3In the context of Cloud economics, what does OpEx stand for?
A.Operational Expenditure
B.Optional Expenditure
C.Capital Expenditure
D.Optical Expenditure
Correct Answer: Operational Expenditure
Explanation:Cloud computing shifts costs from CapEx (Capital Expenditure - buying hardware upfront) to OpEx (Operational Expenditure - paying for what you use).
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4Which cloud service model provides the consumer with the capability to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources?
A.SaaS (Software as a Service)
B.PaaS (Platform as a Service)
C.IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
D.DaaS (Desktop as a Service)
Correct Answer: IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
Explanation:IaaS provides raw computing infrastructure like virtual machines, storage, and networks, allowing the user to deploy and run arbitrary software, including operating systems.
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5Gmail, Dropbox, and Microsoft Office 365 are examples of which cloud service model?
A.IaaS
B.PaaS
C.SaaS
D.FaaS
Correct Answer: SaaS
Explanation:Software as a Service (SaaS) delivers software applications over the internet, on-demand, and typically on a subscription basis.
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6Which deployment model involves a cloud infrastructure provisioned for open use by the general public?
A.Private Cloud
B.Public Cloud
C.Hybrid Cloud
D.Community Cloud
Correct Answer: Public Cloud
Explanation:A Public Cloud is owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or government organization, or some combination of them, and exists on the premises of the cloud provider for public use.
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7Which deployment model is a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together?
A.Hybrid Cloud
B.Multi-cloud
C.Public Cloud
D.Distributed Cloud
Correct Answer: Hybrid Cloud
Explanation:A Hybrid Cloud connects private and public clouds, allowing data and applications to be shared between them.
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8What is the primary benefit of Virtualization in cloud computing?
A.It increases the physical size of the server
B.It enables a single physical resource to act as multiple virtual resources
C.It eliminates the need for an operating system
D.It slows down network traffic for security
Correct Answer: It enables a single physical resource to act as multiple virtual resources
Explanation:Virtualization uses software to create an abstraction layer over computer hardware, allowing the hardware elements of a single computer to be divided into multiple virtual computers (VMs).
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9What is a Hypervisor?
A.A high-speed processor
B.Software that creates and runs virtual machines
C.A cloud billing tool
D.A physical switch in a data center
Correct Answer: Software that creates and runs virtual machines
Explanation:A hypervisor (or Virtual Machine Monitor - VMM) is software, firmware, or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines.
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10Which of the following describes a Type 1 Hypervisor?
A.Runs as an application inside an OS (Hosted)
B.Runs directly on the host's hardware (Bare Metal)
C.Runs only on mobile devices
D.Is used exclusively for containerization
Correct Answer: Runs directly on the host's hardware (Bare Metal)
Explanation:Type 1 hypervisors (Bare Metal) run directly on the system hardware without an underlying host operating system. Examples include VMware ESXi and Microsoft Hyper-V.
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11Which cloud computing characteristic allows systems to automatically scale resources up or down based on demand?
A.Broad network access
B.Rapid elasticity
C.Resource pooling
D.Measured service
Correct Answer: Rapid elasticity
Explanation:Rapid elasticity allows resources to be elastically provisioned and released, often automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand.
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12In the context of Platform as a Service (PaaS), who is responsible for managing the underlying operating system and hardware?
A.The Cloud Consumer
B.The Cloud Provider
C.The Internet Service Provider
D.The Government
Correct Answer: The Cloud Provider
Explanation:In PaaS, the provider manages the cloud infrastructure (network, servers, OS, storage), while the consumer manages the deployed applications.
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13What is AWS?
A.A type of computer virus
B.Amazon Web Services, a cloud computing platform
C.Automated Web System
D.Advanced Wireless Standard
Correct Answer: Amazon Web Services, a cloud computing platform
Explanation:AWS (Amazon Web Services) is the world's most comprehensive and broadly adopted cloud platform, offering over 200 fully featured services.
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14Which tool is widely used for Containerization?
A.Photoshop
B.Docker
C.Excel
D.Skype
Correct Answer: Docker
Explanation:Docker is an open platform for developing, shipping, and running applications inside containers, which are lightweight and portable.
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15What is Kubernetes used for?
A.Writing Java code
B.Container Orchestration
C.Creating spreadsheets
D.Editing videos
Correct Answer: Container Orchestration
Explanation:Kubernetes is an open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.
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16Which cloud deployment model is strictly for the exclusive use of a specific community of consumers from organizations that have shared concerns?
A.Public Cloud
B.Private Cloud
C.Community Cloud
D.Hybrid Cloud
Correct Answer: Community Cloud
Explanation:A Community Cloud is shared between organizations with a common goal or concern (e.g., security requirements, policy, compliance).
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17Which of the following is a benefit of Cloud Analytics?
A.Requires purchasing expensive physical servers
B.Limited storage capacity
C.Scalability and ability to process large datasets
D.Slower processing speeds
Correct Answer: Scalability and ability to process large datasets
Explanation:Cloud analytics allows organizations to scale processing power and storage instantly to handle big data workloads efficiently.
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18What is Multi-Tenancy in cloud computing?
A.One user using multiple computers
B.Multiple users sharing the same computing resources while retaining data isolation
C.Using multiple cloud providers at once
D.A billing model for large companies
Correct Answer: Multiple users sharing the same computing resources while retaining data isolation
Explanation:Multi-tenancy is an architecture where a single instance of software runs on a server and serves multiple tenants (users/customers).
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19Which job role is primarily responsible for designing and deploying scalable, highly available, and fault-tolerant systems on the cloud?
A.Cloud Architect
B.Graphic Designer
C.Data Entry Clerk
D.Front-desk Receptionist
Correct Answer: Cloud Architect
Explanation:A Cloud Architect is responsible for the overall design, planning, and management of the cloud infrastructure and architecture.
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20What is SLA in the context of cloud services?
A.Service Level Agreement
B.Standard Local Access
C.System Login Authentication
D.Secure Link Association
Correct Answer: Service Level Agreement
Explanation:An SLA (Service Level Agreement) is a contract between a service provider and a customer that documents what services the provider will furnish and defines the performance standards (like uptime).
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21Which technique allows for the creation of a 'virtual' version of a resource, such as a server, storage device, or network?
A.Compilation
B.Encapsulation
C.Virtualization
D.Authentication
Correct Answer: Virtualization
Explanation:Virtualization is the fundamental technology that creates virtual versions of physical resources.
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22Microsoft Azure is an example of a:
A.Web Browser
B.Cloud Computing Service Provider
C.Antivirus Software
D.Social Media Platform
Correct Answer: Cloud Computing Service Provider
Explanation:Microsoft Azure is a public cloud computing platform provided by Microsoft.
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23Which of the following is an example of Vertical Scaling?
A.Adding more machines to a cluster
B.Adding more CPU and RAM to an existing virtual machine
C.Distributing traffic across regions
D.Buying a second data center
Correct Answer: Adding more CPU and RAM to an existing virtual machine
Explanation:Vertical scaling (scaling up) involves increasing the capacity of a single resource (e.g., adding RAM/CPU), whereas horizontal scaling (scaling out) involves adding more resources.
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24In cloud security, what is the 'Shared Responsibility Model'?
A.The provider is responsible for everything
B.The user is responsible for everything
C.Security obligations are shared between the provider and the customer
D.Security is outsourced to a third-party bank
Correct Answer: Security obligations are shared between the provider and the customer
Explanation:The Shared Responsibility Model dictates that the provider protects the infrastructure (hardware, facilities), while the customer is responsible for protecting their data, apps, and OS configurations.
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25What does IaC stand for in cloud implementation tools?
A.Infrastructure as Code
B.Internet as Cloud
C.Identity and Control
D.Interface and Connectivity
Correct Answer: Infrastructure as Code
Explanation:Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is the process of managing and provisioning computer data centers through machine-readable definition files, rather than physical hardware configuration.
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26Which of the following is a popular open-source tool for Infrastructure as Code?
A.Terraform
B.Adobe Reader
C.Notepad
D.VLC Media Player
Correct Answer: Terraform
Explanation:Terraform is an open-source IaC software tool created by HashiCorp that allows users to define and provide data center infrastructure using a declarative configuration language.
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27If a company wants to keep sensitive data on-premises for legal reasons but burst to the public cloud during peak traffic, which model should they use?
A.Pure Public Cloud
B.Pure Private Cloud
C.Hybrid Cloud
D.None of the above
Correct Answer: Hybrid Cloud
Explanation:A Hybrid Cloud is ideal for this scenario (cloud bursting), allowing sensitive data to remain private while utilizing public cloud scalability for web traffic.
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28Which of the following is a skill set required for a Cloud DevOps Engineer?
A.Accounting principles
B.CI/CD pipelines and scripting (e.g., Python, Bash)
C.Mechanical engineering
D.Civil law
Correct Answer: CI/CD pipelines and scripting (e.g., Python, Bash)
Explanation:Cloud DevOps engineers need skills in Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD), scripting, and automation.
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29What is Serverless Computing?
A.Computing without any hardware anywhere
B.A model where the cloud provider dynamically manages the allocation of machine resources
C.Using only peer-to-peer networks
D.Running applications on a USB drive
Correct Answer: A model where the cloud provider dynamically manages the allocation of machine resources
Explanation:Serverless (like AWS Lambda) doesn't mean no servers exist; it means the developer doesn't have to manage or provision the servers. The provider handles execution.
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30Which data analytic technique involves analyzing data as soon as it enters the system?
A.Batch Processing
B.Real-time or Stream Processing
C.Archive Processing
D.Manual Processing
Correct Answer: Real-time or Stream Processing
Explanation:Real-time or Stream processing involves ingesting and analyzing data immediately as it is generated.
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31Google App Engine is an example of:
A.SaaS
B.PaaS
C.IaaS
D.Hardware
Correct Answer: PaaS
Explanation:Google App Engine allows developers to build and deploy applications without managing the underlying infrastructure, making it a PaaS.
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32Which of the following describes Horizontal Scaling mathematically?
A.Increasing the power of node to
B.Adding more nodes to the system
C.Dividing the network speed by 2
D.
Correct Answer: Adding more nodes to the system
Explanation:Horizontal scaling (Scaling Out) involves adding more distinctive units (nodes/servers) to the resource pool rather than upgrading a single unit.
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33What is a VPC in cloud terminology?
A.Virtual Private Cloud
B.Video Processing Center
C.Verified Public Connection
D.Virtual Personal Computer
Correct Answer: Virtual Private Cloud
Explanation:A Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) is an on-demand configurable pool of shared computing resources allocated within a public cloud environment, providing a certain level of isolation.
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34Which of the following is a risk associated with Vendor Lock-in?
A.Ease of switching providers
B.Difficulty in migrating data or services to another provider due to proprietary formats
C.Lower costs instantly
D.Increased open-source compatibility
Correct Answer: Difficulty in migrating data or services to another provider due to proprietary formats
Explanation:Vendor lock-in makes a customer dependent on a vendor for products and services, creating high switching costs.
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35OpenStack is best described as:
A.A proprietary Microsoft tool
B.An open-source platform for creating private and public clouds
C.A mobile application for storage
D.A hardware manufacturer
Correct Answer: An open-source platform for creating private and public clouds
Explanation:OpenStack is a free, open standard cloud computing platform, mostly deployed as infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS).
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36What role does Identity and Access Management (IAM) play in the cloud?
A.It manages internet speed
B.It controls who can access what resources in the cloud
C.It acts as a cooling system for servers
D.It generates financial reports
Correct Answer: It controls who can access what resources in the cloud
Explanation:IAM enables the right individuals to access the right resources at the right times for the right reasons.
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37A Type 2 Hypervisor is also known as:
A.Bare Metal Hypervisor
B.Hosted Hypervisor
C.Native Hypervisor
D.Hardware Hypervisor
Correct Answer: Hosted Hypervisor
Explanation:Type 2 hypervisors run on top of a host operating system (like VMware Workstation or VirtualBox running on Windows).
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38Which usage of cloud computing involves storing copies of data to restore in case of data loss?
A.Big Data Analytics
B.Backup and Disaster Recovery
C.API Management
D.Content Delivery
Correct Answer: Backup and Disaster Recovery
Explanation:Cloud backup and disaster recovery services involve keeping copies of data in the cloud to protect against data loss and ensure business continuity.
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39Which of the following is a popular Cloud Service Provider (CSP)?
A.IBM Cloud
B.Oracle Cloud
C.Alibaba Cloud
D.All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation:IBM, Oracle, and Alibaba are all major providers of public cloud services alongside AWS, Azure, and Google.
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40What is the primary function of a Load Balancer in the cloud?
A.To increase the weight of the server
B.To distribute incoming network traffic across multiple servers
C.To shut down servers at night
D.To encrypt data at rest
Correct Answer: To distribute incoming network traffic across multiple servers
Explanation:Load balancing improves the distribution of workloads across multiple computing resources to ensure reliability and availability.
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41In cloud data analytics, what is a Data Warehouse?
A.A physical building with papers
B.A centralized repository for storing large amounts of structured data for reporting and analysis
C.A small USB stick
D.A network router
Correct Answer: A centralized repository for storing large amounts of structured data for reporting and analysis
Explanation:A data warehouse (like Amazon Redshift or Snowflake) is designed to handle large volumes of data for analytical queries.
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42The ability of a system to remain accessible and operational for a high percentage of time is called:
A.High Availability
B.Low Latency
C.Virtualization
D.Segregation
Correct Answer: High Availability
Explanation:High Availability (HA) refers to systems that are durable and likely to operate continuously without failure for a long time.
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43Which cloud model implementation is often preferred by government agencies for strict security compliance?
A.Public Cloud
B.Private Cloud
C.No Cloud
D.Peer-to-Peer
Correct Answer: Private Cloud
Explanation:Private clouds offer higher levels of control and security, which is often required for sensitive government data and strict compliance regulations.
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44What is CDN in the context of cloud services?
A.Central Data Node
B.Content Delivery Network
C.Cloud Disk Network
D.Computer Domain Name
Correct Answer: Content Delivery Network
Explanation:A CDN is a geographically distributed group of servers which work together to provide fast delivery of Internet content.
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45Which skillset is crucial for a Cloud Security Engineer?
A.Graphic design
B.Understanding of firewalls, encryption, and compliance standards
C.SEO marketing
D.Hardware assembly
Correct Answer: Understanding of firewalls, encryption, and compliance standards
Explanation:Security engineers must understand how to protect cloud infrastructure using firewalls, IAM, encryption, and adhere to standards like GDPR or HIPAA.
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46The concept of 'Pay-as-you-go' in cloud computing is most closely related to:
A.Measured Service
B.Resource Pooling
C.Broad Network Access
D.Virtualization
Correct Answer: Measured Service
Explanation:Measured service means resource usage is monitored and billed based on utilization, enabling the pay-as-you-go model.
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47Which of the following is a scripting language commonly used in cloud automation?
A.HTML
B.Python
C.CSS
D.SQL
Correct Answer: Python
Explanation:Python is widely used for writing scripts to automate cloud infrastructure tasks (using SDKs like Boto3 for AWS).
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48What is the disadvantage of a Private Cloud compared to a Public Cloud?
A.Lower security
B.Higher initial cost (CapEx) and maintenance responsibility
C.Data is public
D.Cannot be virtualized
Correct Answer: Higher initial cost (CapEx) and maintenance responsibility
Explanation:Private clouds require the organization to purchase, house, and maintain the hardware, leading to higher Capital Expenditure and maintenance effort.
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49What is Cloud Migration?
A.Moving data and applications from on-premises to the cloud
B.Moving from one office building to another
C.Upgrading Windows 10 to Windows 11
D.Buying a new laptop
Correct Answer: Moving data and applications from on-premises to the cloud
Explanation:Cloud migration is the process of moving digital business operations into the cloud.
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50In the 'XaaS' model, what does 'X' stand for?
A.Xylophone
B.Anything
C.Xenon
D.Extreme
Correct Answer: Anything
Explanation:XaaS stands for 'Anything as a Service' (or Everything as a Service), recognizing the vast number of products and services now delivered via the cloud.
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