1What is the primary goal of DevOps in an organization?
A.To separate the development team from the operations team entirely
B.To increase the gap between software coding and deployment
C.To bridge the gap between development and operations for faster delivery
D.To rely solely on manual testing for software release
Correct Answer: To bridge the gap between development and operations for faster delivery
Explanation:DevOps is a culture and set of practices that combines software development (Dev) and IT operations (Ops) to shorten the systems development life cycle and provide continuous delivery with high software quality.
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2How does DevOps differ significantly from the traditional Waterfall model?
A.DevOps follows a linear, sequential approach while Waterfall is iterative
B.Waterfall allows for continuous feedback, whereas DevOps does not
C.DevOps promotes continuous integration and deployment, while Waterfall releases software at the end of a long cycle
D.There is no difference; they are different names for the same process
Correct Answer: DevOps promotes continuous integration and deployment, while Waterfall releases software at the end of a long cycle
Explanation:The Waterfall model is linear and sequential, often leading to long release cycles. DevOps emphasizes iterative development, automation, and continuous delivery/deployment.
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3Which of the following tools is primarily used for Version Control in a DevOps environment?
A.Docker
B.Git
C.Nagios
D.Selenium
Correct Answer: Git
Explanation:Git is a distributed version control system used to track changes in source code during software development.
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4What is the core function of Docker?
A.To compile Java code
B.To automate UI testing
C.To create, deploy, and run applications by using containers
D.To monitor network traffic
Correct Answer: To create, deploy, and run applications by using containers
Explanation:Docker is a platform designed to help developers build, share, and run modern applications using containers, which package code and dependencies together.
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5Which tool is widely used for automating web browsers for testing purposes?
A.Ansible
B.Puppet
C.Selenium
D.Kubernetes
Correct Answer: Selenium
Explanation:Selenium is an open-source framework specifically used for validating web applications across different browsers and platforms.
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6In the context of Java projects, what is Maven used for?
A.Container Orchestration
B.Build Automation and Dependency Management
C.Configuration Management
D.Continuous Monitoring
Correct Answer: Build Automation and Dependency Management
Explanation:Apache Maven is a build automation tool used primarily for Java projects to manage project build, reporting, and documentation from a central piece of information.
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7Which of the following is an agentless configuration management tool?
A.Puppet
B.Ansible
C.Chef
D.Nagios
Correct Answer: Ansible
Explanation:Ansible is agentless, meaning it does not require any software to be installed on the nodes it manages; it uses SSH for communication.
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8What is the primary role of Kubernetes?
A.Source Code Management
B.Container Orchestration
C.Artifact Storage
D.Defect Tracking
Correct Answer: Container Orchestration
Explanation:Kubernetes is an open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.
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9Which tool is primarily associated with Continuous Monitoring of infrastructure and networks?
A.Git
B.Maven
C.Nagios
D.Jenkins
Correct Answer: Nagios
Explanation:Nagios is a monitoring system that enables organizations to identify and resolve IT infrastructure problems before they affect critical business processes.
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10In the DevOps Life Cycle, which phase involves checking the code for bugs and errors?
A.Plan
B.Deploy
C.Test
D.Monitor
Correct Answer: Test
Explanation:The Test phase involves running automated and manual tests to ensure software quality and identify bugs before deployment.
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11What does CI stand for in the context of CI/CD?
A.Continuous Information
B.Continuous Integration
C.Code Inspection
D.Customer Interaction
Correct Answer: Continuous Integration
Explanation:CI stands for Continuous Integration, a practice where developers regularly merge their code changes into a central repository, after which automated builds and tests are run.
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12What is the main objective of Continuous Deployment?
A.To manually review every line of code
B.To deploy code to production automatically after passing automated tests
C.To stop development to fix all bugs
D.To create documentation for the software
Correct Answer: To deploy code to production automatically after passing automated tests
Explanation:Continuous Deployment extends Continuous Delivery so that every change that passes the automated stages of your production pipeline is released to your customers automatically.
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13Which of the following best describes Infrastructure as Code (IaC)?
A.Managing infrastructure using physical hardware
B.Managing and provisioning infrastructure through code and automation files
C.Writing code to build physical servers
D.Documentation of hardware inventory
Correct Answer: Managing and provisioning infrastructure through code and automation files
Explanation:IaC is the managing and provisioning of computer data centers through machine-readable definition files, rather than physical hardware configuration or interactive configuration tools.
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14What is the primary definition of Software Testing?
A.The process of writing code for an application
B.The process of evaluating a system to verify that it satisfies specified requirements
C.The process of marketing a software product
D.The process of deploying software to a server
Correct Answer: The process of evaluating a system to verify that it satisfies specified requirements
Explanation:Software testing is the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding errors and verifying that it meets specified requirements.
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15Which of the following is a primary objective of software testing?
A.To prove that the software has no bugs
B.To punish developers for making mistakes
C.To identify defects and ensure quality
D.To increase the cost of the project
Correct Answer: To identify defects and ensure quality
Explanation:Testing aims to uncover defects/bugs and ensure the software meets the agreed-upon standards and requirements. It is impossible to prove software is 100% bug-free.
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16Verification in software testing answers which question?
A.Are we building the right product?
B.Are we building the product right?
C.Is the product profitable?
D.Will the user like the design?
Correct Answer: Are we building the product right?
Explanation:Verification ensures that the product is built according to the requirements and design specifications (process-oriented).
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17Which level of testing is performed on individual components or modules of the software?
A.System Testing
B.Integration Testing
C.Unit Testing
D.Acceptance Testing
Correct Answer: Unit Testing
Explanation:Unit testing is the lowest level of testing where individual units or components of a software are tested.
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18What is the purpose of Integration Testing?
A.To test the user interface only
B.To verify the interactions between different modules/components
C.To test the system as a whole against requirements
D.To check the code syntax
Correct Answer: To verify the interactions between different modules/components
Explanation:Integration testing focuses on verifying the data communication and interaction between combined software modules.
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19Alpha Testing and Beta Testing are forms of:
A.Unit Testing
B.Integration Testing
C.Acceptance Testing
D.Regression Testing
Correct Answer: Acceptance Testing
Explanation:User Acceptance Testing (UAT) includes Alpha testing (internal) and Beta testing (external/end-users) to determine if the system satisfies user needs.
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20Which type of testing does NOT require knowledge of the internal code structure?
A.White Box Testing
B.Glass Box Testing
C.Black Box Testing
D.Structural Testing
Correct Answer: Black Box Testing
Explanation:Black Box testing treats the software as a black box, focusing on inputs and outputs without knowledge of the internal implementation.
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21White Box Testing involves:
A.Testing functionality based on requirements only
B.Testing the internal logic and code structure of the application
C.Testing by end-users
D.Testing without looking at the code
Correct Answer: Testing the internal logic and code structure of the application
Explanation:White Box testing (or structural testing) requires knowledge of the internal code, branches, paths, and logic.
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22What is Regression Testing?
A.Testing a new feature for the first time
B.Re-running tests to ensure code changes haven't broken existing functionality
Explanation:Regression testing ensures that new code changes (like bug fixes or features) do not adversely affect existing features.
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23Which of the following is an example of Non-Functional Testing?
A.Login functionality test
B.Calculation accuracy test
C.Performance/Load testing
D.Database transaction test
Correct Answer: Performance/Load testing
Explanation:Non-functional testing checks aspects like performance, usability, reliability, and scalability, rather than specific behaviors/functions.
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24What is a major advantage of Automation Testing over Manual Testing?
A.It is cheaper for short-term projects
B.It allows for human observation of usability
C.It allows for faster execution and reusability of scripts
D.It requires no programming knowledge
Correct Answer: It allows for faster execution and reusability of scripts
Explanation:Automation is ideal for repetitive tasks and regression testing because scripts can be run quickly and repeatedly without human intervention.
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25When is Manual Testing preferred over Automation Testing?
A.For Load and Stress testing
B.For Regression testing executed daily
C.For Exploratory, Usability, and Ad-hoc testing
D.For complex calculation verification with large datasets
Correct Answer: For Exploratory, Usability, and Ad-hoc testing
Explanation:Manual testing is better suited for scenarios requiring human intuition, visual inspection, and 'look and feel' assessments where automation is difficult or costly to script.
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26In Test Case Design, what is Boundary Value Analysis?
A.Testing random values within a range
B.Testing only the center value of a range
C.Testing the values at the extreme ends (boundaries) of input ranges
D.Testing values that are definitely invalid
Correct Answer: Testing the values at the extreme ends (boundaries) of input ranges
Explanation:Boundary Value Analysis assumes that errors are most likely to occur at the boundaries of input domains (e.g., if valid range is 1-10, test 0, 1, 10, 11).
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27Consider an input field taking integers . Which values represent valid Equivalence Partitioning classes?
A.Any value between 10 and 20
B.Values 9 and 21 only
C.Values 10 and 20 only
D.Values less than 0
Correct Answer: Any value between 10 and 20
Explanation:Equivalence Partitioning divides input data into partitions of valid and invalid data. Any value inside the valid range (10 to 20) represents the 'valid' partition.
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28A Test Case generally consists of:
A.Only the code to be tested
B.Test Case ID, Test Steps, Test Data, Expected Result, and Actual Result
C.Developer's name and salary
D.Project budget details
Correct Answer: Test Case ID, Test Steps, Test Data, Expected Result, and Actual Result
Explanation:These are the standard components of a document describing an input, action, or event and an expected response to determine if a feature acts correctly.
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29In the Defect Life Cycle, what is the status of a bug when a developer has fixed it and pushed the code?
A.New
B.Open
C.Fixed
D.Closed
Correct Answer: Fixed
Explanation:Once a developer resolves the issue, the status is changed to 'Fixed', pending verification by the tester.
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30If a tester verifies a fix and finds the bug still exists, what status is assigned?
A.Closed
B.Deferred
C.Reopened
D.Verified
Correct Answer: Reopened
Explanation:If the defect persists after the developer claims to have fixed it, the tester changes the status to 'Reopened' for the developer to look at again.
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31What is the difference between Severity and Priority in defect tracking?
A.Severity is about business impact; Priority is about technical complexity
B.Severity is the technical impact on the system; Priority is the urgency to fix it
C.They are the same thing
D.Severity is determined by managers; Priority by developers
Correct Answer: Severity is the technical impact on the system; Priority is the urgency to fix it
Explanation:Severity defines how critical the defect is to the functionality (e.g., system crash = Critical). Priority defines the order in which defects should be resolved.
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32What is Smoke Testing?
A.Testing the hardware for overheating
B.Deep testing of a specific module
C.A preliminary test to reveal simple failures severe enough to reject a release
D.Testing done right before retirement of software
Correct Answer: A preliminary test to reveal simple failures severe enough to reject a release
Explanation:Also known as 'Build Verification Testing', it determines if the build is stable enough to proceed with further, more rigorous testing.
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33Which of the following is a Configuration Management tool that uses a Master-Slave architecture?
A.Git
B.Puppet
C.Docker
D.Maven
Correct Answer: Puppet
Explanation:Puppet typically uses a Master-Slave (or Server-Agent) architecture where the Master controls configuration information.
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34What does the term 'Shift Left' mean in DevOps and Testing?
A.Moving the code to the left side of the screen
B.Delaying testing until the very end of the project
C.Integrating testing and quality assurance earlier in the development lifecycle
D.Assigning all work to the developer on the left
Correct Answer: Integrating testing and quality assurance earlier in the development lifecycle
Explanation:Shift Left emphasizes finding and preventing defects early in the software delivery process.
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35Which career role involves writing code to automate test cases?
A.Manual Tester
B.Product Owner
C.SDET (Software Development Engineer in Test)
D.Scrum Master
Correct Answer: SDET (Software Development Engineer in Test)
Explanation:An SDET is a developer who works in testing, creating automated scripts and frameworks to test the software.
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36Which skill is least critical for a junior Manual Tester?
A.Attention to detail
B.Understanding requirements
C.Writing complex CI/CD pipelines in Jenkins
D.Reporting bugs clearly
Correct Answer: Writing complex CI/CD pipelines in Jenkins
Explanation:While helpful, pipeline configuration is typically a DevOps or Senior Automation Engineer task, not a primary requirement for manual testing.
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37In a DevOps environment, what is a Build Artifact?
A.A bug report
B.A compiled file (like .jar, .war, .exe) ready for deployment
C.A meeting minute document
D.A user manual
Correct Answer: A compiled file (like .jar, .war, .exe) ready for deployment
Explanation:An artifact is the byproduct produced during the software development process, typically the compiled application ready to be deployed.
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38What is the primary function of Jenkins?
A.Code editing
B.Automation Server for CI/CD
C.Database Management
D.Graphic Design
Correct Answer: Automation Server for CI/CD
Explanation:Jenkins is the most popular open-source automation server used to build, test, and deploy software in CI/CD pipelines.
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39If a test case input requires a 4-digit PIN, which input is a Negative Test Case?
A.1234
B.9999
C.ABC
D.0000
Correct Answer: ABC
Explanation:A negative test case checks the system's behavior against invalid input. 'ABC' is alphabetic, whereas a PIN requires digits.
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40Which document is created by the Test Lead/Manager to describe the scope, approach, and schedule of testing activities?
A.Test Policy
B.Test Strategy
C.Test Plan
D.Test Case
Correct Answer: Test Plan
Explanation:A Test Plan is a detailed document outlining the test strategy, objectives, schedule, estimation, deliverables, and resources required.
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41In the defect life cycle, what does 'Deferred' mean?
A.The bug is fixed immediately
B.The bug is rejected as not a bug
C.The fix for the bug is postponed to a future release
D.The bug is critical and stops development
Correct Answer: The fix for the bug is postponed to a future release
Explanation:Deferred indicates the bug is valid but not critical enough to fix in the current sprint/release, or time is insufficient.
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42What is Sanity Testing?
A.Testing the mental state of the developer
B.A subset of regression testing to verify that a specific code change works as expected
C.Testing the entire system from scratch
D.Testing performed by the customer
Correct Answer: A subset of regression testing to verify that a specific code change works as expected
Explanation:Sanity testing is performed after receiving a software build with minor changes to ensure the bugs have been fixed and no further issues are introduced.
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43Which of the following is an application of Software Testing in IT companies?
A.Reducing the hardware cost
B.Ensuring customer satisfaction and reliability
C.Replacing developers
D.Increasing the time to market
Correct Answer: Ensuring customer satisfaction and reliability
Explanation:Testing ensures the product works as intended, leading to higher reliability and user satisfaction.
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44Which command is used in Git to save changes to the local repository?
A.git pull
B.git commit
C.git clone
D.git status
Correct Answer: git commit
Explanation:git commit captures a snapshot of the project's currently staged changes.
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45What is a 'pod' in Kubernetes?
A.A storage volume
B.The smallest deployable unit used to run containers
C.A node in the cluster
D.A network rule
Correct Answer: The smallest deployable unit used to run containers
Explanation:A Pod is the basic execution unit of a Kubernetes application, encapsulating one or more containers.
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46Which skillset is essential for a DevOps Engineer?
A.Graphic design and Photoshop
B.Scripting (Python/Bash), Cloud knowledge, and CI/CD tools
C.Accounting and Finance
D.Hardware soldering
Correct Answer: Scripting (Python/Bash), Cloud knowledge, and CI/CD tools
Explanation:DevOps engineers require a mix of development (scripting) and operations (cloud/infrastructure) skills.
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47During Test Case Design, what is the 'Expected Result' derived from?
A.The code written by the developer
B.The requirements specification document
C.The tester's intuition
D.The previous version of the software
Correct Answer: The requirements specification document
Explanation:Test cases verify that the software meets requirements; therefore, the expected result is based on what the requirement document says should happen.
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48Static Testing differs from Dynamic Testing because:
A.Static testing involves code execution
B.Static testing involves reviewing documents and code without execution
C.Dynamic testing is done on paper
D.There is no difference
Correct Answer: Static testing involves reviewing documents and code without execution
Explanation:Static testing includes reviews, walkthroughs, and inspections (verifying), while dynamic testing requires executing the code (validating).
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49Which testing type validates that the software can handle high traffic volume?
A.Unit Testing
B.Security Testing
C.Load Testing
D.Compatibility Testing
Correct Answer: Load Testing
Explanation:Load testing is a type of performance testing that checks how the system behaves under expected or high load conditions.
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50Why is collaboration emphasized in DevOps culture?
A.To allow everyone to do whatever they want
B.To break down silos between Dev and Ops to improve efficiency
C.To increase the number of meetings
D.To slow down the release process
Correct Answer: To break down silos between Dev and Ops to improve efficiency
Explanation:The core of DevOps is removing the 'wall of confusion' between teams to ensure shared responsibility and faster delivery.
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