1Which theory postulates that human population grows in a geometric progression while food production grows only in an arithmetic progression?
A.Darwinian Theory
B.Malthusian Theory
C.Lamarckian Theory
D.Gaussian Theory
Correct Answer: Malthusian Theory
Explanation:Thomas Malthus proposed in his 1798 essay that population growth () tends to outstrip the food supply, leading to checks on population.
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2What is the term used to describe the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment?
A.Biotic Potential
B.Environmental Resistance
C.Carrying Capacity
D.Population Density
Correct Answer: Carrying Capacity
Explanation:Carrying capacity (often denoted by ) is the maximum population size that an ecosystem can support without being degraded.
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3Which of the following is an anthropocentric view of environmental ethics?
A.Nature has intrinsic value independent of humans.
B.Humans are the most important entity in the universe.
C.All living beings have equal rights to exist.
D.Ecosystems should be preserved for their own sake.
Correct Answer: Humans are the most important entity in the universe.
Explanation:Anthropocentrism considers human beings as the central or most significant entity in the universe, often evaluating nature only by its utility to humans.
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4The Bishnoi movement was initiated to protect which specific tree species considered sacred by the community?
A.Sal (Shorea robusta)
B.Teak (Tectona grandis)
C.Khejri (Prosopis cineraria)
D.Peepal (Ficus religiosa)
Correct Answer: Khejri (Prosopis cineraria)
Explanation:The Bishnois of Rajasthan sacrificed their lives in 1730 AD to protect Khejri trees from being cut down by the soldiers of the King of Jodhpur.
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5Who led the historical Bishnoi movement in 1730 AD, where 363 people sacrificed their lives?
A.Medha Patkar
B.Amrita Devi
C.Gaura Devi
D.Vandana Shiva
Correct Answer: Amrita Devi
Explanation:Amrita Devi Bishnoi led the protest against the felling of trees, stating that if a tree is saved even at the cost of one's head, it is worth it.
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6Which famous environmental movement started in the Reni village of Garhwal in 1973?
A.Appiko Movement
B.Chipko Movement
C.Silent Valley Movement
D.Narmada Bachao Andolan
Correct Answer: Chipko Movement
Explanation:The Chipko movement (meaning 'to hug') began in the Garhwal Himalayas (Uttarakhand) in the early 1970s to prevent contractors from cutting down trees.
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7The Appiko Movement is essentially the southern Indian version of which movement?
A.Narmada Bachao Andolan
B.Chipko Movement
C.Jungle Bachao Andolan
D.Tehri Dam Conflict
Correct Answer: Chipko Movement
Explanation:The Appiko movement was launched in Karnataka by Pandurang Hegde, inspired by the Chipko movement, to save the Western Ghats forests.
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8Which article of the Constitution of India mandates that it is the fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment?
A.Article 21
B.Article 48A
C.Article 51A(g)
D.Article 19
Correct Answer: Article 51A(g)
Explanation:Article 51A(g) states it is the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.
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9The Silent Valley Movement in Kerala was aimed at stopping the construction of a hydroelectric dam across which river?
A.Periyar River
B.Kunthipuzha River
C.Pamba River
D.Bharathapuzha River
Correct Answer: Kunthipuzha River
Explanation:The movement opposed a dam on the Kunthipuzha river to save the Silent Valley evergreen forests and the endangered Lion-tailed Macaque.
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10The Wild Life (Protection) Act of India was enacted in which year?
A.1972
B.1974
C.1980
D.1986
Correct Answer: 1972
Explanation:The Wild Life (Protection) Act was enacted in 1972 to provide protection to wild animals and plants.
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11The Environment (Protection) Act, often called the 'Umbrella Act', was passed in India in the wake of which industrial disaster?
A.Chernobyl Disaster
B.Bhopal Gas Tragedy
C.Fukushima Accident
D.Oleum Gas Leak
Correct Answer: Bhopal Gas Tragedy
Explanation:The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was enacted under Article 253 of the Constitution in the aftermath of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984).
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12Who among the following is the primary leader associated with the Narmada Bachao Andolan?
A.Sunderlal Bahuguna
B.Chandi Prasad Bhatt
C.Medha Patkar
D.Rajendra Singh
Correct Answer: Medha Patkar
Explanation:Medha Patkar is a central figure in the Narmada Bachao Andolan, which opposes the height increase of the Sardar Sarovar Dam and focuses on the rehabilitation of displaced people.
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13The Tehri Dam Conflict is primarily related to the seismic sensitivity of the region and displacement in which Indian state?
A.Himachal Pradesh
B.Uttarakhand
C.Punjab
D.Jammu & Kashmir
Correct Answer: Uttarakhand
Explanation:The Tehri Dam is built on the Bhagirathi River in Uttarakhand. Opposition focused on the high seismic risk (Zone V) and large-scale displacement.
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14The Jungle Bachao Andolan began in the 1980s in Bihar (now Jharkhand) as a protest against the government's decision to replace natural Sal forests with which commercial tree?
A.Eucalyptus
B.Teak
C.Pine
D.Rubber
Correct Answer: Teak
Explanation:Tribals protested the replacement of natural Sal forests with high-value Teak plantations, labeling it 'Greed Game Political Populism'.
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15What is the main objective of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) Act, 2010?
A.To plant more trees in urban areas.
B.To provide effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection.
C.To manage wildlife sanctuaries exclusively.
D.To promote renewable energy research.
Correct Answer: To provide effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection.
Explanation:The NGT was established to handle legal disputes and provide speedy justice in cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of forests.
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16Which term describes the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume? ()
A.Population Growth
B.Population Density
C.Population Dispersion
D.Natality
Correct Answer: Population Density
Explanation:Population Density is defined as the population size () divided by the total land area ().
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17The concept of Sacred Groves refers to:
A.Government-protected national parks.
B.Patches of forest preserved by local communities due to religious beliefs.
C.Agricultural lands dedicated to temples.
D.Zoological gardens.
Correct Answer: Patches of forest preserved by local communities due to religious beliefs.
Explanation:Sacred groves are tracts of virgin forest that have been protected by local people for centuries due to religious and cultural sentiments, acting as gene banks.
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18Which of the following represents a vector-borne disease often exacerbated by poor environmental sanitation and unplanned urbanization?
A.Diabetes
B.Dengue
C.Hypertension
D.Silicosis
Correct Answer: Dengue
Explanation:Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti), which breed in stagnant water often found in crowded urban environments.
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19The Forest (Conservation) Act was enacted in which year to check deforestation?
A.1972
B.1980
C.1981
D.1988
Correct Answer: 1980
Explanation:The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 restricts the dereservation of forests or the use of forest land for non-forest purposes without central government approval.
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20In the context of population growth, what does TFR stand for?
A.Total Food Requirement
B.Total Fertility Rate
C.Total Forest Reserve
D.Total Female Ratio
Correct Answer: Total Fertility Rate
Explanation:Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years.
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21Sunderlal Bahuguna is famously associated with the slogan: 'Ecology is permanent economy'. Which movement did he lead?
A.Chipko Movement
B.Bishnoi Movement
C.Silent Valley Movement
D.Jungle Bachao Andolan
Correct Answer: Chipko Movement
Explanation:Sunderlal Bahuguna was a Gandhian activist and a key leader of the Chipko movement who coined the slogan 'Ecology is permanent economy'.
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22Which specific animal was the focus of conservation in the Silent Valley Movement?
A.Tiger
B.Lion-tailed Macaque
C.One-horned Rhino
D.Snow Leopard
Correct Answer: Lion-tailed Macaque
Explanation:The Lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus) is an endangered primate endemic to the Western Ghats, which would have lost its habitat to the dam.
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23The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in:
A.1974
B.1981
C.1986
D.1990
Correct Answer: 1981
Explanation:The Air Act was passed in 1981 to provide for the prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution.
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24Which constitutional article acts as a Directive Principle of State Policy directing the State to protect and improve the environment?
A.Article 14
B.Article 48A
C.Article 21
D.Article 32
Correct Answer: Article 48A
Explanation:Article 48A states: 'The State shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country.'
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25Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Deep Ecology?
A.Biospheric egalitarianism
B.Nature exists only for human use
C.Symbiosis with nature
D.Holistic view of the world
Correct Answer: Nature exists only for human use
Explanation:Deep Ecology argues for the intrinsic value of all living beings, rejecting the idea that nature exists solely for human utility (which is Shallow Ecology).
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26The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted in India in:
A.1972
B.1974
C.1981
D.1986
Correct Answer: 1974
Explanation:The Water Act was enacted in 1974 to prevent and control water pollution and maintain or restore the wholesomeness of water.
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27The 'Narmada Bachao Andolan' opposed the construction of which specific major dam?
A.Tehri Dam
B.Hirakud Dam
C.Sardar Sarovar Dam
D.Bhakra Nangal Dam
Correct Answer: Sardar Sarovar Dam
Explanation:The movement primarily opposed the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada river in Gujarat.
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28Which of the following is a major impact of overpopulation on the environment?
A.Increased biodiversity
B.Depletion of natural resources
C.Reduction in pollution
D.Increase in forest cover
Correct Answer: Depletion of natural resources
Explanation:Overpopulation leads to excessive consumption, resulting in the rapid depletion of finite natural resources like water, fossil fuels, and arable land.
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29What is the role of GIS (Geographic Information System) in environmental management?
A.To genetically modify crops
B.To map and analyze environmental data spatially
C.To measure population fertility rates
D.To purify water
Correct Answer: To map and analyze environmental data spatially
Explanation:GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth's surface, essential for resource mapping and disaster management.
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30The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, also known as FRA, was passed in:
A.1980
B.2000
C.2006
D.2010
Correct Answer: 2006
Explanation:The Forest Rights Act (FRA) was passed in 2006 to recognize the rights of forest-dwelling communities to land and other resources.
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31Which movement is associated with the slogan 'Matu, Jalo, Jangal' (Land, Water, Forest)?
A.Appiko Movement
B.Silent Valley Movement
C.Chipko Movement
D.Jungle Bachao Andolan
Correct Answer: Chipko Movement
Explanation:While variations exist, the core philosophy of Chipko (and later movements in Uttarakhand) emphasized rights over 'Jal, Jungle, Jameen' (Water, Forest, Land).
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32The practice of Shifting Cultivation (Jhum) by tribal populations involves:
A.Permanent farming on a single plot
B.Slash and burn agriculture
C.Hydroponics
D.Greenhouse farming
Correct Answer: Slash and burn agriculture
Explanation:Shifting cultivation involves clearing a piece of land by slashing and burning vegetation, farming it for a few years, and then abandoning it for regeneration.
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33Which of the following is an example of ex-situ conservation?
A.National Park
B.Wildlife Sanctuary
C.Sacred Grove
D.Gene Bank
Correct Answer: Gene Bank
Explanation:Ex-situ conservation involves protecting an endangered species, variety, or breed, of plant or animal outside its natural habitat (e.g., zoos, seed banks, gene banks).
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34In the context of the Tehri Dam, the opposition argued that the dam is located in a high-risk zone for:
A.Floods
B.Earthquakes
C.Cyclones
D.Droughts
Correct Answer: Earthquakes
Explanation:The Tehri Dam is situated in the fragile Himalayan region, which is a Zone V seismic area, raising fears of a catastrophic dam failure during an earthquake.
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35Who was the founder of the Appiko Movement?
A.Pandurang Hegde
B.Baba Amte
C.Anna Hazare
D.Sundar Lal Bahuguna
Correct Answer: Pandurang Hegde
Explanation:Pandurang Hegde launched the Appiko movement in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka in 1983.
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36Which of the following represents a doubling time formula for a population growing exponentially?
A. (where r is growth rate in %)
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer: (where r is growth rate in %)
Explanation:The rule of 70 states that the doubling time () is approximately 70 divided by the percentage growth rate ().
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37Which environmental philosophy advocates for 'Intergenerational Equity'?
A.Use resources now, worry later.
B.Sustainable Development.
C.Industrial Revolution model.
D.Unlimited Consumption.
Correct Answer: Sustainable Development.
Explanation:Intergenerational equity is a core principle of Sustainable Development, ensuring that the needs of the present are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
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38The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was constituted under which Act?
A.The Air Act, 1981
B.The Water Act, 1974
C.The Environment Protection Act, 1986
D.The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Correct Answer: The Water Act, 1974
Explanation:The CPCB was constituted in September 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
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39What is the primary significance of World Environment Day celebrated on June 5th?
A.It marks the signing of the Kyoto Protocol.
B.It commemorates the Stockholm Conference (1972).
C.It celebrates the discovery of the ozone hole.
D.It is the birthday of Charles Darwin.
Correct Answer: It commemorates the Stockholm Conference (1972).
Explanation:World Environment Day marks the opening of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm in 1972.
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40Which Indian state has the highest percentage of tribal population (Scheduled Tribes) relative to its total population (as per Census 2011, among major states/UTs like Lakshadweep/Mizoram)?
A.Uttar Pradesh
B.Mizoram
C.Kerala
D.Bihar
Correct Answer: Mizoram
Explanation:Mizoram (and Lakshadweep) has a very high percentage of tribal population (over 90%). Among larger states, Madhya Pradesh has the highest number, but Mizoram has a higher percentage.
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41The rehabilitation of people displaced by the Sardar Sarovar Dam was a major issue because:
A.They were moved to luxury apartments.
B.They lost their traditional livelihood and social fabric.
C.They were given too much land.
D.There was no displacement involved.
Correct Answer: They lost their traditional livelihood and social fabric.
Explanation:The displacement severed the tribals' symbiotic link with the forest/river, and resettlement sites often lacked resources or community cohesion.
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42In the context of Human Health, 'Blue Baby Syndrome' (Methaemoglobinaemia) is caused by water contaminated with:
A.Arsenic
B.Fluoride
C.Nitrates
D.Mercury
Correct Answer: Nitrates
Explanation:Excess nitrates in drinking water react with hemoglobin to form methaemoglobin, reducing the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.
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43Who was Gaura Devi?
A.The head of the Bishnoi community.
B.A prominent leader of the women in the Chipko Movement.
C.The founder of Narmada Bachao Andolan.
D.A lawyer for environmental rights.
Correct Answer: A prominent leader of the women in the Chipko Movement.
Explanation:Gaura Devi was an elderly woman in Reni village who mobilized the village women to hug the trees and prevent loggers from felling them in 1974.
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44Which of the following is a method of public awareness for environmental conservation?
A.Eco-clubs in schools
B.Documentaries and Mass Media
C.Celebration of Earth Day
D.All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation:Public awareness is raised through education (Eco-clubs), media campaigns, and celebrating global events like Earth Day or Environment Day.
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45What does HIV/AIDS prevention have to do with the environment?
A.The virus is spread by polluted air.
B.It is a water-borne disease.
C.It impacts the workforce and socio-economic stability required for environmental management.
D.It is caused by ozone depletion.
Correct Answer: It impacts the workforce and socio-economic stability required for environmental management.
Explanation:Pandemics like HIV/AIDS deplete the productive workforce, increase poverty, and divert resources, making sustainable environmental management difficult.
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46Which movement was triggered by the government's decision to hand over forest land to a sporting goods company (Symonds) to make cricket bats?
A.Chipko Movement
B.Appiko Movement
C.Bishnoi Movement
D.Silent Valley Movement
Correct Answer: Chipko Movement
Explanation:The immediate trigger for Chipko in 1973 was the allotment of ash trees to Symonds Co. after locals were denied access to wood for making agricultural tools.
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47What is the concept of 'Bio-centrism'?
A.Only biology is a valid science.
B.All life forms have an inherent right to exist.
C.Biological weapons are ethical.
D.Humans should control all biology.
Correct Answer: All life forms have an inherent right to exist.
Explanation:Biocentrism extends inherent value to all living things, not just humans, contrasting with anthropocentrism.
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48The Family Welfare Programme in India primarily focuses on:
A.Increasing the population growth rate.
B.Population stabilization and reproductive health.
C.Providing jobs to families.
D.Building houses.
Correct Answer: Population stabilization and reproductive health.
Explanation:The programme aims to stabilize population growth promoting contraception, maternal health, and child survival.
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49Which of the following is NOT a fundamental principle of Environmental Ethics?
A.Care for the planet
B.Respect for nature
C.Unlimited exploitation for economic growth
D.Responsibility to future generations
Correct Answer: Unlimited exploitation for economic growth
Explanation:Environmental ethics emphasizes sustainability, respect, and stewardship, which contradicts the concept of unlimited exploitation.
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50Tribal populations often possess Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK). This refers to:
A.Modern computer skills.
B.Traditional knowledge about local biodiversity and medicinal plants.
C.Knowledge about space exploration.
D.Industrial engineering skills.
Correct Answer: Traditional knowledge about local biodiversity and medicinal plants.
Explanation:ITK is the cumulative body of knowledge, practice, and belief evolving by adaptive processes and handed down through generations by cultural transmission.