1Organizational Behavior (OB) is primarily the study of what?
Organizational behavior: relationship between management and organization behavior
Easy
A.Financial performance of firms
B.Manufacturing processes in factories
C.Legal structures of companies
D.Human behavior in organizational settings
Correct Answer: Human behavior in organizational settings
Explanation:
OB is the field that studies how individuals, groups, and structures affect and are affected by behavior within organizations.
Incorrect! Try again.
2OB studies behavior at which three levels of analysis?
Organizational behavior: relationship between management and organization behavior
Easy
A.Individual, group, and organizational
B.Local, national, and global
C.Past, present, and future
D.Input, process, and output
Correct Answer: Individual, group, and organizational
Explanation:
OB examines behavior at three levels: the individual, the group, and the organization system as a whole.
Incorrect! Try again.
3Which of the following is one of the four basic management functions?
Organizational behavior: relationship between management and organization behavior
Easy
A.Purchasing
B.Advertising
C.Auditing
D.Controlling
Correct Answer: Controlling
Explanation:
The four management functions are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
Incorrect! Try again.
4According to Mintzberg, which of the following is one of a manager's interpersonal roles?
Organizational behavior: relationship between management and organization behavior
Easy
A.Monitor
B.Leader
C.Resource allocator
D.Spokesperson
Correct Answer: Leader
Explanation:
Interpersonal roles include figurehead, leader, and liaison; monitor and spokesperson are informational roles, while resource allocator is a decisional role.
Incorrect! Try again.
5Knowledge of OB mainly helps managers improve their skill in which area?
Organizational behavior: relationship between management and organization behavior
Easy
A.Balancing accounts
B.Designing hardware
C.Managing people
D.Filing taxes
Correct Answer: Managing people
Explanation:
OB strengthens a manager's human or people skills, helping them work effectively with and through others.
Incorrect! Try again.
6Which discipline contributes the most to the individual level of analysis in OB?
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Easy
A.Political science
B.Economics
C.Psychology
D.Anthropology
Correct Answer: Psychology
Explanation:
Psychology focuses on understanding and explaining individual behavior, making it the primary contributor at the individual level.
Incorrect! Try again.
7Which discipline contributes concepts such as organizational culture and cross-cultural differences to OB?
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Easy
A.Anthropology
B.Psychology
C.Accounting
D.Mathematics
Correct Answer: Anthropology
Explanation:
Anthropology, the study of societies and cultures, contributes ideas about organizational culture, environment, and cross-cultural differences.
Incorrect! Try again.
8Which discipline studies the behavior of people in groups and helps explain teamwork and power?
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Easy
A.Geography
B.Sociology
C.Biology
D.Physics
Correct Answer: Sociology
Explanation:
Sociology studies people in relation to their social environment and groups, contributing to topics like group dynamics, teams, and organizational structure.
Incorrect! Try again.
9In a basic OB model, dependent variables are those that are:
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Easy
A.Always fixed and constant
B.Used only in accounting
C.Never affected by any factor
D.Explained or predicted by other factors
Correct Answer: Explained or predicted by other factors
Explanation:
In an OB model, dependent variables (like productivity or job satisfaction) are the responses we seek to explain or predict using independent variables.
Incorrect! Try again.
10Which of the following is commonly treated as a dependent variable in OB models?
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Easy
A.Job satisfaction
B.Personality type
C.Organization structure
D.Group size
Correct Answer: Job satisfaction
Explanation:
Job satisfaction is a key outcome (dependent variable) that OB seeks to understand and predict, along with productivity and absenteeism.
Incorrect! Try again.
11Values are best defined as:
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Easy
A.Basic convictions about what is right or desirable
B.Physical abilities of a person
C.Temporary moods that change daily
D.Financial assets owned by a person
Correct Answer: Basic convictions about what is right or desirable
Explanation:
Values represent basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state is personally or socially preferable.
Incorrect! Try again.
12An attitude is best described as a(n):
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Easy
A.Evaluative statement about objects, people, or events
B.Legal contract with the employer
C.Measure of intelligence
D.Inborn physical trait
Correct Answer: Evaluative statement about objects, people, or events
Explanation:
Attitudes are evaluative statements, favorable or unfavorable, concerning objects, people, or events.
Incorrect! Try again.
13Which of the following is one of the three components of an attitude?
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Easy
A.Financial component
B.Cognitive component
C.Genetic component
D.Seasonal component
Correct Answer: Cognitive component
Explanation:
An attitude has three components: cognitive (beliefs), affective (feelings), and behavioral (intended actions).
Incorrect! Try again.
14The affective component of an attitude refers to a person's:
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Easy
A.Physical strength
B.Beliefs and opinions
C.Intended actions
D.Feelings or emotions
Correct Answer: Feelings or emotions
Explanation:
The affective component is the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude, such as liking or disliking something.
Incorrect! Try again.
15Job satisfaction is best defined as a person's:
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Easy
A.Level of education completed
B.Number of years employed
C.Total annual salary
D.General attitude toward their job
Correct Answer: General attitude toward their job
Explanation:
Job satisfaction refers to a positive or negative general attitude an individual holds toward their job.
Incorrect! Try again.
16The term used to describe an incompatibility between two or more attitudes, or between attitudes and behavior, is:
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Easy
A.Cognitive dissonance
B.Job enrichment
C.Halo effect
D.Selective perception
Correct Answer: Cognitive dissonance
Explanation:
Cognitive dissonance, proposed by Festinger, is the discomfort felt when there is an inconsistency between attitudes or between attitudes and behavior.
Incorrect! Try again.
17Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from:
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Easy
A.Ageing alone
B.Experience
C.Random chance
D.Genetic makeup
Correct Answer: Experience
Explanation:
Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.
Incorrect! Try again.
18The classical conditioning theory of learning is associated with which researcher?
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Easy
A.Ivan Pavlov
B.Abraham Maslow
C.Henri Fayol
D.Elton Mayo
Correct Answer: Ivan Pavlov
Explanation:
Ivan Pavlov developed classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs, salivation, and paired stimuli.
Incorrect! Try again.
19In operant conditioning, behavior is influenced mainly by its:
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Easy
A.Timing of birth
B.Consequences
C.Location
D.Colors
Correct Answer: Consequences
Explanation:
Operant conditioning, developed by B. F. Skinner, holds that behavior is a function of its consequences, such as rewards and punishments.
Incorrect! Try again.
20Which reinforcement strategy increases the likelihood of a desired behavior by providing a pleasant reward?
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Easy
A.Extinction
B.Negative modeling
C.Punishment
D.Positive reinforcement
Correct Answer: Positive reinforcement
Explanation:
Positive reinforcement follows a desired behavior with a pleasant outcome, increasing the chance that the behavior is repeated.
Incorrect! Try again.
21A newly promoted manager notices that understanding why employees behave in certain ways helps her predict and influence their performance. Which statement best captures the relationship between management and organizational behavior (OB)?
Organizational behavior: relationship between management and organization behavior
Medium
A.OB replaces the need for managerial authority and formal control systems
B.OB is concerned solely with the technical design of jobs and ignores people
C.OB provides managers with a systematic knowledge base to understand, predict, and influence human behavior at work
D.Management is a sub-field of OB that deals only with production efficiency
Correct Answer: OB provides managers with a systematic knowledge base to understand, predict, and influence human behavior at work
Explanation:
OB gives managers evidence-based tools to explain, predict, and manage employee behavior, improving effectiveness. It complements rather than replaces management authority.
Incorrect! Try again.
22A manager relies on 'gut feeling' rather than research evidence to make people-related decisions. Which principle of OB is he neglecting?
Organizational behavior: relationship between management and organization behavior
Medium
A.Span of control
B.Unity of command
C.Delegation of authority
D.Systematic study based on scientific evidence
Correct Answer: Systematic study based on scientific evidence
Explanation:
OB emphasizes systematic study—looking at relationships and drawing conclusions from scientific evidence rather than intuition alone.
Incorrect! Try again.
23Which of the following is considered a dependent variable most commonly studied and improved through OB in a management context?
Organizational behavior: relationship between management and organization behavior
Medium
A.Organizational structure
B.Job performance and productivity
C.National economic policy
D.Market share of competitors
Correct Answer: Job performance and productivity
Explanation:
OB focuses on dependent variables such as productivity, absenteeism, turnover, and job satisfaction, which managers seek to improve.
Incorrect! Try again.
24A company treats employees purely as economic beings, offering money as the sole motivator and expecting obedience. Which model of OB is this organization following?
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Medium
A.Autocratic model
B.System model
C.Supportive model
D.Collegial model
Correct Answer: Autocratic model
Explanation:
The autocratic model depends on power and formal authority; employees are oriented toward obedience and dependence on the boss, with minimum wage as the primary reward.
Incorrect! Try again.
25In which OB model do managers focus on partnership and teamwork, employees develop responsible behavior and self-discipline, and the managerial orientation is toward teamwork?
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Medium
A.Autocratic model
B.Custodial model
C.Collegial model
D.Supportive model
Correct Answer: Collegial model
Explanation:
The collegial model is based on partnership, with managerial orientation toward teamwork and employees showing responsible behavior and self-discipline.
Incorrect! Try again.
26The custodial model of OB primarily depends on which organizational resource to create employee security and dependence on the organization?
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Medium
A.Power and authority
B.Trust and self-motivation
C.Economic resources and benefits
D.Leadership and support
Correct Answer: Economic resources and benefits
Explanation:
The custodial model relies on economic resources (wages, benefits, security). Employees become dependent on the organization rather than the boss.
Incorrect! Try again.
27A researcher studies how group dynamics, communication, and power operate between different work teams in an organization. Which contributing discipline of OB is most relevant?
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Medium
A.Political science
B.Psychology
C.Sociology
D.Anthropology
Correct Answer: Sociology
Explanation:
Sociology studies people in relation to their social environment—groups, teams, communication, and formal organizations—making it central to group-level OB study.
Incorrect! Try again.
28Concepts such as perception, learning, motivation, and personality at the individual level are contributed to OB mainly by which discipline?
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Medium
A.Economics
B.Anthropology
C.Sociology
D.Psychology
Correct Answer: Psychology
Explanation:
Psychology focuses on understanding and measuring individual behavior—perception, learning, motivation, and personality—forming the individual-level foundation of OB.
Incorrect! Try again.
29The study of comparative organizational culture and how values differ across societies is a contribution to OB from:
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Medium
A.Social psychology
B.Psychology
C.Political science
D.Anthropology
Correct Answer: Anthropology
Explanation:
Anthropology's study of societies and cultures helps OB understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and organizational culture across environments.
Incorrect! Try again.
30An employee believes 'honesty is always the right way to behave, regardless of the situation.' In terms of Rokeach's classification, this belief is an example of a:
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Medium
A.Instrumental value
B.Job attitude
C.Terminal value
D.Perceptual bias
Correct Answer: Instrumental value
Explanation:
Instrumental values refer to preferable modes of behavior or means (e.g., honesty, ambition) to achieve terminal values (end-states like happiness or prosperity).
Incorrect! Try again.
31A worker says, 'I feel my job is meaningful, I think my skills are used well, and I intend to stay here.' These three elements correspond to which components of an attitude, respectively?
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Medium
A.Affective, behavioral, and cognitive
B.Cognitive, affective, and behavioral
C.Behavioral, cognitive, and affective
D.Affective, cognitive, and behavioral
Correct Answer: Affective, cognitive, and behavioral
Explanation:
'Feel' = affective (emotion), 'think' = cognitive (belief), and 'intend to stay' = behavioral (intention to act).
Incorrect! Try again.
32An employee's attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent—he criticizes overtime but works late daily. According to Festinger, he will most likely experience and try to reduce:
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Medium
A.Social loafing
B.Halo effect
C.Cognitive dissonance
D.Selective perception
Correct Answer: Cognitive dissonance
Explanation:
Cognitive dissonance is the discomfort from inconsistency between attitudes or between attitude and behavior; individuals seek to reduce it by changing attitude or behavior.
Incorrect! Try again.
33According to the EVLN model, an employee who actively and constructively suggests improvements to fix a dissatisfying work situation is exhibiting which response?
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Medium
A.Exit
B.Neglect
C.Voice
D.Loyalty
Correct Answer: Voice
Explanation:
In the Exit-Voice-Loyalty-Neglect framework, 'Voice' is the active, constructive attempt to improve conditions through suggestions and discussion.
Incorrect! Try again.
34Research on the satisfaction–productivity relationship suggests that the link between job satisfaction and job performance is best described as:
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Medium
A.Completely absent and statistically zero
B.Perfectly one-to-one and always causal
C.Moderately positive, with performance also influencing satisfaction
D.Strongly negative in all situations
Correct Answer: Moderately positive, with performance also influencing satisfaction
Explanation:
Evidence shows a moderate positive correlation; happy workers tend to perform better, but good performance can also increase satisfaction (reciprocal relationship).
Incorrect! Try again.
35The job attitude that reflects an emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in the organization is called:
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Medium
Affective commitment is the emotional attachment and identification with the organization. Continuance commitment is based on the cost of leaving, not emotion.
Incorrect! Try again.
36A manager praises an employee immediately after she submits a report early, hoping she will repeat this behavior. In operant conditioning terms, the praise acts as:
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Medium
A.Extinction
B.Negative reinforcement
C.Positive reinforcement
D.Punishment
Correct Answer: Positive reinforcement
Explanation:
Positive reinforcement adds a pleasant stimulus (praise) following a desired behavior to increase the likelihood the behavior is repeated.
Incorrect! Try again.
37In Pavlov's classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning is termed the:
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Medium
A.Conditioned response
B.Neutral stimulus
C.Unconditioned stimulus
D.Conditioned stimulus
Correct Answer: Unconditioned stimulus
Explanation:
The unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) naturally produces an unconditioned response (salivation) without any learning taking place.
Incorrect! Try again.
38A supervisor stops nagging an employee once the employee starts arriving on time. Removing the nagging to increase punctuality is an example of:
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Medium
A.Positive reinforcement
B.Shaping
C.Negative reinforcement
D.Punishment
Correct Answer: Negative reinforcement
Explanation:
Negative reinforcement increases a desired behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus (nagging), thereby strengthening the on-time behavior.
Incorrect! Try again.
39A trainee learns to operate machinery correctly simply by watching an experienced coworker and imitating the steps. This best illustrates:
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Medium
A.Social (observational) learning theory
B.Extinction
C.Cognitive dissonance
D.Classical conditioning
Correct Answer: Social (observational) learning theory
Explanation:
Social learning theory holds that people learn by observing and modeling others' behavior, along with attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation processes.
Incorrect! Try again.
40Reinforcing successive approximations that move an employee closer to a desired complex behavior is a behavior-modification technique known as:
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Medium
A.Shaping
B.Modeling
C.Extinction
D.Punishment
Correct Answer: Shaping
Explanation:
Shaping systematically reinforces each step that brings an individual closer to the desired response, guiding the learning of complex behavior gradually.
Incorrect! Try again.
41A newly promoted manager argues that OB is simply "common sense" and dismisses formal study. Which line of reasoning most rigorously refutes this claim?
Organizational behavior: relationship between management and organization behavior
Hard
A.Common sense is reliable but too slow to apply in fast-moving organizations
B.Managers who rely on common sense always outperform those using OB principles
C.Common sense predictions about behavior are often inconsistent and contradictory, so systematic study replaces intuition with evidence-based generalizations
D.OB is a hard science identical to physics, so intuition has no role at all
Correct Answer: Common sense predictions about behavior are often inconsistent and contradictory, so systematic study replaces intuition with evidence-based generalizations
Explanation:
OB uses systematic study to detect relationships that intuition misses or gets wrong. "Common sense" often yields conflicting predictions (e.g., "birds of a feather" vs. "opposites attract"), so evidence-based analysis improves accuracy rather than being redundant.
Incorrect! Try again.
42According to Mintzberg's managerial roles and their link to OB, a manager who resolves conflict between two feuding departments is primarily exercising which role, and which OB domain is most relevant?
Organizational behavior: relationship between management and organization behavior
Hard
A.Figurehead (interpersonal role), drawing on organizational culture
B.Disturbance handler (decisional role), drawing on group and conflict dynamics
C.Resource allocator (decisional role), drawing on motivation theory
D.Monitor (informational role), drawing on perception theory
Correct Answer: Disturbance handler (decisional role), drawing on group and conflict dynamics
Explanation:
Resolving unexpected inter-group conflict fits the disturbance handler decisional role. The relevant OB knowledge concerns group behavior and conflict management, not culture or perception per se.
Incorrect! Try again.
43Katz identified three essential managerial skills. As a manager rises from first-line to top management, which shift in relative skill importance is best supported?
Organizational behavior: relationship between management and organization behavior
Hard
A.Conceptual skills decline while technical skills rise; human skills disappear
B.Technical skills decline in relative importance while conceptual skills rise; human skills stay important throughout
C.Human skills decline sharply while technical skills dominate at every level
D.All three skills become equally unimportant at the top level
Correct Answer: Technical skills decline in relative importance while conceptual skills rise; human skills stay important throughout
Explanation:
Katz's framework holds that technical skill matters most at lower levels, conceptual skill grows critical at the top for strategic thinking, and human (interpersonal) skill remains vital across all levels.
Incorrect! Try again.
44A researcher studies how organizational reward structures shape the distribution of status and power among cultural subgroups within a multinational firm. Which pair of contributing disciplines is MOST directly at work?
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Hard
A.Political science and economics
B.Social psychology and biology
C.Sociology and anthropology
D.Psychology and physiology
Correct Answer: Sociology and anthropology
Explanation:
Sociology contributes concepts of status, power, and group structure at the systems level, while anthropology contributes analysis of culture and cross-cultural differences. Together they best fit this multinational, group-level study.
Incorrect! Try again.
45In the three-level OB model (individual, group, organizational system), which classification error is a student MOST likely to make?
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Hard
A.Treating "perception" as a system-level output
B.Treating "communication" as purely individual when it operates at group and system levels too
C.Treating "personality" as a group-level variable rather than individual
D.Treating "organizational culture" as an individual-level input
Correct Answer: Treating "communication" as purely individual when it operates at group and system levels too
Explanation:
Communication is a group-level topic in the OB model (it occurs between people and within structures), so labeling it as an individual-level variable is the common misclassification. Personality is individual, culture is system-level, and perception is individual.
Incorrect! Try again.
46Social psychology is distinguished from general psychology within OB primarily because it:
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Hard
A.Examines the biological and physiological basis of individual behavior
B.Blends psychology and sociology to study how people influence one another, e.g., attitude change and group decision making
C.Focuses exclusively on entire societies and formal institutions
D.Studies only individual mental processes in isolation from social context
Correct Answer: Blends psychology and sociology to study how people influence one another, e.g., attitude change and group decision making
Explanation:
Social psychology is a hybrid drawing on both psychology and sociology, concentrating on interpersonal influence such as attitude change, communication, and group processes.
Incorrect! Try again.
47Which contribution is correctly matched to its discipline?
Model of OB and contributing disciplines to the OB field
Hard
A.Conflict and intergroup behavior to psychology; personality to sociology
B.Decision making and power to economics; job satisfaction to sociology
C.Learning and motivation to psychology; comparative values across nations to anthropology
D.Organizational culture to psychology; perception to anthropology
Correct Answer: Learning and motivation to psychology; comparative values across nations to anthropology
Explanation:
Psychology contributes learning, motivation, and personality (individual level); anthropology contributes comparative cross-national values and culture. The other pairings misattribute the source disciplines.
Incorrect! Try again.
48Using Rokeach's framework, an employee who deeply prizes "a sense of accomplishment" but repeatedly cuts corners on quality reveals a tension between:
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Hard
A.Cognitive dissonance with no value component
B.A terminal value and inconsistent instrumental values
C.An attitude and an unrelated behavior
D.Two competing terminal values only
Correct Answer: A terminal value and inconsistent instrumental values
Explanation:
"A sense of accomplishment" is a terminal value (desired end-state). Cutting corners reflects instrumental values (preferred modes of conduct) that conflict with achieving that end-state, revealing a terminal-instrumental inconsistency.
Incorrect! Try again.
49Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory predicts that a worker forced to praise a policy she privately opposes will feel LEAST pressure to change her attitude when:
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Hard
A.She perceives the behavior as freely chosen
B.She believes she cannot control or undo the behavior
C.She was paid a large, clearly sufficient external reward for complying
D.The dissonant elements are highly important to her
Correct Answer: She was paid a large, clearly sufficient external reward for complying
Explanation:
Dissonance pressure decreases when a strong external justification (high reward) exists, because the behavior can be attributed to the reward rather than one's beliefs. Free choice, high importance, and low control all increase dissonance pressure.
Incorrect! Try again.
50The three components of an attitude are cognition, affect, and behavior. Which statement best captures modern OB findings on their relationship?
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Hard
A.General attitudes always predict specific behaviors with high accuracy
B.Cognition and affect are identical, so the model reduces to two components
C.Attitudes predict behavior better when specific attitudes are matched to specific behaviors and moderators like social pressure are weak
D.The affective component is irrelevant to workplace attitudes
Correct Answer: Attitudes predict behavior better when specific attitudes are matched to specific behaviors and moderators like social pressure are weak
Explanation:
Attitude-behavior correspondence improves with specificity matching and is moderated by factors such as social constraints and direct experience. Affect is central, cognition and affect are distinct, and general attitudes predict specific acts poorly.
Incorrect! Try again.
51The EVLN framework describes responses to dissatisfaction along active-passive and constructive-destructive dimensions. Which response is BOTH active AND destructive?
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Hard
A.Loyalty
B.Voice
C.Exit
D.Neglect
Correct Answer: Exit
Explanation:
In the Exit-Voice-Loyalty-Neglect model, Exit is active and destructive (leaving the organization). Voice is active-constructive, Loyalty is passive-constructive, and Neglect is passive-destructive.
Incorrect! Try again.
52A firm finds a weak overall correlation between job satisfaction and individual productivity but a strong one between aggregate satisfaction and organizational performance. The best OB explanation is:
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Hard
A.Individual productivity is entirely determined by satisfaction
B.Satisfaction never affects performance at any level
C.Aggregation introduces random error that inflates the correlation artificially
D.At the organization level, individual-level variability averages out, making the satisfaction-performance link clearer
Correct Answer: At the organization level, individual-level variability averages out, making the satisfaction-performance link clearer
Explanation:
OB research shows the satisfaction-performance relationship is stronger at the organizational level because aggregating across individuals cancels out idiosyncratic noise, revealing the underlying association more clearly.
Incorrect! Try again.
53Organizational commitment has affective, continuance, and normative components. An employee who stays only because leaving would forfeit a large pension is displaying primarily:
Foundations of individual behavior: values, attitude and job satisfaction
Hard
A.Job involvement
B.Normative commitment
C.Continuance commitment
D.Affective commitment
Correct Answer: Continuance commitment
Explanation:
Continuance commitment is based on the perceived costs of leaving, such as lost benefits. Affective is emotional attachment, normative is a felt obligation, and job involvement concerns identification with the job itself.
Incorrect! Try again.
54A manager praises an employee every third time a report is submitted early. This reinforcement schedule is best classified as:
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Hard
A.Variable-interval schedule
B.Fixed-ratio schedule
C.Variable-ratio schedule
D.Fixed-interval schedule
Correct Answer: Fixed-ratio schedule
Explanation:
Reinforcement after a set number of responses (every third) is a fixed-ratio schedule. Interval schedules depend on time, and variable schedules use an unpredictable number/time between reinforcements.
Incorrect! Try again.
55Which schedule of reinforcement produces behavior that is MOST resistant to extinction, and why?
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Hard
A.Fixed-interval, because the learner can anticipate exactly when reward arrives
B.Continuous, because every response is rewarded
C.Variable-ratio, because unpredictable reinforcement makes the absence of reward hard to detect
D.Fixed-ratio, because the ratio requirement is constant
Correct Answer: Variable-ratio, because unpredictable reinforcement makes the absence of reward hard to detect
Explanation:
Variable-ratio schedules generate the highest resistance to extinction because the learner cannot predict which response will be reinforced, so it takes many unrewarded responses before the pattern of non-reward becomes apparent.
Incorrect! Try again.
56In operant conditioning, a supervisor stops nagging an employee once the employee starts arriving on time. The removal of nagging to increase punctuality is an example of:
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Hard
A.Negative reinforcement
B.Positive punishment
C.Extinction
D.Positive reinforcement
Correct Answer: Negative reinforcement
Explanation:
Removing an aversive stimulus (nagging) to strengthen a desired behavior (punctuality) is negative reinforcement. It increases behavior, distinguishing it from punishment (which decreases behavior) and extinction (withholding prior reinforcement).
Incorrect! Try again.
57Bandura's social learning theory adds which key mechanism that pure operant conditioning cannot explain?
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Hard
A.Vicarious learning through observation and modeling without direct reinforcement
B.Gradual reinforcement of successive approximations toward a target
D.Reflexive associations between stimuli and involuntary responses
E.Extinction of previously reinforced behaviors
Correct Answer: Vicarious learning through observation and modeling without direct reinforcement
Explanation:
Social learning theory holds that people learn by observing others (models) and the consequences those models experience, without needing direct reinforcement themselves, which classical and operant conditioning cannot fully explain.
Incorrect! Try again.
58The OB Mod (behavior modification) process follows a specific sequence. Which ordering is correct?
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Hard
OB Mod follows: identify critical performance-related behaviors, measure their baseline frequency, analyze antecedents and consequences, develop and apply an intervention strategy, and evaluate performance improvement.
Incorrect! Try again.
59Shaping is used to build a complex new behavior. Which application best illustrates shaping rather than simple reinforcement?
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Hard
A.Reinforcing the exact target behavior only after it appears fully formed
B.Removing reinforcement so an unwanted behavior fades
C.Reinforcing successively closer approximations until the full target behavior is achieved
D.Applying an aversive consequence each time an error occurs
Correct Answer: Reinforcing successively closer approximations until the full target behavior is achieved
Explanation:
The correct option follows directly from the given concept and definitions.
Incorrect! Try again.
60A trainer wants to eliminate a behavior quickly and permanently while minimizing negative side effects. Which combined strategy is most consistent with learning theory?
Theories of learning and behavior modification
Hard
A.Continuous positive punishment applied alone
B.Variable-ratio reinforcement of the unwanted behavior
C.Negative reinforcement of the unwanted behavior
D.Extinction of the unwanted behavior combined with positive reinforcement of an incompatible desired behavior
Correct Answer: Extinction of the unwanted behavior combined with positive reinforcement of an incompatible desired behavior
Explanation:
Combining extinction (removing reinforcement for the unwanted behavior) with positive reinforcement of an incompatible alternative both weakens the old response and strengthens a replacement, avoiding the emotional side effects associated with punishment.
Incorrect! Try again.
Did this save you a night before the exam?
LPU Notes is free, and it stays free. Ads cover part of the server bill.
The rest comes out of a student's own pocket: the domain, the storage,
and keeping the site up through the weeks everyone needs it at once.
The payment button didn't load. An ad blocker or a filtered network is the usual reason.
to try again.
Nothing here is ever locked, and nothing unlocks. Chip in only if it was worth it.
What it pays for →