LAN stands for Local Area Network, which connects devices within a small area such as a home, office, or building.
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2Which type of network typically covers the largest geographical area?
Common types of a network
Easy
A.LAN
B.PAN
C.WAN
D.MAN
Correct Answer: WAN
Explanation:
A WAN (Wide Area Network) spans large geographical areas, such as countries or continents. The Internet is the largest example of a WAN.
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3A network that connects devices across a single city is best described as a:
Common types of a network
Easy
A.MAN
B.LAN
C.SAN
D.PAN
Correct Answer: MAN
Explanation:
A MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) covers a city-sized area, larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.
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4Which of the following is a common use of a computer network?
Uses of a network
Easy
A.Cleaning the hard disk
B.Cooling the processor
C.Increasing a monitor's resolution
D.Sharing files and resources
Correct Answer: Sharing files and resources
Explanation:
Networks allow users to share files, printers, and other resources, which is one of their main purposes.
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5Which device is used to connect multiple computers within a network and forwards data only to the intended device?
Network Hardware
Easy
A.Keyboard
B.Monitor
C.Speaker
D.Switch
Correct Answer: Switch
Explanation:
A switch connects devices in a network and sends data only to the specific device it is meant for, making it more efficient than a hub.
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6What is the main function of a router in a network?
Network Hardware
Easy
A.To store user passwords
B.To scan documents
C.To connect different networks together
D.To display web pages
Correct Answer: To connect different networks together
Explanation:
A router connects different networks and directs data packets between them, such as linking a home network to the Internet.
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7Which hardware component is required for a computer to connect to a network?
Network Hardware
Easy
A.Power supply unit
B.Network Interface Card (NIC)
C.Sound card
D.Graphics card
Correct Answer: Network Interface Card (NIC)
Explanation:
A Network Interface Card (NIC) provides the physical connection that allows a computer to communicate on a network.
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8In which network topology are all devices connected to a single central cable?
Network topologies and Protocols
Easy
A.Mesh topology
B.Star topology
C.Bus topology
D.Ring topology
Correct Answer: Bus topology
Explanation:
In a bus topology, all devices share a single central cable (the backbone) to transmit data.
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9In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central:
Network topologies and Protocols
Easy
A.Printer
B.Hub or switch
C.Monitor
D.Modem cable
Correct Answer: Hub or switch
Explanation:
In a star topology, every device connects to a central hub or switch, which manages the flow of data.
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10In a ring topology, devices are connected in the shape of a:
Network topologies and Protocols
Easy
A.Straight line
B.Triangle
C.Closed loop
D.Square grid
Correct Answer: Closed loop
Explanation:
In a ring topology, each device connects to two others, forming a closed circular loop through which data travels.
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11What is a network protocol?
Network topologies and Protocols
Easy
A.A type of network cable
B.A brand of router
C.A set of rules for communication between devices
D.A physical network device
Correct Answer: A set of rules for communication between devices
Explanation:
A protocol is a set of rules that governs how data is transmitted and received between devices on a network.
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12Which protocol is most commonly used for communication over the Internet?
Network topologies and Protocols
Easy
A.TCP/IP
B.HTML
C.USB
D.SMTP-only
Correct Answer: TCP/IP
Explanation:
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the standard suite of protocols used for communication across the Internet.
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13Which of the following is an example of wired network media?
Network Media
Easy
A.Infrared
B.Wi-Fi signal
C.Coaxial cable
D.Bluetooth
Correct Answer: Coaxial cable
Explanation:
Coaxial cable is a physical, wired transmission medium, whereas Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and infrared are wireless.
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14Which network medium transmits data using light signals?
Network Media
Easy
A.Twisted-pair cable
B.Radio antenna
C.Fiber-optic cable
D.Coaxial cable
Correct Answer: Fiber-optic cable
Explanation:
Fiber-optic cable carries data as pulses of light, allowing very high speeds over long distances.
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15Which of the following is a wireless network medium?
Network Media
Easy
A.Fiber-optic cable
B.Wi-Fi
C.Coaxial cable
D.Twisted-pair cable
Correct Answer: Wi-Fi
Explanation:
Wi-Fi uses radio waves to transmit data without physical cables, making it a wireless medium.
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16In a client-server network, which computer provides resources and services to other computers?
How networks are structured
Easy
A.Peer
B.Terminal
C.Server
D.Client
Correct Answer: Server
Explanation:
In a client-server network, the server stores data and provides services, while clients request and use those resources.
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17In a peer-to-peer network, each computer:
How networks are structured
Easy
A.Only receives data
B.Acts as both client and server
C.Only sends data
D.Cannot share files
Correct Answer: Acts as both client and server
Explanation:
In a peer-to-peer network, every computer has equal status and can act as both a client and a server, sharing resources directly.
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18A hybrid network is best described as one that:
Hybrid Networks
Easy
A.Uses only wireless connections
B.Connects only two computers
C.Combines two or more different network types or topologies
D.Has no central server
Correct Answer: Combines two or more different network types or topologies
Explanation:
A hybrid network combines features of two or more different network types or topologies to gain their combined benefits.
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19Which technology best enables people to access and share data from almost any location?
Sharing data any time anywhere
Easy
A.A single offline hard drive
B.Cloud computing
C.A printed report
D.A standalone calculator
Correct Answer: Cloud computing
Explanation:
Cloud computing stores data on remote servers accessible over the Internet, letting users share and access it anytime, anywhere.
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20Being able to access files from any device with an Internet connection is a key benefit of:
Sharing data any time anywhere
Easy
A.Storing files on paper
B.Networking and the Internet
C.Turning off all devices
D.Using a typewriter
Correct Answer: Networking and the Internet
Explanation:
Networking and the Internet allow data to be shared and accessed remotely from many devices, anytime and anywhere.
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21A company has offices in three different cities connected together so employees can share files across all locations. Which type of network best describes this setup?
Common types of a network
Medium
A.WAN (Wide Area Network)
B.MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
C.PAN (Personal Area Network)
D.LAN (Local Area Network)
Correct Answer: WAN (Wide Area Network)
Explanation:
A WAN connects computers and networks across large geographic distances, such as offices in different cities. A LAN is limited to a single site, and a MAN typically spans one city.
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22In a network of computers arranged in a full mesh topology, how many direct cable connections are required?
Network topologies and Protocols
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
A full mesh needs links. For , that is connections.
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23In a star topology, one workstation's cable is accidentally cut. What is the most likely effect on the rest of the network?
Network topologies and Protocols
Medium
A.Data collisions increase across all nodes
B.The network automatically reroutes through the next node
C.Only that workstation loses connectivity; others keep working
D.The entire network goes down
Correct Answer: Only that workstation loses connectivity; others keep working
Explanation:
In a star topology each device connects independently to a central hub or switch, so a single broken cable isolates only that device. The rest continue functioning normally.
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24A technician needs a device that reads the destination IP address of a packet and forwards it along the best path between two different networks. Which device should be used?
Network Hardware
Medium
A.Repeater
B.Router
C.Switch
D.Hub
Correct Answer: Router
Explanation:
A router operates at the network layer and uses IP addresses to forward packets between different networks along the best available path. Hubs and switches operate within a single network.
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25Why is a switch generally preferred over a hub in a modern LAN?
Network Hardware
Medium
A.A switch works only with wireless devices
B.A switch sends data only to the intended device, reducing collisions
C.A switch amplifies the signal over long distances
D.A switch broadcasts data to every port for reliability
Correct Answer: A switch sends data only to the intended device, reducing collisions
Explanation:
A switch learns MAC addresses and forwards frames only to the target port, unlike a hub that broadcasts to all ports. This reduces collisions and improves performance.
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26An engineer needs a cable that carries data over several kilometers with very high bandwidth and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Which medium is the best fit?
Network Media
Medium
A.Coaxial cable
B.Fiber-optic cable
C.Twisted-pair copper cable
D.Unshielded telephone wire
Correct Answer: Fiber-optic cable
Explanation:
Fiber-optic cable transmits light instead of electrical signals, giving it high bandwidth, long-distance capability, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. Copper-based media are limited on all three counts.
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27A small office has each computer storing its own files and sharing them directly with others, with no central server. How is this network structured?
How networks are structured
Medium
A.Hierarchical network
B.Backbone network
C.Peer-to-peer network
D.Client-server network
Correct Answer: Peer-to-peer network
Explanation:
In a peer-to-peer network every computer acts as both client and server, sharing resources directly without a dedicated central server. This suits small setups.
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28Which situation most clearly favors a client-server structure over peer-to-peer?
How networks are structured
Medium
A.Three computers occasionally swap documents in a small room
B.An organization needs centralized user accounts and file backups for 200 employees
C.Two friends want to share files between their laptops at home
D.A single user connects a phone to a printer
Correct Answer: An organization needs centralized user accounts and file backups for 200 employees
Explanation:
Client-server structures centralize management, security, and storage, which is essential for large organizations. Peer-to-peer suits small, informal setups.
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29A network combines a star topology at each department but connects the departments' central hubs along a single main cable. This arrangement is best described as which hybrid topology?
Hybrid Networks
Medium
A.Full mesh topology
B.Point-to-point topology
C.Star-bus topology
D.Ring-mesh topology
Correct Answer: Star-bus topology
Explanation:
A star-bus (tree) topology links multiple star networks together using a common bus backbone. Each department is a star, joined along one main cable.
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30In a simple ring topology without redundancy, what happens if one connection in the ring fails?
Network topologies and Protocols
Medium
A.The whole network can be disrupted because data can no longer complete the loop
B.Performance improves due to fewer nodes
C.Only two adjacent nodes are affected
D.Data automatically switches to a star hub
Correct Answer: The whole network can be disrupted because data can no longer complete the loop
Explanation:
In a single ring, data travels around a closed loop. A single break stops the loop, disrupting the entire network unless a dual-ring backup exists.
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31Which protocol is primarily responsible for assigning IP addresses automatically to devices when they join a network?
Network topologies and Protocols
Medium
A.DHCP
B.HTTP
C.SMTP
D.FTP
Correct Answer: DHCP
Explanation:
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) automatically assigns IP addresses and configuration to devices. HTTP, SMTP, and FTP serve web, email, and file transfer respectively.
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32A user edits a document on their laptop and later opens the updated version on their phone without manually transferring it. Which technology most directly enables this?
Sharing data any time anywhere
Medium
A.A local area network switch
B.Cloud storage synchronization
C.A USB flash drive
D.A network repeater
Correct Answer: Cloud storage synchronization
Explanation:
Cloud services store data on internet-accessible servers and sync changes across devices, allowing access anytime, anywhere. The other options require manual or local-only transfers.
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33An office wants one printer to be used by all 15 employees instead of buying a printer per desk. This is an example of which primary use of a network?
Uses of a network
Medium
A.Data encryption
B.Signal amplification
C.Resource sharing
D.Protocol conversion
Correct Answer: Resource sharing
Explanation:
Sharing hardware such as printers among many users is a core use of networks, called resource sharing. It reduces cost and improves efficiency.
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34Which statement correctly distinguishes guided media from unguided media?
Network Media
Medium
A.Guided media use a physical path like cables; unguided media transmit through air
B.Guided media are slower than unguided media in all cases
C.Guided media only carry light; unguided media only carry electricity
D.Guided media are always wireless; unguided media use cables
Correct Answer: Guided media use a physical path like cables; unguided media transmit through air
Explanation:
Guided (wired) media such as twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber confine signals to a physical path. Unguided (wireless) media send signals through air using radio, microwave, or infrared.
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35Connecting a smartphone, wireless earbuds, and a smartwatch over Bluetooth around one person best describes which type of network?
Common types of a network
Medium
A.WAN (Wide Area Network)
B.PAN (Personal Area Network)
C.MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
D.LAN (Local Area Network)
Correct Answer: PAN (Personal Area Network)
Explanation:
A PAN connects personal devices within a very short range, typically a few meters, often using Bluetooth. It centers on a single user's devices.
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36A wireless signal weakens before reaching the far end of a large building. Which device would best extend the coverage?
Network Hardware
Medium
A.Wireless access point / repeater
B.Network switch
C.Router configured as a firewall
D.Modem
Correct Answer: Wireless access point / repeater
Explanation:
A wireless access point or repeater regenerates and extends the wireless signal to cover larger areas. Switches, modems, and firewalls serve different roles.
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37Which pair of protocols together forms the foundational suite for communication on the internet?
Network topologies and Protocols
Medium
A.TCP/IP
B.DNS/DHCP
C.SMTP/POP3
D.HTTP/FTP
Correct Answer: TCP/IP
Explanation:
TCP handles reliable data delivery and IP handles addressing and routing. Together, TCP/IP is the core protocol suite of the internet.
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38Which device converts digital data from a computer into signals suitable for transmission over a telephone or cable line, and back again?
Network Hardware
Medium
A.Modem
B.Access point
C.Bridge
D.Switch
Correct Answer: Modem
Explanation:
A modem modulates digital data into analog (or line-suitable) signals for transmission and demodulates incoming signals back to digital. The name comes from modulate-demodulate.
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39A team spread across different locations uses shared calendars, instant messaging, and video calls to work on the same project. This use of a network is best categorized as:
Uses of a network
Medium
A.Hardware amplification
B.Topology mapping
C.Media conversion
D.Communication and collaboration
Correct Answer: Communication and collaboration
Explanation:
Networks enable people to communicate and collaborate through messaging, shared calendars, and video conferencing regardless of location. This is a key benefit of networking.
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40Why do large organizations often build hybrid networks rather than using a single pure topology?
Hybrid Networks
Medium
A.Pure topologies cannot connect to the internet
B.They combine the strengths of different topologies to suit varied needs and scale
C.A single topology cannot use any network protocol
D.Hybrid networks always require fewer cables than any single topology
Correct Answer: They combine the strengths of different topologies to suit varied needs and scale
Explanation:
Hybrid networks mix topologies such as star and bus so an organization can balance reliability, cost, and scalability across different departments and needs.
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41An organization spans a metropolitan area with several campuses, each roughly 3-5 km apart, interconnected by high-speed fiber owned by a city consortium. Individual buildings within each campus use their own switched Ethernet segments. Which classification most precisely describes the inter-campus interconnection?
Common types of a network
Hard
A.PAN
B.SAN
C.LAN
D.MAN
Correct Answer: MAN
Explanation:
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) spans a city or metropolitan region (typically a few to tens of km), which matches campuses 3-5 km apart interconnected across a city. The intra-campus building segments are LANs, but the inter-campus link is a MAN.
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42In a fully connected (mesh) network with nodes, the number of dedicated point-to-point links required is . If an administrator must scale from 8 nodes to 12 nodes, how many additional links must be installed?
Network topologies and Protocols
Hard
A.28
B.38
C.66
D.16
Correct Answer: 38
Explanation:
For 8 nodes: . For 12 nodes: . The additional links needed are .
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43A frame arrives at a device that examines the destination MAC address, consults a forwarding table built from observed source addresses, and sends the frame only out the port where that address resides. If the address is unknown, it floods all ports except the ingress port. Which device exhibits exactly this behavior?
Network Hardware
Hard
A.Router
B.Repeater
C.Hub
D.Switch
Correct Answer: Switch
Explanation:
A Layer 2 switch learns MAC addresses from source fields, forwards frames selectively using its MAC table, and floods only when the destination is unknown. A hub broadcasts everything, a repeater regenerates signals, and a router operates on IP addresses at Layer 3.
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44A star-wired network has all hosts connected to a single central switch. An engineer argues this design has a single point of failure. Which precise statement correctly characterizes the failure behavior of a pure star topology?
Network topologies and Protocols
Hard
A.Failure of the central device isolates all hosts, but failure of any single host link affects only that host
B.Failure of a host link causes a broadcast storm across all remaining hosts
C.Failure of the central device affects only half the hosts due to load balancing
D.Failure of any single host link brings down the entire network
Correct Answer: Failure of the central device isolates all hosts, but failure of any single host link affects only that host
Explanation:
In a star topology, the central node is the single point of failure. A break in one host's cable only disconnects that host, so the star isolates individual link faults while remaining vulnerable at the hub/switch.
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45An installer must run a link through an environment with heavy electromagnetic interference from industrial motors, across a 400 m distance, with immunity to electrical noise and no ground-loop issues. Which medium best satisfies all constraints?
Network Media
Hard
A.Shielded twisted pair (STP)
B.Single-mode fiber optic cable
C.Coaxial cable (RG-6)
D.Unshielded twisted pair (Cat 6)
Correct Answer: Single-mode fiber optic cable
Explanation:
Fiber transmits light, so it is completely immune to EMI, carries no electrical current (eliminating ground loops), and supports distances far beyond copper's ~100 m limit. STP reduces but does not eliminate EMI and is still distance-limited.
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46A small firm's file server also runs the print queue and shares folders, while every workstation can additionally share its own local files directly with peers without going through the server. Which statement best describes this arrangement?
How networks are structured
Hard
A.It is a hybrid of client/server and peer-to-peer models
B.It is a pure peer-to-peer network
C.It is a pure client/server network
D.It is a thin-client architecture
Correct Answer: It is a hybrid of client/server and peer-to-peer models
Explanation:
A dedicated server providing centralized file/print services indicates client/server, while workstations sharing directly with each other indicate peer-to-peer. Combining both is a hybrid networking model.
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47A campus backbone connects several departmental networks: one is wired as a star, another as a ring, and a third as a bus, all joined through a central backbone switch. What is the most accurate topological description of the overall network?
Hybrid Networks
Hard
A.A mesh topology
B.A daisy-chained bus topology
C.A hybrid topology
D.A pure star topology
Correct Answer: A hybrid topology
Explanation:
When two or more distinct basic topologies (star, ring, bus) are interconnected into one larger network, the result is a hybrid topology. It is not mesh because there is no full point-to-point interconnection among all nodes.
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48Two hosts on a shared half-duplex Ethernet segment transmit simultaneously and detect a collision. Which protocol mechanism governs how they recover and retry?
Network topologies and Protocols
Hard
A.CSMA/CA with RTS/CTS handshaking
B.CSMA/CD with binary exponential backoff
C.Token passing with priority reservation
D.Stop-and-wait ARQ with cumulative acknowledgment
Correct Answer: CSMA/CD with binary exponential backoff
Explanation:
Wired half-duplex Ethernet uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD). After a collision, each station waits a random interval chosen from an exponentially growing window (binary exponential backoff) before retransmitting. CSMA/CA is used in wireless where collisions cannot be reliably detected.
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49A network segment's traffic must be filtered based on IP addresses and forwarded between two different logical networks ( and ). A technician mistakenly installs a Layer 2 switch. Why will communication between the two networks fail?
Network Hardware
Hard
A.A switch drops all packets larger than 1500 bytes across subnets
B.A switch only supports a single broadcast domain per port
D.A switch does not perform Layer 3 routing between different IP subnets
Correct Answer: A switch does not perform Layer 3 routing between different IP subnets
Explanation:
Forwarding traffic between distinct IP networks requires routing (Layer 3), which examines IP addresses and makes forwarding decisions across subnets. A Layer 2 switch only forwards based on MAC addresses within the same broadcast domain, so a router is required.
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50A gigabit link over Cat 5e copper is specified for a maximum segment length of 100 m. An installer runs a 140 m cable to reach a distant office. What is the correct engineering remedy that preserves signal integrity?
Network Media
Hard
A.Wrap the cable in additional shielding to extend its range
B.Increase the wire gauge and continue the full 140 m run
C.Insert a switch or repeater within the 100 m limit to regenerate the signal
D.Add a terminating resistor at both ends of the 140 m cable
Correct Answer: Insert a switch or repeater within the 100 m limit to regenerate the signal
Explanation:
Twisted-pair Ethernet has a hard 100 m limit due to attenuation and timing. To span longer distances you must regenerate the signal with an active device (switch/repeater) placed within the limit, or switch to fiber. Shielding and thicker wire do not overcome the standardized distance constraint.
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51An organization wants employees to access the same up-to-date customer database from multiple locations simultaneously, with a single authoritative copy. Which networking benefit is most directly being leveraged, and what design implication does 'single authoritative copy' impose?
Uses of a network
Hard
A.Centralized data sharing, requiring concurrency control to prevent conflicting updates
B.Hardware sharing, requiring identical NIC models on every host
C.Bandwidth aggregation, requiring link-layer trunking on all clients
D.Fault tolerance, requiring each client to keep a full local replica
Correct Answer: Centralized data sharing, requiring concurrency control to prevent conflicting updates
Explanation:
Accessing one shared authoritative database is centralized data sharing. Because many users may read and write concurrently, the design must enforce concurrency control (locking, transactions) to keep the single copy consistent. A single authoritative copy specifically rules out full local replicas.
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52A company with 500 employees needs centralized authentication, enforced security policies, and role-based access to shared resources managed from one point. Which network structure is most appropriate, and why is the peer-to-peer alternative unsuitable at this scale?
How networks are structured
Hard
A.Client/server, because peer-to-peer lacks centralized administration and scales poorly for security
B.Peer-to-peer, because it distributes authentication load across all hosts
C.Client/server, because peer-to-peer cannot transmit files larger than 4 GB
D.Peer-to-peer, because it provides built-in role-based access control by default
Correct Answer: Client/server, because peer-to-peer lacks centralized administration and scales poorly for security
Explanation:
Client/server networks centralize authentication and policy on dedicated servers, which is essential for hundreds of users. Peer-to-peer networks manage accounts and permissions independently on each machine, making centralized security and role-based access impractical at large scale.
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53In a ring topology using token passing, a single node fails and does not forward the token. Assuming no bypass or self-healing mechanism, what is the immediate consequence?
Network topologies and Protocols
Hard
A.The ring automatically reroutes traffic through a backup star hub
B.The entire ring stops functioning because the token cannot circulate
C.Only the failed node is isolated; the rest continue normally
D.Bandwidth doubles for the remaining nodes due to reduced contention
Correct Answer: The entire ring stops functioning because the token cannot circulate
Explanation:
In a basic ring, each node relays the token to the next. A node that stops forwarding breaks the loop, so the token cannot complete its circuit and the whole network halts. Self-healing dual rings mitigate this, but a pure single ring has no bypass.
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54A wireless access point bridges wireless clients onto a wired LAN. A student claims it is 'just a wireless switch.' Which distinction is most accurate?
Network Hardware
Hard
A.An AP performs Layer 3 routing while a switch only floods frames
B.An AP and a switch are functionally identical, differing only in casing
C.An AP assigns IP addresses via DHCP whereas a switch cannot forward frames
D.An AP translates between wireless (802.11) and wired (802.3) media, whereas a switch forwards frames within a single wired medium
Correct Answer: An AP translates between wireless (802.11) and wired (802.3) media, whereas a switch forwards frames within a single wired medium
Explanation:
An access point acts as a bridge between the 802.11 wireless medium and the 802.3 wired medium, handling media conversion. A switch forwards frames among ports on the same wired medium. The AP's defining role is joining two different media types, not routing or DHCP.
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55A remote worker edits a document offline on a laptop, and it syncs to cloud storage when connectivity resumes; meanwhile a colleague edited the same file. What core challenge of 'any time, anywhere' data sharing does this scenario expose?
Sharing data any time anywhere
Hard
A.Incompatible file formats between the two devices
B.Insufficient link bandwidth for uploading the document
C.Synchronization conflict resolution when concurrent offline edits are reconciled
D.Lack of physical cabling between the two workers
Correct Answer: Synchronization conflict resolution when concurrent offline edits are reconciled
Explanation:
When multiple users edit the same file offline and later sync, the system must reconcile divergent versions, which is a synchronization conflict. Anytime-anywhere access enables offline work but introduces the need for conflict detection and resolution, not merely bandwidth or format issues.
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56A user connects a smartphone, wireless earbuds, and a smartwatch that all communicate directly with each other over Bluetooth within about a 2-meter radius around the user. Which network classification fits, and which characteristic distinguishes it from a LAN?
Common types of a network
Hard
A.LAN, distinguished by its use of Bluetooth radios
B.PAN, distinguished by its very short personal-space range around one user
C.WAN, distinguished by its use of wireless connectivity
D.MAN, distinguished by its mobility across the city
Correct Answer: PAN, distinguished by its very short personal-space range around one user
Explanation:
A Personal Area Network (PAN) interconnects a single person's devices within a few meters, typically via Bluetooth. Its defining feature is the extremely short personal-space range, which distinguishes it from a LAN that covers a building or campus.
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57A protocol stack must reliably deliver ordered bytes over an unreliable IP network, retransmitting lost segments. Which protocol provides this, and at which layer does it operate relative to IP?
Network topologies and Protocols
Hard
A.IP, operating at the same layer as itself
B.TCP, operating at the transport layer above IP
C.UDP, operating at the transport layer above IP
D.HTTP, operating at the network layer below IP
Correct Answer: TCP, operating at the transport layer above IP
Explanation:
TCP is a connection-oriented transport-layer protocol that provides reliable, ordered, retransmitted delivery on top of the best-effort IP network layer. UDP is connectionless and unreliable, and HTTP is an application-layer protocol that runs above TCP.
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58Comparing single-mode and multi-mode fiber, an engineer must choose for a long-haul 20 km backbone. Which choice and rationale is correct?
Network Media
Hard
A.Multi-mode, because single-mode cannot span more than 500 m
B.Single-mode, because its narrow core reduces modal dispersion and supports far longer distances
C.Multi-mode, because its wider core carries more simultaneous data streams over long distances
D.Single-mode, because it requires cheaper LED light sources for long runs
Correct Answer: Single-mode, because its narrow core reduces modal dispersion and supports far longer distances
Explanation:
Single-mode fiber has a narrow core that allows essentially one light path, minimizing modal dispersion and enabling reach of tens of kilometers. Multi-mode fiber's wider core causes more dispersion and is limited to shorter distances, making single-mode the correct long-haul choice.
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59A firm consolidates 40 individual printers into 4 shared network printers accessed by all staff. Beyond cost savings, which pair of trade-offs must the network design explicitly manage?
Uses of a network
Hard
A.Higher electricity per page and slower CPU clock speeds
B.Print-queue contention and a shared single point of failure per printer
C.Loss of color printing and reduced document resolution
D.Increased cabling cost and mandatory fiber upgrades
Correct Answer: Print-queue contention and a shared single point of failure per printer
Explanation:
Sharing hardware over a network introduces contention (multiple users queuing for one device) and concentrates dependency, so a shared printer failure affects many users. These availability/contention trade-offs must be managed, whereas print quality and CPU speed are unrelated to sharing.
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60An architect must decide between placing intelligence on powerful central servers with lightweight clients versus giving each host full processing capability. For an environment with strict centralized control, easy backup, and low per-seat maintenance, which model and consequence is correct?
How networks are structured
Hard
A.Thin-client/server distributes all data to clients, eliminating any single bottleneck
B.Peer-to-peer centralizes processing on each host, simplifying backup but overloading the network
C.Thin-client/server centralizes processing and data, simplifying backup but making the server a critical bottleneck
D.Peer-to-peer eliminates the need for any central backup because every host is authoritative
Correct Answer: Thin-client/server centralizes processing and data, simplifying backup but making the server a critical bottleneck
Explanation:
A thin-client model concentrates computation and storage on the server, giving centralized control and straightforward backup with minimal client maintenance. The trade-off is that the server becomes a performance and availability bottleneck, since clients depend heavily on it.
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