Unit 3: Measurement Scales and Central Tendency - Practice Quiz

MGN206 — Research Methodology 60 Questions
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1 Which measurement scale classifies data into categories without any order?

Measurement Scales Easy
A. Nominal scale
B. Interval scale
C. Ordinal scale
D. Ratio scale

2 Which measurement scale arranges data in a meaningful order?

Measurement Scales Easy
A. Interval scale
B. Nominal scale
C. Ratio scale
D. Ordinal scale

3 Which scale has equal intervals but no true zero point?

Measurement Scales Easy
A. Nominal scale
B. Ordinal scale
C. Interval scale
D. Ratio scale

4 Which measurement scale includes a meaningful zero point?

Measurement Scales Easy
A. Interval scale
B. Ratio scale
C. Ordinal scale
D. Nominal scale

5 What does a comparative scale require respondents to do?

Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales Easy
A. Calculate a frequency
B. Compare two or more objects
C. Describe one object
D. Choose a sampling method

6 Which is an example of a comparative scaling technique?

Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales Easy
A. Likert rating
B. Semantic differential
C. Numerical rating
D. Paired comparison

7 What does a non-comparative scale measure?

Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales Easy
A. The size of a sample
B. An object independently
C. The source of a dataset
D. Only two objects together

8 Which scale commonly asks respondents to indicate their level of agreement?

Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales Easy
A. Paired comparison scale
B. Rank-order scale
C. Likert scale
D. Constant-sum scale

9 What is primary data?

Primary and Secondary Data Sources Easy
A. Data taken from an old report
B. Data collected firsthand
C. Data summarized by another researcher
D. Data copied from a textbook

10 Which is an example of a primary data collection method?

Primary and Secondary Data Sources Easy
A. Reading a census report
B. Examining an annual report
C. Conducting interviews
D. Using a journal article

11 What is secondary data?

Primary and Secondary Data Sources Easy
A. Data collected for the current study
B. Data collected only through interviews
C. Data without any numerical values
D. Data previously collected by others

12 Which is a common source of secondary data?

Primary and Secondary Data Sources Easy
A. A new respondent interview
B. A newly distributed questionnaire
C. Published government statistics
D. A current field observation

13 What is a questionnaire?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Easy
A. A list of sampling locations
B. A table of statistical results
C. A record of research expenses
D. A list of research questions

14 Which type of question provides respondents with a fixed set of answers?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Easy
A. Hypothetical question
B. Open-ended question
C. Closed-ended question
D. Leading question

15 Which type of question allows respondents to answer in their own words?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Easy
A. Open-ended question
B. Filter question
C. Closed-ended question
D. Ranking question

16 What is coding in data preparation?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Easy
A. Selecting the research population
B. Collecting responses from participants
C. Writing the research conclusion
D. Assigning symbols or numbers to responses

17 What is the purpose of editing collected data?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Easy
A. To check data for errors
B. To increase the sample size
C. To change the research topic
D. To remove all unusual findings

18 Which measure of central tendency is found by adding all values and dividing by their number?

Measurement of Central Tendency Easy
A. Mode
B. Mean
C. Range
D. Median

19 What is the median of the ordered values ?

Measurement of Central Tendency Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.

20 What is the mode of the values ?

Measurement of Central Tendency Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.

21 A hotel records customer satisfaction as Poor, Fair, Good, and Excellent. Which measurement scale is being used?

Measurement Scales Medium
A. Ordinal scale
B. Nominal scale
C. Interval scale
D. Ratio scale

22 A researcher measures room temperature in degrees Celsius. Why is this considered an interval scale rather than a ratio scale?

Measurement Scales Medium
A. The zero point is arbitrary
B. The intervals are not equal
C. The values cannot be ranked
D. The values must be positive

23 A dataset contains annual revenue in dollars and business region labels such as North, South, East, and West. What are their respective measurement scales?

Measurement Scales Medium
A. Revenue: ordinal; region: nominal
B. Revenue: interval; region: ordinal
C. Revenue: ratio; region: nominal
D. Revenue: ratio; region: ordinal

24 Exact ages are converted into the categories Under 25, 25–34, 35–44, and 45 or above. What is the resulting measurement scale?

Measurement Scales Medium
A. Nominal scale
B. Ordinal scale
C. Interval scale
D. Ratio scale

25 A respondent is repeatedly shown two smartphone brands and asked which one is preferred. Which scaling technique is being used?

Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales Medium
A. Paired-comparison scaling
B. Constant-sum scaling
C. Semantic differential scaling
D. Rank-order scaling across all brands in one complete ordering

26 Consumers distribute 100 points among price, quality, design, and durability according to their relative importance. Which scale is this?

Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales Medium
A. Constant-sum scale
B. Rank-order scale
C. Likert rating scale
D. Paired-comparison scale

27 A customer rates the statement My bank provides reliable service from 1 = Strongly disagree to 5 = Strongly agree, without evaluating another bank. How should this scale be classified?

Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales Medium
A. Non-comparative Likert scale
B. Non-comparative Stapel scale
C. Comparative rank-order scale
D. Comparative constant-sum scale

28 A bank is rated on seven-point scales anchored by Efficient–Inefficient, Modern–Traditional, and Friendly–Unfriendly. Which technique is used?

Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales Medium
A. Likert agreement format
B. Stapel numerical rating
C. Constant-sum allocation
D. Semantic differential

29 A company conducts new in-depth interviews with former customers to understand why they stopped purchasing. What type of data is primarily generated?

Primary and Secondary Data Sources Medium
A. Primary qualitative data
B. Primary quantitative data
C. Secondary internal data
D. Secondary syndicated data collected previously for several unrelated firms

30 A researcher downloads a published national census table from a government website. How should this source be classified?

Primary and Secondary Data Sources Medium
A. Primary external data
B. Secondary internal data
C. Secondary external data
D. Primary internal data

31 A retailer analyzes its existing sales transaction database to plan a new loyalty program. Which type of data is being used?

Primary and Secondary Data Sources Medium
A. Primary external data
B. Secondary internal data
C. Secondary external data
D. Primary internal data

32 A secondary dataset defines a regular customer as someone purchasing once a year, but the current study defines one as purchasing monthly. What should the researcher evaluate most carefully?

Primary and Secondary Data Sources Medium
A. Cost of fieldwork
B. Compatibility of definitions
C. Speed of data entry
D. Size of sampling error

33 A questionnaire asks, How satisfied are you with the speed and courtesy of our service? What is the best revision?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Medium
A. Replace both attributes with overall quality
B. Ask only about the speed of service
C. Keep one item and instruct respondents to average both attributes before choosing a rating
D. Split speed and courtesy into two items

34 A respondent answers No to Have you purchased online in the past six months? What should a well-designed questionnaire do next?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Medium
A. Skip questions about recent online purchases
B. Repeat the screening question differently
C. Require estimates of online spending
D. End the questionnaire without recording the answer

35 A survey contains hundreds of open-ended occupation responses. What is the most appropriate preparation step before quantitative analysis?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Medium
A. Develop a coding frame and assign category codes
B. Treat every spelling variation as a completely separate occupation category
C. Delete responses containing uncommon occupational titles
D. Convert each response into its total character count

36 On a five-point questionnaire, most items use 5 = Very satisfied, but one item uses 1 = Very satisfied. If that item is reverse-coded using , what will an original response of become?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.

37 A student receives scores of , , and in courses carrying , , and credits, respectively. What is the credit-weighted mean score?

Measurement of Central Tendency Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.

38 The mean of eight observations was calculated as . One value recorded as should have been . What is the corrected mean?

Measurement of Central Tendency Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.

39 The values , , , and have frequencies , , , and , respectively. What is the median?

Measurement of Central Tendency Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.

40 A company's salary distribution contains many moderate salaries and a few extremely high executive salaries. Which measure best represents a typical employee's salary?

Measurement of Central Tendency Medium
A. Median
B. Arithmetic mean
C. Range midpoint calculated from the lowest and highest salaries
D. Geometric mean

41 A researcher codes customer satisfaction as 1 = very dissatisfied, 2 = dissatisfied, 3 = neutral, 4 = satisfied, and 5 = very satisfied. Which analysis is most defensible without assuming equal distances between categories?

Measurement Scales Hard
A. Calculate a coefficient of variation
B. Interpret category 5 as five times category 1
C. Report the median and use rank-based comparisons
D. Compute the arithmetic mean and variance

42 A temperature variable is recorded in Celsius and then converted to Fahrenheit. Which statement remains valid after the conversion?

Measurement Scales Hard
A. The ratio of two temperatures remains unchanged
B. Rank order and interval differences remain interpretable
C. Zero continues to represent absolute absence
D. Multiplication-based comparisons remain substantively meaningful

43 A survey asks respondents to identify their preferred payment method: cash, debit card, credit card, or mobile wallet. The researcher codes the responses as 1 through 4. What is the strongest conclusion?

Measurement Scales Hard
A. The variable becomes ordinal because numerical codes are ordered
B. The variable becomes ratio because four categories exist
C. The variable becomes interval after frequency tabulation
D. The variable remains nominal because the codes are labels

44 A scale measures annual income in dollars, but all observations are converted from dollars to thousands of dollars. Which statistic is unaffected by this rescaling?

Measurement Scales Hard
A. The arithmetic mean
B. The interquartile range
C. The coefficient of variation
D. The standard deviation

45 A respondent must distribute exactly 100 points among four smartphone attributes to indicate their relative importance. What is the primary characteristic of this scale?

Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales Hard
A. It produces unordered category classifications
B. It produces direct physical measurements
C. It produces relative importance judgments
D. It produces independent absolute ratings

46 In a paired-comparison study of five brands, each respondent evaluates every possible pair once. How many comparisons does each respondent complete?

Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales Hard
A. 10 comparisons
B. 15 comparisons
C. 25 comparisons
D. 20 comparisons

47 A researcher wants respondents to rate perceived service quality from 1 to 7 for each hotel independently, without forcing comparisons among hotels. Which scale is most appropriate?

Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales Hard
A. Constant-sum scale
B. Rank-order scale
C. Paired-comparison scale
D. Likert-type rating scale

48 A ranking question asks respondents to order eight brands from most preferred to least preferred. Which limitation is most directly introduced by this design?

Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales Hard
A. It requires equal spacing between ranks
B. It produces a ratio-level preference score
C. It reveals order but not preference magnitude
D. It prevents comparison among the brands

49 A company uses government census tables collected five years earlier to estimate the current market size of a rapidly changing technology product. What is the main methodological concern?

Primary and Secondary Data Sources Hard
A. Census data cannot support numerical analysis
B. The data are primary rather than secondary
C. Secondary data always have low reliability
D. The source may lack temporal relevance

50 A researcher combines transaction records from a retailer with interviews conducted specifically for the research project. How should these sources be classified from the researcher's perspective?

Primary and Secondary Data Sources Hard
A. Both sources are secondary data
B. Records are secondary and interviews are primary
C. Records are primary and interviews are secondary
D. Both sources are primary data

51 Before using an archived industry survey, a researcher discovers that its sampling frame excluded informal businesses, although the current study concerns all businesses. Which evaluation criterion is most seriously compromised?

Primary and Secondary Data Sources Hard
A. Cost efficiency of collection
B. Consistency of numerical coding
C. Representativeness of coverage
D. Accuracy of data entry

52 Two secondary databases report different unemployment rates for the same year. Which first step best supports a defensible comparison?

Primary and Secondary Data Sources Hard
A. Average the two reported rates
B. Compare definitions, populations, and reference periods
C. Discard both sources because they disagree
D. Choose the database with the larger sample

53 Which questionnaire item has the greatest risk of producing ambiguous responses?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Hard
A. How many hours did you work yesterday?
B. Did you purchase the product this month?
C. Which department employs you?
D. How satisfied are you with price and durability?

54 A questionnaire asks, "You agree that the new policy is beneficial, don't you?" What is the most important design problem?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Hard
A. The question measures a nominal variable
B. The question contains a leading wording effect
C. The question uses an excessively narrow time frame
D. The question lacks a numerical response code

55 A respondent leaves an income item blank because the question does not apply to them. The analyst recodes the blank as zero. What is the most likely consequence?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Hard
A. It converts income into an ordinal variable
B. It removes all nonresponse bias
C. It may artificially reduce the estimated income
D. It guarantees a larger usable sample

56 A dataset contains ages of 8, 12, 19, 24, and 240 years. Which data-preparation action is most appropriate before calculating descriptive statistics?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Hard
A. Verify the record against the questionnaire or source
B. Automatically replace 240 with the sample mean
C. Delete the entire dataset because one value is extreme
D. Recode every age into a nominal category

57 A negatively worded Likert item is scored from 1 to 5, where 5 indicates strong agreement. To combine it with positively worded items measuring the same construct, what transformation is required?

Questionnaire and Preparation of Data Hard
A. Convert each response into a percentage rank
B. Add 1 to every response
C. Reverse-code using
D. Replace each value with its frequency

58 The values in a dataset are . Which measure best represents a typical observation when the extreme value is believed to be genuine?

Measurement of Central Tendency Hard
A. Median
B. Arithmetic mean
C. Maximum value
D. Range midpoint

59 A firm reports salaries using the arithmetic mean, but a small group of executives earns substantially more than all other employees. Which alternative would usually provide a more representative description of a typical employee's salary?

Measurement of Central Tendency Hard
A. The upper quartile only
B. The median salary
C. The salary range
D. The highest salary

60 A distribution has mean , median , and mode . Which shape is most consistent with these values?

Measurement of Central Tendency Hard
A. A positively skewed distribution
B. A negatively skewed distribution
C. A uniform distribution with no concentration
D. A perfectly symmetric distribution