1Which measurement scale classifies data into categories without any order?
Measurement Scales
Easy
A.Nominal scale
B.Interval scale
C.Ordinal scale
D.Ratio scale
Correct Answer: Nominal scale
Explanation:
A nominal scale classifies data into distinct categories with no meaningful order.
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2Which measurement scale arranges data in a meaningful order?
Measurement Scales
Easy
A.Interval scale
B.Nominal scale
C.Ratio scale
D.Ordinal scale
Correct Answer: Ordinal scale
Explanation:
An ordinal scale shows the rank or order of categories, but the differences between ranks may not be equal.
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3Which scale has equal intervals but no true zero point?
Measurement Scales
Easy
A.Nominal scale
B.Ordinal scale
C.Interval scale
D.Ratio scale
Correct Answer: Interval scale
Explanation:
An interval scale has equal distances between values, but zero does not represent a complete absence of the variable.
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4Which measurement scale includes a meaningful zero point?
Measurement Scales
Easy
A.Interval scale
B.Ratio scale
C.Ordinal scale
D.Nominal scale
Correct Answer: Ratio scale
Explanation:
A ratio scale has equal intervals and a true zero, allowing meaningful comparisons such as twice or half.
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5What does a comparative scale require respondents to do?
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales
Easy
A.Calculate a frequency
B.Compare two or more objects
C.Describe one object
D.Choose a sampling method
Correct Answer: Compare two or more objects
Explanation:
Comparative scales ask respondents to evaluate one object in relation to another object or group of objects.
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6Which is an example of a comparative scaling technique?
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales
Easy
A.Likert rating
B.Semantic differential
C.Numerical rating
D.Paired comparison
Correct Answer: Paired comparison
Explanation:
In paired comparison, respondents compare two objects and select one according to a specified criterion.
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7What does a non-comparative scale measure?
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales
Easy
A.The size of a sample
B.An object independently
C.The source of a dataset
D.Only two objects together
Correct Answer: An object independently
Explanation:
A non-comparative scale asks respondents to rate or describe an object without directly comparing it with another object.
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8Which scale commonly asks respondents to indicate their level of agreement?
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales
Easy
A.Paired comparison scale
B.Rank-order scale
C.Likert scale
D.Constant-sum scale
Correct Answer: Likert scale
Explanation:
A Likert scale commonly measures agreement or disagreement with statements.
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9What is primary data?
Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Easy
A.Data taken from an old report
B.Data collected firsthand
C.Data summarized by another researcher
D.Data copied from a textbook
Correct Answer: Data collected firsthand
Explanation:
Primary data are collected directly by the researcher for a specific study.
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10Which is an example of a primary data collection method?
Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Easy
A.Reading a census report
B.Examining an annual report
C.Conducting interviews
D.Using a journal article
Correct Answer: Conducting interviews
Explanation:
Interviews collect new information directly from respondents and are therefore a primary data method.
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11What is secondary data?
Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Easy
A.Data collected for the current study
B.Data collected only through interviews
C.Data without any numerical values
D.Data previously collected by others
Correct Answer: Data previously collected by others
Explanation:
Secondary data already exist because they were collected by another person or organization for an earlier purpose.
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12Which is a common source of secondary data?
Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Easy
A.A new respondent interview
B.A newly distributed questionnaire
C.Published government statistics
D.A current field observation
Correct Answer: Published government statistics
Explanation:
Published government statistics are existing information that researchers can use as secondary data.
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13What is a questionnaire?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Easy
A.A list of sampling locations
B.A table of statistical results
C.A record of research expenses
D.A list of research questions
Correct Answer: A list of research questions
Explanation:
A questionnaire is a structured set of questions used to collect information from respondents.
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14Which type of question provides respondents with a fixed set of answers?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Easy
A.Hypothetical question
B.Open-ended question
C.Closed-ended question
D.Leading question
Correct Answer: Closed-ended question
Explanation:
Closed-ended questions provide predefined response options for respondents to select.
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15Which type of question allows respondents to answer in their own words?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Easy
A.Open-ended question
B.Filter question
C.Closed-ended question
D.Ranking question
Correct Answer: Open-ended question
Explanation:
Open-ended questions do not restrict respondents to predefined options and allow answers in their own words.
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16What is coding in data preparation?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Easy
A.Selecting the research population
B.Collecting responses from participants
C.Writing the research conclusion
D.Assigning symbols or numbers to responses
Correct Answer: Assigning symbols or numbers to responses
Explanation:
Coding assigns numbers or symbols to responses so that the data can be organized and analyzed.
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17What is the purpose of editing collected data?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Easy
A.To check data for errors
B.To increase the sample size
C.To change the research topic
D.To remove all unusual findings
Correct Answer: To check data for errors
Explanation:
Editing involves checking responses for completeness, consistency, and possible errors.
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18Which measure of central tendency is found by adding all values and dividing by their number?
Measurement of Central Tendency
Easy
A.Mode
B.Mean
C.Range
D.Median
Correct Answer: Mean
Explanation:
The arithmetic mean is calculated as the sum of all values divided by the number of values.
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19What is the median of the ordered values ?
Measurement of Central Tendency
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The median is the middle value in an ordered list. Here, is in the middle.
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20What is the mode of the values ?
Measurement of Central Tendency
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The mode is the value that occurs most frequently. The value appears twice.
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21A hotel records customer satisfaction as Poor, Fair, Good, and Excellent. Which measurement scale is being used?
Measurement Scales
Medium
A.Ordinal scale
B.Nominal scale
C.Interval scale
D.Ratio scale
Correct Answer: Ordinal scale
Explanation:
The categories have a meaningful order, but the differences between adjacent categories are not measurable or necessarily equal.
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22A researcher measures room temperature in degrees Celsius. Why is this considered an interval scale rather than a ratio scale?
Measurement Scales
Medium
A.The zero point is arbitrary
B.The intervals are not equal
C.The values cannot be ranked
D.The values must be positive
Correct Answer: The zero point is arbitrary
Explanation:
Celsius has equal intervals, but C does not represent the complete absence of temperature, so ratios are not meaningful.
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23A dataset contains annual revenue in dollars and business region labels such as North, South, East, and West. What are their respective measurement scales?
Measurement Scales
Medium
A.Revenue: ordinal; region: nominal
B.Revenue: interval; region: ordinal
C.Revenue: ratio; region: nominal
D.Revenue: ratio; region: ordinal
Correct Answer: Revenue: ratio; region: nominal
Explanation:
Revenue has a meaningful zero and supports ratio comparisons, while region labels are unordered categories.
Incorrect! Try again.
24Exact ages are converted into the categories Under 25, 25–34, 35–44, and 45 or above. What is the resulting measurement scale?
Measurement Scales
Medium
A.Nominal scale
B.Ordinal scale
C.Interval scale
D.Ratio scale
Correct Answer: Ordinal scale
Explanation:
The age groups have a natural order, but the grouped values no longer retain exact numerical distances or ratios.
Incorrect! Try again.
25A respondent is repeatedly shown two smartphone brands and asked which one is preferred. Which scaling technique is being used?
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales
Medium
A.Paired-comparison scaling
B.Constant-sum scaling
C.Semantic differential scaling
D.Rank-order scaling across all brands in one complete ordering
Correct Answer: Paired-comparison scaling
Explanation:
Paired-comparison scaling requires respondents to select one preferred alternative from each pair presented.
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26Consumers distribute 100 points among price, quality, design, and durability according to their relative importance. Which scale is this?
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales
Medium
A.Constant-sum scale
B.Rank-order scale
C.Likert rating scale
D.Paired-comparison scale
Correct Answer: Constant-sum scale
Explanation:
A constant-sum scale asks respondents to allocate a fixed total, commonly 100 points, among competing attributes.
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27A customer rates the statement My bank provides reliable service from 1 = Strongly disagree to 5 = Strongly agree, without evaluating another bank. How should this scale be classified?
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales
Medium
A.Non-comparative Likert scale
B.Non-comparative Stapel scale
C.Comparative rank-order scale
D.Comparative constant-sum scale
Correct Answer: Non-comparative Likert scale
Explanation:
The respondent evaluates one object independently using ordered agreement categories, making it a non-comparative Likert scale.
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28A bank is rated on seven-point scales anchored by Efficient–Inefficient, Modern–Traditional, and Friendly–Unfriendly. Which technique is used?
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales
Medium
A.Likert agreement format
B.Stapel numerical rating
C.Constant-sum allocation
D.Semantic differential
Correct Answer: Semantic differential
Explanation:
A semantic differential scale measures attitudes using bipolar adjective pairs placed at opposite ends of a rating scale.
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29A company conducts new in-depth interviews with former customers to understand why they stopped purchasing. What type of data is primarily generated?
Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Medium
A.Primary qualitative data
B.Primary quantitative data
C.Secondary internal data
D.Secondary syndicated data collected previously for several unrelated firms
Correct Answer: Primary qualitative data
Explanation:
The interviews collect original, non-numerical information directly for the current research problem.
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30A researcher downloads a published national census table from a government website. How should this source be classified?
Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Medium
A.Primary external data
B.Secondary internal data
C.Secondary external data
D.Primary internal data
Correct Answer: Secondary external data
Explanation:
The census data were previously collected by an outside organization, so they are secondary and external.
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31A retailer analyzes its existing sales transaction database to plan a new loyalty program. Which type of data is being used?
Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Medium
A.Primary external data
B.Secondary internal data
C.Secondary external data
D.Primary internal data
Correct Answer: Secondary internal data
Explanation:
The records already exist within the organization and were originally created for operational purposes.
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32A secondary dataset defines a regular customer as someone purchasing once a year, but the current study defines one as purchasing monthly. What should the researcher evaluate most carefully?
Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Medium
A.Cost of fieldwork
B.Compatibility of definitions
C.Speed of data entry
D.Size of sampling error
Correct Answer: Compatibility of definitions
Explanation:
Different operational definitions can make secondary data unsuitable or misleading for the current research objective.
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33A questionnaire asks, How satisfied are you with the speed and courtesy of our service? What is the best revision?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Medium
A.Replace both attributes with overall quality
B.Ask only about the speed of service
C.Keep one item and instruct respondents to average both attributes before choosing a rating
D.Split speed and courtesy into two items
Correct Answer: Split speed and courtesy into two items
Explanation:
The original question is double-barreled because respondents may have different opinions about speed and courtesy.
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34A respondent answers No to Have you purchased online in the past six months? What should a well-designed questionnaire do next?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Medium
A.Skip questions about recent online purchases
B.Repeat the screening question differently
C.Require estimates of online spending
D.End the questionnaire without recording the answer
Correct Answer: Skip questions about recent online purchases
Explanation:
Skip logic directs respondents past questions that are irrelevant based on their earlier answers.
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35A survey contains hundreds of open-ended occupation responses. What is the most appropriate preparation step before quantitative analysis?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Medium
A.Develop a coding frame and assign category codes
B.Treat every spelling variation as a completely separate occupation category
D.Convert each response into its total character count
Correct Answer: Develop a coding frame and assign category codes
Explanation:
A coding frame converts similar open-ended answers into consistent categories suitable for quantitative analysis.
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36On a five-point questionnaire, most items use 5 = Very satisfied, but one item uses 1 = Very satisfied. If that item is reverse-coded using , what will an original response of become?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Applying the reverse-coding rule gives , aligning the item's direction with the other items.
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37A student receives scores of , , and in courses carrying , , and credits, respectively. What is the credit-weighted mean score?
Measurement of Central Tendency
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The weighted mean is .
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38The mean of eight observations was calculated as . One value recorded as should have been . What is the corrected mean?
Measurement of Central Tendency
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The original total is . The corrected total is , giving a mean of .
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39The values , , , and have frequencies , , , and , respectively. What is the median?
Measurement of Central Tendency
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
There are 10 observations. The 5th value is and the 6th is , so the median is .
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40A company's salary distribution contains many moderate salaries and a few extremely high executive salaries. Which measure best represents a typical employee's salary?
Measurement of Central Tendency
Medium
A.Median
B.Arithmetic mean
C.Range midpoint calculated from the lowest and highest salaries
D.Geometric mean
Correct Answer: Median
Explanation:
The median is resistant to extreme values and therefore better represents the center of a strongly right-skewed salary distribution.
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41A researcher codes customer satisfaction as 1 = very dissatisfied, 2 = dissatisfied, 3 = neutral, 4 = satisfied, and 5 = very satisfied. Which analysis is most defensible without assuming equal distances between categories?
Measurement Scales
Hard
A.Calculate a coefficient of variation
B.Interpret category 5 as five times category 1
C.Report the median and use rank-based comparisons
D.Compute the arithmetic mean and variance
Correct Answer: Report the median and use rank-based comparisons
Explanation:
The codes represent ordered categories, so the variable is ordinal. Median and rank-based methods do not require equal intervals between response categories.
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42A temperature variable is recorded in Celsius and then converted to Fahrenheit. Which statement remains valid after the conversion?
Measurement Scales
Hard
A.The ratio of two temperatures remains unchanged
B.Rank order and interval differences remain interpretable
Correct Answer: Rank order and interval differences remain interpretable
Explanation:
Celsius and Fahrenheit are interval scales. Linear transformations preserve order and equal differences, but their zero points are arbitrary, so ratios are not meaningful.
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43A survey asks respondents to identify their preferred payment method: cash, debit card, credit card, or mobile wallet. The researcher codes the responses as 1 through 4. What is the strongest conclusion?
Measurement Scales
Hard
A.The variable becomes ordinal because numerical codes are ordered
B.The variable becomes ratio because four categories exist
C.The variable becomes interval after frequency tabulation
D.The variable remains nominal because the codes are labels
Correct Answer: The variable remains nominal because the codes are labels
Explanation:
Numerical coding does not change the measurement level. Since payment methods have no inherent ranking, the variable remains nominal.
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44A scale measures annual income in dollars, but all observations are converted from dollars to thousands of dollars. Which statistic is unaffected by this rescaling?
Measurement Scales
Hard
A.The arithmetic mean
B.The interquartile range
C.The coefficient of variation
D.The standard deviation
Correct Answer: The coefficient of variation
Explanation:
Rescaling divides both the mean and standard deviation by the same constant. Their ratio, the coefficient of variation, remains unchanged.
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45A respondent must distribute exactly 100 points among four smartphone attributes to indicate their relative importance. What is the primary characteristic of this scale?
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales
Hard
A.It produces unordered category classifications
B.It produces direct physical measurements
C.It produces relative importance judgments
D.It produces independent absolute ratings
Correct Answer: It produces relative importance judgments
Explanation:
A constant-sum scale is comparative because each attribute is evaluated relative to the others, and the assigned points must sum to a fixed total.
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46In a paired-comparison study of five brands, each respondent evaluates every possible pair once. How many comparisons does each respondent complete?
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales
Hard
A.10 comparisons
B.15 comparisons
C.25 comparisons
D.20 comparisons
Correct Answer: 10 comparisons
Explanation:
The number of unique pairs is .
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47A researcher wants respondents to rate perceived service quality from 1 to 7 for each hotel independently, without forcing comparisons among hotels. Which scale is most appropriate?
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales
Hard
A.Constant-sum scale
B.Rank-order scale
C.Paired-comparison scale
D.Likert-type rating scale
Correct Answer: Likert-type rating scale
Explanation:
A Likert-type rating scale is non-comparative because each hotel receives an independent evaluation on a common response continuum.
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48A ranking question asks respondents to order eight brands from most preferred to least preferred. Which limitation is most directly introduced by this design?
Comparative and Non-Comparative Scales
Hard
A.It requires equal spacing between ranks
B.It produces a ratio-level preference score
C.It reveals order but not preference magnitude
D.It prevents comparison among the brands
Correct Answer: It reveals order but not preference magnitude
Explanation:
Rank-order data indicate relative position. They do not show whether the difference between first and second is larger or smaller than the difference between second and third.
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49A company uses government census tables collected five years earlier to estimate the current market size of a rapidly changing technology product. What is the main methodological concern?
Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Hard
A.Census data cannot support numerical analysis
B.The data are primary rather than secondary
C.Secondary data always have low reliability
D.The source may lack temporal relevance
Correct Answer: The source may lack temporal relevance
Explanation:
The census is a secondary source for the company, and its age may make it unsuitable for a rapidly changing market. Relevance depends on timing as well as quality.
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50A researcher combines transaction records from a retailer with interviews conducted specifically for the research project. How should these sources be classified from the researcher's perspective?
Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Hard
A.Both sources are secondary data
B.Records are secondary and interviews are primary
C.Records are primary and interviews are secondary
D.Both sources are primary data
Correct Answer: Records are secondary and interviews are primary
Explanation:
The interviews are collected directly for the current study and are primary data. Existing retailer records were created for another operational purpose and are secondary data.
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51Before using an archived industry survey, a researcher discovers that its sampling frame excluded informal businesses, although the current study concerns all businesses. Which evaluation criterion is most seriously compromised?
Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Hard
A.Cost efficiency of collection
B.Consistency of numerical coding
C.Representativeness of coverage
D.Accuracy of data entry
Correct Answer: Representativeness of coverage
Explanation:
Excluding informal businesses creates coverage error. The source may be internally consistent but still fail to represent the target population.
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52Two secondary databases report different unemployment rates for the same year. Which first step best supports a defensible comparison?
Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Hard
A.Average the two reported rates
B.Compare definitions, populations, and reference periods
C.Discard both sources because they disagree
D.Choose the database with the larger sample
Correct Answer: Compare definitions, populations, and reference periods
Explanation:
Apparent disagreement may result from different operational definitions, coverage rules, or time periods. Comparability must be established before combining or selecting figures.
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53Which questionnaire item has the greatest risk of producing ambiguous responses?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Hard
A.How many hours did you work yesterday?
B.Did you purchase the product this month?
C.Which department employs you?
D.How satisfied are you with price and durability?
Correct Answer: How satisfied are you with price and durability?
Explanation:
This is a double-barreled question. A respondent may be satisfied with price but dissatisfied with durability, making a single answer difficult to interpret.
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54A questionnaire asks, "You agree that the new policy is beneficial, don't you?" What is the most important design problem?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Hard
A.The question measures a nominal variable
B.The question contains a leading wording effect
C.The question uses an excessively narrow time frame
D.The question lacks a numerical response code
Correct Answer: The question contains a leading wording effect
Explanation:
The wording suggests the expected answer and may pressure respondents toward agreement. Neutral wording would reduce this source of response bias.
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55A respondent leaves an income item blank because the question does not apply to them. The analyst recodes the blank as zero. What is the most likely consequence?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Hard
A.It converts income into an ordinal variable
B.It removes all nonresponse bias
C.It may artificially reduce the estimated income
D.It guarantees a larger usable sample
Correct Answer: It may artificially reduce the estimated income
Explanation:
A blank indicating not applicable is not equivalent to zero income. Treating it as zero distorts summary statistics and may bias comparisons.
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56A dataset contains ages of 8, 12, 19, 24, and 240 years. Which data-preparation action is most appropriate before calculating descriptive statistics?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Hard
A.Verify the record against the questionnaire or source
B.Automatically replace 240 with the sample mean
C.Delete the entire dataset because one value is extreme
D.Recode every age into a nominal category
Correct Answer: Verify the record against the questionnaire or source
Explanation:
The value may be a data-entry error or a legitimate but unusual observation. Verification should precede correction, deletion, or imputation.
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57A negatively worded Likert item is scored from 1 to 5, where 5 indicates strong agreement. To combine it with positively worded items measuring the same construct, what transformation is required?
Questionnaire and Preparation of Data
Hard
A.Convert each response into a percentage rank
B.Add 1 to every response
C.Reverse-code using
D.Replace each value with its frequency
Correct Answer: Reverse-code using
Explanation:
For a five-point scale, reverse coding maps 1 to 5, 2 to 4, 3 to 3, 4 to 2, and 5 to 1, aligning the direction of all items.
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58The values in a dataset are . Which measure best represents a typical observation when the extreme value is believed to be genuine?
Measurement of Central Tendency
Hard
A.Median
B.Arithmetic mean
C.Maximum value
D.Range midpoint
Correct Answer: Median
Explanation:
The median is 6 and is resistant to the extreme value 40. The mean is pulled upward and is less representative of the central observation.
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59A firm reports salaries using the arithmetic mean, but a small group of executives earns substantially more than all other employees. Which alternative would usually provide a more representative description of a typical employee's salary?
Measurement of Central Tendency
Hard
A.The upper quartile only
B.The median salary
C.The salary range
D.The highest salary
Correct Answer: The median salary
Explanation:
A strongly right-skewed salary distribution makes the mean sensitive to executive salaries. The median better reflects the midpoint employee.
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60A distribution has mean , median , and mode . Which shape is most consistent with these values?
Measurement of Central Tendency
Hard
A.A positively skewed distribution
B.A negatively skewed distribution
C.A uniform distribution with no concentration
D.A perfectly symmetric distribution
Correct Answer: A positively skewed distribution
Explanation:
For a positively skewed distribution, the long right tail typically pulls the mean above the median, with the mode often lowest: .
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