Unit 3: Market Structures - Practice Quiz

ECO106 — Introduction To Economics 60 Questions
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1 Which feature is associated with perfect competition?

Perfect competition: meaning and features Easy
A. One dominant seller
B. Many buyers and sellers
C. Few large producers
D. Government-fixed prices

2 Under perfect competition, the product sold by different firms is usually:

Perfect competition: meaning and features Easy
A. Homogeneous
B. Different in quality
C. Highly branded
D. Unique in design

3 A firm under perfect competition is known as a:

Perfect competition: meaning and features Easy
A. Price regulator
B. Price taker
C. Price maker
D. Price controller

4 Which condition is generally assumed in perfect competition?

Perfect competition: meaning and features Easy
A. Restricted market entry
B. Free entry and exit
C. Exclusive selling rights
D. Government-owned production

5 For a perfectly competitive firm, average revenue is equal to:

Price and output determination of the firm and industry under perfect competition Easy
A. Market price
B. Fixed cost
C. Total cost
D. Total profit

6 A competitive firm maximizes profit where:

Price and output determination of the firm and industry under perfect competition Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.

7 For a perfectly competitive firm, marginal revenue is equal to:

Price and output determination of the firm and industry under perfect competition Easy
A. Average cost
B. Market price
C. Fixed cost
D. Total revenue

8 The industry supply curve under perfect competition is formed by adding the supplies of:

Price and output determination of the firm and industry under perfect competition Easy
A. All firms
B. Only new firms
C. Only consumers
D. Only one firm

9 A monopoly market has:

Monopoly: meaning and features Easy
A. Many sellers
B. No buyers
C. Two sellers
D. One seller

10 A monopolist sells a product that has:

Monopoly: meaning and features Easy
A. A government-set substitute
B. Only imported substitutes
C. No close substitute
D. Many identical substitutes

11 Which is a common barrier to entry under monopoly?

Monopoly: meaning and features Easy
A. Identical products
B. Legal restrictions
C. Perfect information
D. Free entry

12 A monopolist is generally described as a:

Monopoly: meaning and features Easy
A. Price maker
B. Price taker
C. Wage taker
D. Output taker

13 A monopolist normally chooses output where:

Price and output determination under monopoly Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.

14 After choosing its profit-maximizing output, a monopolist determines price from the:

Price and output determination under monopoly Easy
A. Demand curve
B. Average cost curve
C. Supply curve
D. Cost curve

15 For a monopolist facing a downward-sloping demand curve, marginal revenue is usually:

Price and output determination under monopoly Easy
A. Greater than price
B. Less than price
C. Equal to fixed cost
D. Equal to price

16 Monopolistic competition is characterized by:

Monopolistic competition: meaning and features Easy
A. One seller and no substitutes
B. Few sellers and identical products
C. One buyer and many sellers
D. Many sellers and product differentiation

17 Which is an example of product differentiation?

Monopolistic competition: meaning and features Easy
A. A single market supplier
B. A legal entry barrier
C. A fixed market price
D. Different brand names

18 In the short run, a firm under monopolistic competition chooses output where:

Price and output determination under monopolistic competition Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.

19 In the long run, entry of new firms in monopolistic competition tends to:

Price and output determination under monopolistic competition Easy
A. Remove all product variety
B. Raise barriers to entry
C. Reduce economic profit
D. Create a monopoly

20 An oligopoly is a market dominated by:

Oligopoly: meaning and features Easy
A. One small firm
B. A single consumer
C. Many tiny buyers
D. A few large firms

21 A firm in a perfectly competitive market can sell any quantity at the market price because:

Perfect competition: meaning and features Medium
A. Its product is differentiated
B. It faces a perfectly elastic demand curve
C. It restricts entry by competitors
D. It controls the market supply

22 Which situation most closely represents an assumption of perfect competition?

Perfect competition: meaning and features Medium
A. One firm supplies the entire market
B. A few firms sell branded products
C. Firms use advertising to gain customers
D. Many firms sell identical products

23 If a firm under perfect competition raises its price slightly above the market price, what is the most likely result?

Perfect competition: meaning and features Medium
A. Its sales will remain unchanged
B. It will lose nearly all of its customers
C. Its sales will increase
D. It will sell less but retain some customers

24 A perfectly competitive firm has , , and the market price is at its current output. What should the firm do in the short run?

Price and output determination of the firm and industry under perfect competition Medium
A. Reduce output because
B. Maintain output because
C. Increase output because
D. Stop production because

25 A competitive firm produces where . If the market price is and marginal cost reaches at 200 units, what is the profit-maximizing output?

Price and output determination of the firm and industry under perfect competition Medium
A. 250 units
B. 200 units
C. 100 units
D. 50 units

26 In the short run, a perfectly competitive firm should shut down when:

Price and output determination of the firm and industry under perfect competition Medium
A. Average fixed cost is below price
B. Price is below average total cost
C. Marginal cost is below average total cost
D. Price is below average variable cost

27 Suppose demand increases in a perfectly competitive industry while firms are initially earning normal profit. What is the likely short-run effect?

Price and output determination of the firm and industry under perfect competition Medium
A. Price rises and firms increase output
B. Price falls and firms reduce output
C. Price rises and firms permanently leave
D. Price stays fixed and firms exit

28 Which condition is most likely to create a natural monopoly?

Monopoly: meaning and features Medium
A. Constant costs across all output levels
B. Easy entry and exit for new firms
C. Many firms selling identical products
D. Large economies of scale over market demand

29 A monopoly is described as a price maker rather than a price taker because it:

Monopoly: meaning and features Medium
A. Must accept the price set by competitors
B. Produces where price always equals marginal cost
C. Can choose price along its market demand curve
D. Faces no demand for its product

30 Which example best illustrates a legal barrier to entry for a monopoly?

Monopoly: meaning and features Medium
A. A firm having lower variable costs
B. A government granting an exclusive patent
C. A firm producing a widely advertised product
D. A firm using temporary discounts

31 A monopolist faces demand and has constant marginal cost of . What output maximizes profit?

Price and output determination under monopoly Medium
A. 80 units
B. 20 units
C. 60 units
D. 40 units

32 Using the demand function and the profit-maximizing output of 40 units, what price will the monopolist charge?

Price and output determination under monopoly Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.

33 Why does a monopolist generally produce less and charge more than a perfectly competitive industry?

Price and output determination under monopoly Medium
A. It faces a horizontal demand curve
B. It sets output where
C. It sets output where
D. It has no control over market supply

34 If a monopolist has total revenue of at 100 units and at 101 units, what is the marginal revenue of the 101st unit?

Price and output determination under monopoly Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.

35 Which combination best describes monopolistic competition?

Monopolistic competition: meaning and features Medium
A. Many sellers and government-controlled prices
B. Few sellers and identical products
C. One seller and no close substitutes
D. Many sellers and differentiated products

36 A restaurant in monopolistic competition gains some control over price mainly because:

Monopolistic competition: meaning and features Medium
A. It sells a completely unique necessity
B. Its product is differentiated from rivals
C. It is the only firm in the market
D. The government fixes its selling price

37 In the short run, a monopolistically competitive firm maximizes profit by producing where:

Price and output determination under monopolistic competition Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.

38 In the long run, entry of new firms into a monopolistically competitive market usually causes each existing firm to experience:

Price and output determination under monopolistic competition Medium
A. Permanent monopoly power over the market
B. Higher demand and greater market share
C. Lower demand and reduced economic profit
D. A perfectly elastic demand curve

39 A monopolistically competitive firm is in long-run equilibrium when its demand curve is tangent to its average total cost curve. What does this imply?

Price and output determination under monopolistic competition Medium
A. The firm charges a price below variable cost
B. The firm earns zero economic profit
C. The firm produces at minimum average cost
D. The firm earns persistent economic profit

40 Why are firms in an oligopoly described as mutually interdependent?

Oligopoly: meaning and features Medium
A. The market contains only one producer
B. Each firm's actions affect the decisions of rivals
C. Each firm ignores rivals' decisions
D. All firms must charge an identical price

41 A firm in a perfectly competitive industry faces a horizontal demand curve primarily because:

Perfect competition: meaning and features Hard
A. It can alter the market price freely
B. Its average cost remains constant at all outputs
C. Its output is negligible relative to industry supply
D. Its product has no close substitutes

42 Which combination is most essential for long-run productive efficiency under perfect competition?

Perfect competition: meaning and features Hard
A. Free entry and firms producing at minimum average cost
B. Stable collusion and equal market shares
C. Price discrimination and declining marginal cost
D. Product differentiation and excess capacity

43 A competitive firm has and faces a market price of . What output maximizes profit in the short run, and what is the firm’s profit?

Price and output determination of the firm and industry under perfect competition Hard
A. and profit
B. and profit
C. and profit
D. and profit

44 A competitive firm has . The firm’s shutdown price is:

Price and output determination of the firm and industry under perfect competition Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.

45 In a constant-cost competitive industry, a permanent increase in demand will eventually cause:

Price and output determination of the firm and industry under perfect competition Hard
A. The original price and higher long-run industry output
B. The original output and higher long-run economic profit
C. A lower price and unchanged long-run industry output
D. A higher price and higher long-run industry output

46 If a competitive firm produces where while , which statement is correct?

Price and output determination of the firm and industry under perfect competition Hard
A. It should exit immediately because fixed costs are avoidable
B. It should expand output until
C. It should shut down in the short run but may remain in the industry
D. It should continue because marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost

47 A natural monopoly is most plausibly characterized by:

Monopoly: meaning and features Hard
A. Many firms producing differentiated products
B. Economies of scale over the relevant market demand
C. A perfectly elastic market demand curve
D. Zero barriers to entry and exit

48 Which condition prevents a monopolist from charging an arbitrarily high price despite having no direct competitor?

Monopoly: meaning and features Hard
A. The existence of perfect substitutes supplied by rivals
B. The downward-sloping market demand curve
C. The absence of barriers to potential entry
D. The firm’s horizontal marginal-revenue curve

49 A monopolist faces and has constant marginal cost . Ignoring fixed cost, its profit-maximizing price and quantity are:

Price and output determination under monopoly Hard
A. and
B. and
C. and
D. and

50 For a monopolist with constant elasticity of demand , the Lerner index implies:

Price and output determination under monopoly Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.

51 A monopolist’s demand is and total cost is . Compared with the socially efficient output, the monopoly output is:

Price and output determination under monopoly Hard
A. Lower by units because fixed cost reduces output
B. Lower by units because monopoly equates and
C. Higher by units because price exceeds marginal revenue
D. Equal to efficiency because both use

52 A monopolist practicing perfect price discrimination will generally produce:

Price and output determination under monopoly Hard
A. Where price equals marginal cost
B. Where average cost is minimized
C. Where marginal revenue equals average cost
D. Where market demand becomes unit elastic

53 If a monopolist’s fixed cost increases while demand and marginal cost remain unchanged, the profit-maximizing price and quantity will:

Price and output determination under monopoly Hard
A. Change only if fixed cost exceeds total revenue
B. Remain unchanged, although profit falls
C. Increase in price and decrease in quantity
D. Decrease in price and increase in quantity

54 In long-run equilibrium under monopolistic competition, a representative firm typically produces at:

Monopolistic competition: meaning and features Hard
A. An output above minimum average cost with persistent economic profit
B. Minimum average cost with zero excess capacity
C. The point where price equals marginal cost
D. An output below minimum average cost with zero economic profit

55 Which feature distinguishes monopolistic competition from perfect competition most directly?

Monopolistic competition: meaning and features Hard
A. Each firm accepts the industry price as externally fixed
B. Firms face downward-sloping demand for differentiated products
C. Entry barriers prevent all potential competitors
D. Firms always earn positive economic profit in the long run

56 A monopolistically competitive firm has demand and total cost . Its short-run profit-maximizing output and price are:

Price and output determination under monopolistic competition Hard
A. and
B. and
C. and
D. and

57 Suppose advertising shifts a monopolistically competitive firm’s demand outward but also raises its average cost. Advertising is economically worthwhile if it:

Price and output determination under monopolistic competition Hard
A. Raises the product’s price above marginal cost
B. Lowers the firm’s accounting cost per unit
C. Increases profit after including advertising expenditure
D. Raises total revenue by any positive amount

58 The central analytical difficulty in oligopoly is that each firm’s optimal action depends primarily on:

Oligopoly: meaning and features Hard
A. Its fixed cost alone
B. The reactions of its strategic rivals
C. The assumption that products are always identical
D. The minimum point of industry average cost

59 In a Cournot duopoly with homogeneous output, inverse demand , and zero marginal cost, the symmetric Nash-equilibrium output of each firm is:

Oligopoly: meaning and features Hard
A. units
B. units
C. units
D. units

60 The kinked-demand model predicts price rigidity because a firm believes that rivals will:

Oligopoly: meaning and features Hard
A. Ignore price increases but match price decreases
B. Match both price increases and price decreases
C. Match price increases but ignore price decreases
D. Ignore both price increases and price decreases