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Unit 3 - Practice Quiz

PSY292 50 Questions
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1 In the context of personality psychology, what is the primary definition of a trait?

A. A temporary mood state influenced by the immediate environment
B. A relatively stable and consistent characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways
C. A biological reflex that occurs without conscious thought
D. A skill that is learned exclusively through formal education

2 Which psychologist is credited with distinguishing between cardinal, central, and secondary traits?

A. Raymond Cattell
B. Gordon Allport
C. Hans Eysenck
D. Sigmund Freud

3 According to the Big Five personality theory, which acronym represents the five major dimensions?

A. BIRCH
B. OCEAN
C. RIVER
D. GREAT

4 In the Big Five model, a person who is organized, dependable, and disciplined would likely score high in:

A. Neuroticism
B. Openness
C. Conscientiousness
D. Agreeableness

5 Raymond Cattell used a statistical technique called factor analysis to identify how many source traits?

A. 3
B. 5
C. 16
D. 24

6 Hans Eysenck's PEN model focuses on which three dimensions?

A. Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism
B. Passivity, Emotion, Narcissism
C. Perception, Empathy, Novelty
D. Patience, Energy, Negativity

7 The VIA Classification of Character Strengths was developed primarily by:

A. Freud and Jung
B. Peterson and Seligman
C. Maslow and Rogers
D. Watson and Skinner

8 How many core virtues are identified in the VIA Classification system?

A. 4
B. 6
C. 10
D. 24

9 In the VIA classification, which virtue includes the strengths of love, kindness, and social intelligence?

A. Justice
B. Humanity
C. Temperance
D. Courage

10 According to Gallup's CliftonStrengths, a strength is calculated using which conceptual formula?

A.
B.
C.
D.

11 Which of the following describes a signature strength?

A. A strength that a person possesses but rarely uses
B. A strength that creates a sense of ownership, excitement, and authenticity when used
C. A skill learned purely for professional advancement
D. A trait that causes distress to others

12 In the context of forgiveness, decisional forgiveness is best described as:

A. The replacement of negative emotions with positive emotions toward the offender
B. A behavioral intention to resist an unforgiving stance and to respond differently toward a transgressor
C. Forgetting that the transgression ever happened
D. Accepting an apology only after restitution is made

13 Which of the following is NOT a component of true forgiveness in positive psychology?

A. Letting go of resentment
B. Condoning or excusing the bad behavior
C. Canceling the debt
D. Giving up the right to revenge

14 Worthington’s REACH model of forgiveness stands for:

A. Recall, Empathize, Altruistic gift, Commit, Hold on
B. React, Emotion, Action, Control, Hope
C. Recall, Evaluate, Accept, Change, Heal
D. Resent, Express, Attack, Calm, Harmony

15 In the REACH model, what does the 'H' stand for?

A. Heal the wound
B. Hold on to forgiveness
C. Help the offender
D. Hide the pain

16 Gratitude is traditionally defined as:

A. A feeling of superiority over others
B. A general sense of optimism about the future
C. Recognizing that one has obtained a positive outcome from an external source
D. Self-satisfaction with one's own achievements

17 Emmons and McCullough (2003) found that keeping a gratitude journal resulted in:

A. Increased anxiety regarding social debts
B. Better sleep duration and quality, and higher positive affect
C. No significant changes in psychological well-being
D. Decreased motivation to achieve goals

18 Which intervention involves writing down three things that went well during the day and why they went well?

A. The Forgiveness Letter
B. The Three Good Things exercise
C. The Best Possible Self
D. The REACH method

19 As a moral affect, gratitude serves which three functions according to McCullough?

A. Barometer, Motive, Reinforcer
B. Judge, Jury, Executioner
C. Initiator, Sustainer, Terminator
D. Signal, Action, Reward

20 In Snyder’s Hope Theory, what is Agency?

A. The specific route to a goal
B. The perceived capacity to use one's pathways to reach desired goals
C. The external support provided by others
D. The outcome of the goal itself

21 In Snyder’s Hope Theory, what are Pathways?

A. The willpower to succeed
B. The perceived ability to generate routes to desired goals
C. The emotional reaction to failure
D. The genetic disposition for optimism

22 Martin Seligman’s concept of Explanatory Style explains optimism in terms of how people interpret:

A. Future dreams
B. Past habits
C. The causes of bad events
D. Their genetic makeup

23 An optimistic explanatory style attributes negative events to causes that are:

A. Internal, Stable, and Global
B. External, Unstable, and Specific
C. Internal, Unstable, and Specific
D. External, Stable, and Global

24 Who is the primary researcher associated with Self-Efficacy theory?

A. Abraham Maslow
B. Albert Bandura
C. Martin Seligman
D. Carl Rogers

25 Self-efficacy differs from self-esteem in that:

A. Self-efficacy is about global self-worth, while self-esteem is task-specific
B. Self-efficacy is about capability in specific tasks, while self-esteem is about global self-worth
C. There is no difference; they are synonyms
D. Self-efficacy is genetic, while self-esteem is learned

26 Which of the following is the most effective source of building self-efficacy?

A. Verbal persuasion
B. Vicarious experiences
C. Mastery experiences
D. Physiological states

27 Scheier and Carver define dispositional optimism as:

A. A specific belief about one's ability to handle stress
B. A global expectation that good things will happen in the future
C. The ability to ignore negative information
D. A state of high energy and extraversion

28 The Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) is a scale designed to measure:

A. Forgiveness
B. Gratitude
C. Optimism
D. Introversion

29 In the VIA classification, Creativity, Curiosity, and Love of Learning fall under which virtue?

A. Wisdom
B. Courage
C. Justice
D. Transcendence

30 Which virtue in the VIA system involves strengths that protect against excess, such as Forgiveness, Humility, and Self-Regulation?

A. Humanity
B. Temperance
C. Justice
D. Courage

31 A person who scores high on Neuroticism in the Big Five model is likely to experience:

A. Emotional stability and calmness
B. Anxiety, moodiness, and sadness
C. A high degree of sociability
D. A strong desire for novelty

32 The Enright Forgiveness Process Model includes which of the following phases?

A. Uncovering, Decision, Work, Deepening
B. Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Acceptance
C. Resentment, Revenge, restitution, Reconciliation
D. Thinking, Feeling, Acting, Being

33 Research suggests that gratitude inhibits which negative state, often called the 'thief of joy'?

A. Love
B. Envy/Social Comparison
C. Curiosity
D. Humility

34 Which of the following describes Trait Gratitude?

A. Being thankful for a specific gift received yesterday
B. A temporary feeling of appreciation after a meal
C. A generalized tendency to recognize and respond with emotion to the role of other people's benevolence
D. Saying 'thank you' out of politeness without feeling it

35 Which character strength involves the ability to find new ways to solve problems or create things?

A. Judgment
B. Prudence
C. Creativity
D. Zest

36 What is the relationship between Forgiveness and Reconciliation?

A. They are the same thing
B. Reconciliation is required for forgiveness to occur
C. Forgiveness is an internal process, while reconciliation involves restoring the relationship
D. Forgiveness requires the offender to apologize, reconciliation does not

37 The belief that intelligence and personality are changeable traits is known as:

A. Fixed Mindset
B. Growth Mindset
C. Learned Helplessness
D. Trait Stability

38 Which Big Five trait is most strongly correlated with Curiosity and Creativity?

A. Extraversion
B. Openness to Experience
C. Conscientiousness
D. Agreeableness

39 In the context of Personal Strengths, Transcendence connects the individual to:

A. Physical health
B. Financial success
C. Something larger than oneself (universe, meaning, God)
D. Detailed logical analysis

40 What is Learned Helplessness?

A. The belief that one has full control over outcomes
B. The passive resignation produced by repeated exposure to negative events that are perceived as unavoidable
C. A technique used to gain sympathy from others
D. The process of asking for assistance in difficult tasks

41 According to Bandura, Vicarious Experience influences self-efficacy when:

A. We experience success ourselves
B. We observe people similar to us succeed
C. We receive verbal encouragement
D. We feel physically strong

42 The strength of Zest (or Vitality) refers to:

A. Physical strength and lifting ability
B. Approaching life with excitement and energy
C. The ability to sleep for long periods
D. Eating healthy foods

43 Which of the following is considered a secondary trait according to Allport?

A. A trait that dominates a person's entire life (e.g., Christ-like)
B. A general characteristic found in some degree in every person
C. A preference that only appears in specific situations (e.g., getting anxious only when public speaking)
D. A biological instinct

44 The Gallup Organization focuses its strength research primarily on:

A. Correcting weaknesses
B. Workplace engagement and talent usage
C. Clinical pathology
D. Spirituality and religion

45 Which positive belief is defined as 'the ability to wait for a reward or to suppress an impulse'?

A. Self-Efficacy
B. Self-Regulation (or Self-Control)
C. Optimism
D. Hope

46 In the context of the Big Five, Agreeableness involves:

A. Being compassionate, cooperative, and trusting
B. Being assertive and talkative
C. Being organized and dutiful
D. Being intellectually curious

47 Physical health benefits associated with forgiveness include:

A. Increased blood pressure
B. Lowered heart rate and blood pressure
C. Increased cortisol levels
D. Decreased immune system function

48 The 'Broaden-and-Build' theory, often applied to positive traits and emotions, was proposed by:

A. Barbara Fredrickson
B. Martin Seligman
C. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
D. Ed Diener

49 When defining traits, the Person-Situation Debate (associated with Walter Mischel) argued that:

A. Traits are the only predictor of behavior
B. Behavior is determined entirely by genetics
C. Behavior is often more dependent on specific situational cues than on stable personality traits
D. Personality does not exist

50 Which of the following is an example of Hope's 'Waypower' (Pathways)?

A. "I really want to get an A."
B. "I will study the textbook and join a study group to get an A."
C. "I am smart enough to get an A."
D. "It would be nice to get an A."
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