1Who is the mathematician credited with formalizing Boolean algebra?
introduction
Easy
A.Augustus De Morgan
B.George Boole
C.Charles Babbage
D.Alan Turing
Correct Answer: George Boole
Explanation:
Boolean algebra was introduced by the English mathematician George Boole in his first book, 'The Mathematical Analysis of Logic' (1847).
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2In Boolean algebra, variables typically take on one of how many distinct values?
introduction
Easy
A.1
B.2
C.Infinite
D.10
Correct Answer: 2
Explanation:
Boolean algebra is a two-valued logic system where variables typically represent truth values, usually denoted as $0$ (false) and $1$ (true).
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3Which of the following operators typically represents the Boolean AND operation?
basics definitions
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
In Boolean algebra, the dot operator () or simply writing variables next to each other represents the logical AND operation (Boolean product).
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4What is the complement (NOT) of the Boolean value $0$?
basics definitions
Easy
A.
B.Undefined
C.$1$
D.$0$
Correct Answer: $1$
Explanation:
The complement operation reverses the Boolean value. Therefore, the complement of $0$ is $1$, and the complement of $1$ is $0$.
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5According to the principle of duality in Boolean algebra, to find the dual of an expression, you must swap $0$s with $1$s, and swap the OR operation () with which operation?
duality
Easy
A.NAND
B.XOR ()
C.NOT ()
D.AND ()
Correct Answer: AND ()
Explanation:
The principle of duality states that a valid Boolean expression remains valid if you interchange the OR () and AND () operators, and interchange $0$s and $1$s.
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6What is the dual of the Boolean identity ?
duality
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
To find the dual, replace with and $0$ with $1$. Thus, becomes .
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7Which Boolean theorem is expressed by the equation ?
basic theorems
Easy
A.Commutative Law
B.Distributive Law
C.Absorption Law
D.Associative Law
Correct Answer: Commutative Law
Explanation:
The Commutative Law states that the order of the variables does not matter for the AND and OR operations.
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8What is the result of the Involution Law (Double Negation) ?
basic theorems
Easy
A.
B.
C.$1$
D.$0$
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The Involution Law states that the complement of a complement restores the original variable, so .
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9According to De Morgan's Laws, is equal to:
basic theorems
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
De Morgan's Law states that the complement of a logical OR is the logical AND of the complements: .
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10A Boolean algebra can be defined as a lattice that is bounded, distributive, and what else?
boolean algebras as lattices
Easy
A.Infinite
B.Complemented
C.Non-commutative
D.Cyclic
Correct Answer: Complemented
Explanation:
By definition, a Boolean algebra is a mathematical structure that is a complemented distributive lattice.
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11In the context of a lattice, the Boolean OR operation () represents which of the following?
boolean algebras as lattices
Easy
A.Least upper bound (supremum)
B.Complement
C.Identity
D.Greatest lower bound (infimum)
Correct Answer: Least upper bound (supremum)
Explanation:
In lattice theory, the join operation (), which corresponds to Boolean OR, represents the least upper bound of two elements.
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12According to Stone's Representation Theorem, every finite Boolean algebra is isomorphic to the Boolean algebra of the power set of a finite set. If the set has elements, how many elements are in the Boolean algebra?
representation theorem
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The power set of a set with elements contains elements, meaning any finite Boolean algebra must have elements.
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13In a finite Boolean algebra, what are the minimal non-zero elements called?
representation theorem
Easy
A.Minterms
B.Atoms
C.Maxterms
D.Supremums
Correct Answer: Atoms
Explanation:
Atoms are the immediate successors of the zero element ($0$) in a Boolean algebra. They are the minimal non-zero elements.
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14In a Boolean function, what is a product (AND) term called if it contains every variable of the function exactly once (either complemented or uncomplemented)?
sum-of-products form for boolean algebras
Easy
A.Prime implicant
B.Literal
C.Maxterm
D.Minterm
Correct Answer: Minterm
Explanation:
A minterm is a product term in which all variables of the function appear exactly once, representing a single row in the truth table.
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15A sum-of-products (SOP) expression consists of:
sum-of-products form for boolean algebras
Easy
A.Several OR terms logically ANDed together
B.Only inverted variables
C.Only constant values
D.Several AND terms logically ORed together
Correct Answer: Several AND terms logically ORed together
Explanation:
SOP stands for Sum-of-Products, which structurally means finding the logical sum (OR) of multiple logical product (AND) terms.
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16What is the primary purpose of finding a minimal Boolean expression?
minimal boolean expressions
Easy
A.To increase the number of variables
B.To increase the complexity of the expression
C.To convert ANDs to ORs
D.To reduce the number of logical gates and hardware cost
Correct Answer: To reduce the number of logical gates and hardware cost
Explanation:
Minimizing a Boolean expression simplifies it, leading to the use of fewer logic gates and a more efficient, less costly circuit design.
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17Which widely used diagrammatic method helps in finding minimal Boolean expressions for up to 4 variables?
minimal boolean expressions
Easy
A.Karnaugh Map (K-map)
B.Venn Diagram
C.Truth Table
D.Hasse Diagram
Correct Answer: Karnaugh Map (K-map)
Explanation:
A Karnaugh Map is a visual tool used to simplify Boolean algebra expressions, commonly utilized for expressions with 2, 3, or 4 variables.
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18A product term that implies the Boolean function and cannot be simplified further by combining it with another term is called a:
prime implicants
Easy
A.Maxterm
B.Minterm
C.Don't care condition
D.Prime implicant
Correct Answer: Prime implicant
Explanation:
A prime implicant is an implicant (a product term) that cannot be covered by a more general (fewer literals) implicant.
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19If a prime implicant is the ONLY prime implicant that covers a specific minterm of a function, it is known as an:
prime implicants
Easy
A.Isolated implicant
B.Redundant prime implicant
C.Essential prime implicant
D.Absolute minterm
Correct Answer: Essential prime implicant
Explanation:
An essential prime implicant covers at least one minterm that is not covered by any other prime implicant, making it strictly necessary in the minimal SOP expression.
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20What does the Boolean Absorption Law state?
basic theorems
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The Absorption Law states that , effectively absorbing the redundant term .
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21Find the dual of the Boolean expression .
duality
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
To find the dual of a Boolean expression, swap all OR () operations with AND () operations, and vice versa. Similarly, swap all $0$s with $1$s and $1$s with $0$s. The literals themselves (like ) remain unchanged.
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22Simplify the Boolean expression using basic Boolean theorems.
basic theorems
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The correct option follows directly from the given concept and definitions.
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23Convert the Boolean function into the standard (canonical) sum-of-products form.
sum-of-products form for boolean algebras
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
To get the canonical form, expand each term by multiplying it with the missing variable combinations (e.g., ): . Removing the duplicate yields .
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24In a Boolean algebra, which of the following identities correctly represents the Involution Law?
basics definitions
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The Involution Law states that taking the complement of a complement restores the original value, meaning .
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25For a Boolean algebra treated as a lattice , the partial order is defined if and only if which of the following algebraic conditions holds?
boolean algebras as lattices
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
In a Boolean lattice, the relation is defined as . In Boolean algebra notation, the greatest lower bound is multiplication (), so . Equivalent forms include or .
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26Stone's Representation Theorem states that every finite Boolean algebra is isomorphic to the Boolean algebra of which of the following structures?
representation theorem
Medium
A.The set of all integers modulo
B.The set of all prime numbers less than
C.The power set of some finite set
D.A totally ordered set
Correct Answer: The power set of some finite set
Explanation:
Stone's Representation Theorem implies that any finite Boolean algebra is structurally identical (isomorphic) to the power set of a finite set under the operations of union, intersection, and complement.
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27Consider the 3-variable Boolean function . What is the essential prime implicant of ?
prime implicants
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The minterms 0, 1, 2, and 3 correspond to the binary inputs 000, 001, 010, and 011. Notice that is 0 for all these cases, while and take all possible combinations. Thus, they simplify to the single term , which is the only essential prime implicant covering all these minterms.
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28Simplify the Boolean function to its minimal sum-of-products form.
minimal boolean expressions
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
We can duplicate the term (since ) and group it with the others: . This simplifies respectively to .
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29Simplify the expression using Boolean algebra theorems.
basic theorems
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Using the Absorption Law, . Substituting this back yields . Applying the Absorption Law again on and the remaining term gives .
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30What is the dual of the Boolean theorem ?
duality
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
To find the dual, replace all operators with operators and vice versa. The variables themselves remain uncomplemented. Thus, becomes .
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31In the context of Karnaugh maps and logic simplification, a prime implicant of a Boolean function is defined as an implicant that:
prime implicants
Medium
A.Contains only one literal
B.Is always equal to a single minterm
C.Cannot be covered by any other implicant with fewer literals
D.Covers all the maxterms of the function
Correct Answer: Cannot be covered by any other implicant with fewer literals
Explanation:
A prime implicant is a product term that implies , such that removing any literal from it would result in a term that no longer implies . Graphically, it is a maximal grouping in a K-map that cannot be entirely consumed by a larger grouping.
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32If a finite Boolean algebra has at least two elements, what is the only possible cardinality (number of elements) for ?
representation theorem
Medium
A. where is prime
B.Any even number
C.Any integer
D. for some integer
Correct Answer: for some integer
Explanation:
By Stone's Representation Theorem, every finite Boolean algebra is isomorphic to the power set of a finite set. Since a finite set of elements has subsets, the cardinality of any finite Boolean algebra must be a power of 2.
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33In a lattice representing a Boolean algebra, the greatest lower bound (GLB) and least upper bound (LUB) of elements and correspond respectively to which Boolean operations?
boolean algebras as lattices
Medium
A. and
B. and
C. and
D. and
Correct Answer: and
Explanation:
In the lattice definition of a Boolean algebra, the GLB (meet) corresponds to the logical AND operation (), while the LUB (join) corresponds to the logical OR operation ().
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34Who is credited with introducing the algebraic structure that formalizes the rules of logic, which is now known as Boolean Algebra?
introduction
Medium
A.George Boole
B.Claude Shannon
C.Augustus De Morgan
D.John von Neumann
Correct Answer: George Boole
Explanation:
George Boole introduced this algebraic structure in his 1847 book 'The Mathematical Analysis of Logic' and further developed it in 'An Investigation of the Laws of Thought' (1854).
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35Which of the following Boolean expressions is in a valid Sum-of-Products (SOP) form?
sum-of-products form for boolean algebras
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Sum-of-Products (SOP) form consists of several product terms (AND operations) that are logically ORed together. is the only option that strictly fits this format without unexpanded parentheses or complements over larger expressions.
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36The Consensus Theorem states that the expression is logically equivalent to which of the following?
basic theorems
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The Consensus Theorem eliminates the consensus term, which is formed by the variables ( and ) that are paired with a variable () and its complement (). Thus, is redundant, leaving .
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37What is the minimal Boolean expression for the function defined by the minterms for a 3-variable function ?
minimal boolean expressions
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The given minterms (000, 010, 100, 110) all share a common trait: the last variable is 0, while and take all possible combinations. These group together in a Karnaugh map to form a single minimal term, .
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38In Boolean algebra, elements $0$ and $1$ act as identity elements. Which of the following pairs correctly represents the identity laws for Boolean addition and multiplication?
basics definitions
Medium
A. and
B. and
C. and
D. and
Correct Answer: and
Explanation:
The identity element for logical OR (addition) is 0, because . The identity element for logical AND (multiplication) is 1, because .
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39For a Boolean function, an essential prime implicant is definitively characterized as a prime implicant that:
prime implicants
Medium
A.Consists of a single literal
B.Contains no complemented variables
C.Covers at least one minterm that is not covered by any other prime implicant
D.Covers the maximum number of minterms possible in the function
Correct Answer: Covers at least one minterm that is not covered by any other prime implicant
Explanation:
A prime implicant is 'essential' if there exists at least one 1 (minterm) in the function that is only covered by that specific prime implicant. Essential prime implicants must be included in the minimal sum-of-products expression.
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40Given the Boolean function , what is its canonical (standard) sum-of-products expression assuming a two-variable system ?
sum-of-products form for boolean algebras
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
To find the canonical SOP, expand each term to include both variables: and . Combining them gives . Removing the duplicate term results in .
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41Consider the set of positive divisors of 30, which forms a Boolean algebra under the operations , , and complement . What is the evaluated result of ?
basics definitions
Hard
A.15
B.30
C.1
D.2
Correct Answer: 1
Explanation:
The correct option follows directly from the given concept and definitions.
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42In a Boolean algebra viewed as a lattice , which of the following conditions is strictly algebraically equivalent to the partial order relation ?
Boolean algebras as lattices
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
In a Boolean lattice, implies . Multiplying both sides by yields . Conversely, if , then , which means .
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43Let denote the total number of distinct self-dual Boolean functions of variables. What is the algebraic ratio ?
duality
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The number of self-dual functions of variables is . The ratio is , which is exactly .
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44For a given Boolean algebra, the algebraic equation has a valid solution for if and only if which of the following bounding conditions holds true?
basic theorems
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Rewrite the equation as . A fundamental theorem of Boolean equations states that has a solution iff . Here, and . Their product equating to $0$ algebraically simplifies to the condition .
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45By Stone's Representation Theorem, any infinite Boolean algebra is guaranteed to be isomorphic to which of the following mathematical structures?
representation theorem
Hard
A.A field of sets (a subalgebra of the power set algebra of some set)
B.The complete power set algebra of a countably infinite set
C.A distributive lattice with no atomic elements
D.A finite Cartesian product of two-element Boolean algebras
Correct Answer: A field of sets (a subalgebra of the power set algebra of some set)
Explanation:
Stone's Representation Theorem states that every Boolean algebra is isomorphic to a field of sets (a collection of sets closed under union, intersection, and complement). For infinite algebras, it is not necessarily isomorphic to the entire power set, but to a subalgebra of it.
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46For the -variable parity function , what is the total number of prime implicants?
prime implicants
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
In a parity function, changing any single variable flips the output. Therefore, no two minterms are adjacent (differ by exactly one literal) in the Boolean space. Because no minterms can be combined, every minterm is itself a prime implicant. A parity function evaluates to 1 for exactly half of the input combinations, yielding prime implicants.
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47Let a Boolean function be defined as . Which of the following is the completely minimized sum-of-products form for ?
sum-of-products form for boolean algebras
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Grouping the minterms: $0, 2, 8, 10$ combine to form . Minterms $5, 7, 13, 15$ combine to form . The variables and are completely eliminated through these groupings. Thus, the minimized SOP is .
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48When minimizing a Boolean function that yields a 'cyclic prime implicant chart' (where no essential prime implicants exist), how does Petrick's Method algorithmically resolve the minimum cover?
minimal boolean expressions
Hard
A.It translates the covering problem into a Boolean Product-of-Sums equation, multiplies it out to Sum-of-Products, and finds the term with the fewest variables.
B.It proves that the function possesses a unique minimal sum-of-products expression, bypassing the chart.
C.It recursively applies the consensus theorem until the chart generates essential prime implicants.
D.It arbitrarily selects a prime implicant, assumes it is essential, and solves the chart recursively.
Correct Answer: It translates the covering problem into a Boolean Product-of-Sums equation, multiplies it out to Sum-of-Products, and finds the term with the fewest variables.
Explanation:
Petrick's Method assigns a variable to each prime implicant. For each minterm, it writes an OR clause of the PIs that cover it. The intersection of all these requirements yields a POS expression. Distributing this into SOP form directly exposes all valid covers, allowing the selection of the minimal one.
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49Let denote the dual of a Boolean function . Based on the generalized De Morgan's Laws, which of the following identities correctly describes the algebraic relationship between , its complement , and its dual ?
duality
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The dual of a function is formed by replacing AND with OR, OR with AND, 0 with 1, and 1 with 0, leaving literals intact. Mathematically, . Taking the complement of both sides and substituting uncomplemented variables yields .
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50In any Boolean algebra , a subset forms an ideal if it is downward directed and closed under the supremum (join) operation. Which of the following statements strictly defines a maximal ideal in ?
Boolean algebras as lattices
Hard
A.Maximal ideals exist uniquely and only in finite Boolean algebras.
B.The intersection of any two maximal ideals invariably yields another maximal ideal.
C.A maximal ideal must contain all the atomic elements of the Boolean algebra.
D.An ideal is maximal if and only if for every element , exactly one of or holds.
Correct Answer: An ideal is maximal if and only if for every element , exactly one of or holds.
Explanation:
An ideal is maximal if it is proper and cannot be contained in any larger proper ideal. In a Boolean algebra, this is algebraically equivalent to stating that for any element , the ideal partitions the element and its complement, containing exactly one of or .
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51Which of the following singleton sets of logical connectives forms a functionally complete set for Boolean algebra, enabling the representation of any arbitrary Boolean function without assuming the availability of constant signals 0 and 1?
minimal boolean expressions
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The NOR gate (and the NAND gate) is functionally complete on its own. It can generate the NOT operation (by tying inputs together: ), from which AND and OR can be subsequently constructed via De Morgan's laws.
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52Using the Consensus Theorem, the expression minimizes to . What is the fully minimized result of applying the dual of the Consensus Theorem to the Product-of-Sums expression ?
basic theorems
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The dual of the Consensus Theorem states that . Applying this directly to the given expression eliminates the redundant consensus term , leaving .
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53According to the Representation Theorem for finite Boolean algebras, if is a Boolean algebra with cardinality , what is the exact number of distinct sub-algebras of that have exactly 16 elements?
representation theorem
Hard
A.70
B.256
C.1701
D.1050
Correct Answer: 1701
Explanation:
An algebra of size has 8 atoms. A sub-algebra of size has 4 atoms. Creating a 16-element sub-algebra is equivalent to partitioning the 8 original atoms into 4 non-empty, disjoint blocks. The number of such partitions is given by the Stirling number of the second kind, .
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54Given the Boolean function . What is the total number of essential prime implicants required to cover this function?
prime implicants
Hard
A.2
B.3
C.4
D.0
Correct Answer: 2
Explanation:
Analyzing the minterms: minterm 14 is only covered by PI , making essential. Minterm 9 is only covered by PI , making essential. The remaining uncovered minterms (5, 7) have multiple PI covers (e.g., , , ), so neither is uniquely covered by a single PI. Thus, exactly 2 essential prime implicants exist.
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55Which of the following identically represents the Shannon Expansion of an arbitrary Boolean function with respect to variable in a valid Product-of-Sums format?
sum-of-products form for boolean algebras
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
To verify the POS form of Shannon's expansion, substitute the boolean values. If , the expression yields . If , it yields . This confirms the expansion.
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56In the context of Boolean algebras viewed as lattices, the two absorption laws and are mathematically powerful enough to immediately imply which of the following core algebraic properties without invoking other postulates?
Boolean algebras as lattices
Hard
A.The operations are mutually associative.
B.The operations and are idempotent (, ).
C.The lattice structure is inherently distributive.
D.The algebra possesses unique complementary elements for every term.
Correct Answer: The operations and are idempotent (, ).
Explanation:
Idempotence directly follows from absorption. By substituting into the first law, or applying the logic , one can derive idempotence strictly using the absorption laws and basic lattice substitution.
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57Consider the constant logic-high Boolean function . What is the uniquely valid prime implicant of this function?
prime implicants
Hard
A.
B.The function has no prime implicants.
C.
D.1
Correct Answer: 1
Explanation:
A prime implicant is an implicant (a product term that implies the function) that cannot be covered by a more general, reduced product term. When a function covers the entire Karnaugh map (all minterms), all variables drop out. The only remaining product term covering the function is the logical constant 1.
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58Let . What is the precise algebraic expression for the dual function ?
duality
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
To find the dual, compute . Since , we have . Taking the complement of this entire result gives . Thus, the 3-variable XOR parity function is self-dual.
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59Which of the following strictly enumerates the original set of Huntington Postulates, which are sufficient to axiomatize a Boolean Algebra over a set with two binary operations?
introduction
Hard
A.Closure, Associativity, Idempotence, Absorption, and Complements.
B.Closure, Commutativity, Distributivity, Absorption, and Involution.
C.Closure, Identity, Commutativity, Distributivity, and Complements.
D.Commutativity, Associativity, Distributivity, Identity, and Inverses.
Correct Answer: Closure, Identity, Commutativity, Distributivity, and Complements.
Explanation:
Edward Huntington's classic 1904 postulates for Boolean algebra require the set to be closed under both operations, have identity elements (0 and 1) for both, commute for both, distribute over each other, and possess complements. Associativity and idempotence are theorems derived from these postulates.
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60Let be a Boolean function of variables. The Reed-Muller expansion is an alternative canonical form based on rings, using only XOR () and AND () operations. Which of the following accurately describes the structure of the Reed-Muller canonical form compared to the standard Sum-of-Products (SOP)?
sum-of-products form for boolean algebras
Hard
A.The Reed-Muller form is functionally incomplete for Boolean algebras because it intrinsically lacks the OR operation.
B.Reed-Muller expansions guarantee functionally fewer polynomial terms than a minimal SOP expression.
C.It requires both complemented and uncomplemented variables to form a functionally complete algebraic basis.
D.It strictly relies on XOR sums of AND products using only uncomplemented variables, generating up to exactly possible terms.
Correct Answer: It strictly relies on XOR sums of AND products using only uncomplemented variables, generating up to exactly possible terms.
Explanation:
The Reed-Muller expansion (or Algebraic Normal Form) models Boolean logic as a polynomial ring over GF(2). It uniquely represents any Boolean function as an XOR sum of products of strictly uncomplemented variables (from the constant 1 up to ), which accounts for exactly possible coefficients.