1Which of the following creates a sense of belonging and equality within a specific group, often suppressing individual expression to emphasize social cohesion?
A.Haute Couture
B.Fast Fashion
C.Uniforms
D.Avant-garde fashion
Correct Answer: Uniforms
Explanation:
Uniforms are a social tool used to establish identity, equality, and adherence to rules within a specific organization (like schools or the military), often reducing individual stylistic expression.
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2The 'Trickle-Down Theory' of fashion adoption suggests that fashion trends start from which social class?
A.Subcultures and street gangs
B.The upper socio-economic class
C.The lower socio-economic class
D.The middle class
Correct Answer: The upper socio-economic class
Explanation:
The Trickle-Down Theory states that fashion is dictated by the upper class and creates a desire among lower classes to emulate that status, causing the trend to move downward.
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3Which economic factor specifically refers to the amount of money an individual has left for spending and saving after income taxes have been deducted?
A.Gross Income
B.Market Cap
C.Inflation Rate
D.Disposable Income
Correct Answer: Disposable Income
Explanation:
Disposable income is the critical economic factor for the fashion industry, as it determines the purchasing power consumers have for non-essential items like fashionable clothing.
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4In the context of geographical factors, why is silk traditionally associated with China and wool with Scotland?
A.Availability of raw materials
B.Government trade tariffs
C.Global marketing campaigns
D.Technological advancements in weaving
Correct Answer: Availability of raw materials
Explanation:
Geographical factors dictate the availability of raw materials; silkworms thrive in China's climate, while sheep farming for wool is suited to the terrain and climate of Scotland.
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5Which technological invention of the century triggered the mass production of clothing and the birth of the ready-to-wear industry?
A.3D Printing
B.The Sewing Machine
C.Synthetic Dyes
D.The Power Loom
Correct Answer: The Sewing Machine
Explanation:
The invention of the sewing machine (perfected by Singer and Howe) allowed for rapid assembly of garments, moving fashion from hand-sewn custom pieces to mass-manufactured ready-to-wear.
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6What is the primary influence of the 'Hippie' movement of the 1960s on fashion deemed as?
A.An economic influence
B.A cultural and subcultural influence
C.A technological influence
D.A geographical influence
Correct Answer: A cultural and subcultural influence
Explanation:
The Hippie movement was a cultural counter-culture revolution that influenced fashion through values of peace, love, and anti-materialism, introducing tie-dye, bell-bottoms, and ethnic prints.
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7How does an economic recession typically affect consumer behavior regarding fashion?
A.Fashion cycles speed up significantly.
B.Consumers prioritize durability and classic styles over fleeting trends.
C.Import taxes on textiles are abolished.
D.Consumers increase spending on luxury goods.
Correct Answer: Consumers prioritize durability and classic styles over fleeting trends.
Explanation:
During recessions, disposable income shrinks, leading consumers to buy fewer items and focus on investment pieces or 'classics' that will last longer, rather than risky high-fashion trends.
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8The adoption of the 'Mao Suit' in China during the mid-20th century is an example of fashion influenced by:
A.Western pop culture
B.Climate change
C.Political ideology and social equality
D.Technological constraints
Correct Answer: Political ideology and social equality
Explanation:
The Mao Suit was promoted to signify the removal of social class distinctions and adherence to communist political ideology, showing how politics (a social factor) drives dress.
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9Which fiber's development in the 1930s revolutionized the hosiery industry, representing a major technological shift?
A.Linen
B.Cotton
C.Nylon
D.Wool
Correct Answer: Nylon
Explanation:
Nylon was the first truly synthetic fiber, introduced by DuPont. It replaced expensive and fragile silk stockings, making hosiery affordable and durable for the masses.
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10Which geographical factor dictates the need for insulating materials like fur, heavy wool, and down feathers in clothing?
A.proximity to the ocean
B.Topography
C.Climate and Temperature
D.Urbanization
Correct Answer: Climate and Temperature
Explanation:
Climate is a primary geographical determinant; colder regions necessitate clothing that provides thermal insulation to ensure survival and comfort.
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11The 'Lipstick Effect' is an economic theory suggesting that during difficult economic times:
The Lipstick Effect describes the observation that consumers still want to treat themselves during recessions, so they buy smaller, cheaper luxury goods (like premium lipstick) rather than expensive coats or bags.
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12What role does social media play as a technological factor in modern fashion?
A.It increases the cost of raw materials.
B.It democratizes fashion and creates 'See Now, Buy Now' consumption.
C.It slows down the fashion cycle.
D.It restricts fashion to elite circles.
Correct Answer: It democratizes fashion and creates 'See Now, Buy Now' consumption.
Explanation:
Technology, specifically social media, has accelerated the fashion cycle, allowing consumers to see runway shows instantly and demanding immediate availability, shifting away from traditional seasonal delays.
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13Which of the following is an example of 'Trickle-Up' (or Bubble-Up) theory involving social factors?
A.A royal wedding dress influencing bridal trends.
B.Technological fabrics being used in sports.
C.Designers copying historical costumes.
D.Streetwear and skate culture influencing high-end luxury brands.
Correct Answer: Streetwear and skate culture influencing high-end luxury brands.
Explanation:
Trickle-Up theory occurs when trends originate from the streets or lower socio-economic groups (like skate or hip-hop culture) and are eventually adopted by high-fashion designers.
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14In the context of cultural factors, what does the term 'Cultural Appropriation' refer to?
A.Respectfully wearing traditional dress for a ceremony.
B.The adoption of elements of a minority culture by a dominant culture without understanding or respect.
C.The legal protection of indigenous designs.
D.The global trade of textiles between nations.
Correct Answer: The adoption of elements of a minority culture by a dominant culture without understanding or respect.
Explanation:
Cultural appropriation is a sensitive social/cultural issue where symbols, artifacts, or styles of a marginalized culture are used by the dominant culture for fashion aesthetics, often stripping them of their original meaning.
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15Computer-Aided Design (CAD) allows fashion designers to:
A.Physically sew garments without human intervention.
B.Reduce the cost of retail rent.
C.Visualize and modify designs virtually before cutting fabric.
D.Grow cotton faster.
Correct Answer: Visualize and modify designs virtually before cutting fabric.
Explanation:
CAD is a technological tool that streamlines the design process, allowing for color changes, pattern adjustments, and 3D visualization, which reduces waste and time.
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16Which of the following creates a 'Global Village' effect, homogenizing fashion trends across different geographical locations?
A.Strict import tariffs
B.Globalization and the Internet
C.Traditional craftsmanship
D.Isolationism
Correct Answer: Globalization and the Internet
Explanation:
Globalization and internet technology allow trends to travel instantly. A trend starting in Paris can be worn in Tokyo and New York simultaneously, reducing regional distinctiveness.
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17From a social perspective, the 'Flapper' dress of the 1920s symbolized:
A.The economic depression.
B.Women's liberation and rejection of traditional restrictions.
C.Agricultural advancements.
D.A return to Victorian values.
Correct Answer: Women's liberation and rejection of traditional restrictions.
Explanation:
The Flapper style (short hair, shorter skirts, loose fit) was a social statement of rebellion against Victorian gender roles, coinciding with women gaining the right to vote.
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18Fast Fashion is primarily driven by which combination of factors?
A.Geographical isolation and heavy wool production.
B.Technological supply chain efficiency and consumer demand for low prices.
C.High cultural value and slow craftsmanship.
D.Strict social etiquette and royalty.
Correct Answer: Technological supply chain efficiency and consumer demand for low prices.
Explanation:
Fast fashion relies on rapid manufacturing technology and logistics (Tech) to meet the economic demand for cheap, trendy clothing (Econ/Social).
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19How does religion act as a cultural factor in fashion?
A.It determines the machinery used in factories.
B.It dictates the price of cotton.
C.It influences modesty standards and specific garment requirements (e.g., Hijab, Turban).
D.It prevents the use of synthetic dyes.
Correct Answer: It influences modesty standards and specific garment requirements (e.g., Hijab, Turban).
Explanation:
Religion is a strong cultural force that prescribes certain codes of dress, modesty, and symbolic garments that adherents wear as an expression of faith.
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20Smart Textiles (E-textiles) are an example of:
A.Retro fashion
B.Technological advancement in materials
C.Economic recession
D.Traditional geographical weaving
Correct Answer: Technological advancement in materials
Explanation:
Smart textiles integrate digital components (like sensors or lights) and electronics, representing the intersection of fashion and advanced technology.
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21Which economic concept explains why Haute Couture is produced in limited quantities?
A.Mass production
B.Deflation
C.Economies of scale
D.Scarcity and Exclusivity
Correct Answer: Scarcity and Exclusivity
Explanation:
Haute Couture relies on the economic principle of exclusivity. High prices are justified by the scarcity of the product and the intense labor required, catering to the very wealthy.
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22The use of 'Khadi' in India became a symbol of national independence. This is an example of:
A.Political and Social symbolism
B.Fast fashion
C.Global luxury trends
D.Technological stagnation
Correct Answer: Political and Social symbolism
Explanation:
Mahatma Gandhi promoted Khadi (hand-spun cloth) to reject British industrial imports, making the fabric a social and political symbol of self-reliance.
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23Geographically, why did the 'Bikini' gain popularity in Western Europe and the USA but not in conservative climatic or cultural regions simultaneously?
A.Lack of nylon availability.
B.Inability to dye small fabrics.
C.High cost of production.
D.Integration of Cultural norms and Climate suitability.
Correct Answer: Integration of Cultural norms and Climate suitability.
Explanation:
While the bikini is suited for warm climates (Geography), its adoption is heavily gated by cultural factors regarding modesty and skin exposure.
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24Which generation is currently most influential in driving the demand for sustainable and ethically produced fashion?
A.Gen Z and Millennials
B.Baby Boomers
C.Generation X
D.The Silent Generation
Correct Answer: Gen Z and Millennials
Explanation:
Social studies show that younger generations (Gen Z/Millennials) prioritize social responsibility and environmentalism, influencing brands to change their practices.
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25If the price of raw cotton increases globally (), what is the likely immediate economic impact on cotton clothing?
Correct Answer: Production costs rise, likely increasing retail prices.
Explanation:
An increase in the cost of raw materials (Economical factor) raises the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS), which is usually passed on to the consumer as higher retail prices.
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26Virtual Fitting Rooms using Augmented Reality (AR) address which barrier in online shopping?
A.Shipping speed
B.Brand loyalty
C.Payment security
D.Fit and Sizing uncertainty
Correct Answer: Fit and Sizing uncertainty
Explanation:
AR technology allows customers to visualize how clothes look on their body, addressing the 'fit' issue which is the main drawback of e-commerce compared to physical retail.
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27The dominance of denim jeans worldwide is an example of:
A.A garment only suitable for cold climates.
B.A short-term fad.
C.A specific religious dress.
D.American cultural influence spreading globally.
Correct Answer: American cultural influence spreading globally.
Explanation:
Jeans originated as workwear but became a symbol of American culture (Hollywood, rebellion) and spread globally, becoming a staple across almost all cultures.
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28What is the social impact of 'Androgynous Fashion'?
A.It reinforces strict gender binaries.
B.It increases the price of skirts.
C.It challenges traditional gender roles and blurs the line between masculine and feminine dress.
D.It requires specific geographical climates.
Correct Answer: It challenges traditional gender roles and blurs the line between masculine and feminine dress.
Explanation:
Androgynous fashion creates a visual language that does not adhere to specific male or female norms, reflecting changing social attitudes toward gender identity.
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29Which of the following creates a 'Barriers to Entry' for new fashion designers economically?
A.Availability of pencils and paper.
B.High capital requirements for manufacturing and inventory.
C.Consumer desire for newness.
D.Free social media marketing.
Correct Answer: High capital requirements for manufacturing and inventory.
Explanation:
Starting a brand requires money for production, fabrics, and stock before any sales are made. This financial requirement is an economic barrier.
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30The preservation of the kimono in Japan for ceremonies despite Westernization is an example of:
A.Climate necessity.
B.Economic poverty.
C.Technological backwardness.
D.Cultural heritage and tradition.
Correct Answer: Cultural heritage and tradition.
Explanation:
While daily wear in Japan is largely Western, the Kimono is preserved for weddings and tea ceremonies, highlighting the endurance of cultural tradition.
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31Biomimicry in fashion technology refers to:
A.Design and production of materials that imitate biological processes or structures.
B.Using only cotton.
C.Printing photos of animals on t-shirts.
D.Using animals to transport clothes.
Correct Answer: Design and production of materials that imitate biological processes or structures.
Explanation:
Biomimicry is a technological innovation where structures found in nature (like a lotus leaf repelling water) are engineered into fabrics (hydrophobic coatings).
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32Which geographical region is known as the 'Fashion Capital' historically due to its centralization of luxury production and craftsmanship?
A.The Sahara Desert
B.Antarctica
C.Paris, France
D.Silicon Valley
Correct Answer: Paris, France
Explanation:
Paris established itself as the center of fashion (Geographical/Cultural) due to the history of the royal court, the establishment of the Chambre Syndicale, and the concentration of artisans.
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33What social factor creates the 'Bandwagon Effect' in fashion?
A.Peer pressure and the desire to conform.
B.Technological failure.
C.Economic inflation.
D.Individualism
Correct Answer: Peer pressure and the desire to conform.
Explanation:
The Bandwagon Effect occurs when people adopt a trend primarily because others are doing it, driven by the social need for acceptance and conformity.
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34Laser cutting technology has enabled designers to:
A.Dye fabrics naturally.
B.Create intricate patterns and precise edges without fraying.
C.Weave wool faster.
D.Transport goods cheaper.
Correct Answer: Create intricate patterns and precise edges without fraying.
Explanation:
Laser cutting is a technological advancement allowing for extreme precision and sealing fabric edges, enabling designs that were impossible with traditional scissors.
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35Which economic market structure best describes the luxury fashion industry where a few large brands (LVMH, Kering) dominate?
A.Perfect Competition
B.Monopoly
C.Socialism
D.Oligopoly
Correct Answer: Oligopoly
Explanation:
An Oligopoly is a market structure dominated by a small number of large firms. The luxury sector is dominated by massive conglomerates like LVMH and Kering.
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36The use of Gore-Tex fabric in outdoor gear is primarily a response to:
A.Geographical and climatic challenges.
B.Cultural aesthetics.
C.Religious requirements.
D.Social status.
Correct Answer: Geographical and climatic challenges.
Explanation:
Gore-Tex is a waterproof, breathable fabric designed specifically to protect the wearer from rain and wind (Climate/Geography) while allowing sweat to escape.
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37How did the 'Punk' subculture of the 1970s use fashion socially?
A.To show wealth and opulence.
B.To promote eco-friendly living.
C.To express anarchy, rebellion, and anti-establishment views.
D.To support government policies.
Correct Answer: To express anarchy, rebellion, and anti-establishment views.
Explanation:
Punk fashion (safety pins, ripped clothes, mohawks) was a visual act of rebellion against the status quo and the social/economic conditions of the time.
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38Supply and Demand ( and ) determines the price of fashion goods. If a limited edition sneaker drops ( is low) and hype is high ( is high), the price:
A.Increases drastically
B.Becomes zero
C.Stays the same
D.Decreases
Correct Answer: Increases drastically
Explanation:
Basic economic principle: Low supply combined with high demand leads to higher equilibrium prices (resale market value).
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39The shift from formal office wear to 'Athleisure' is largely attributed to:
A.Lifestyle changes and a focus on health/wellness.
B.Government mandates.
C.A shortage of suit fabric.
D.Global cooling.
Correct Answer: Lifestyle changes and a focus on health/wellness.
Explanation:
Social lifestyle changes, prioritizing comfort, fitness, and versatility, drove the massive trend of wearing athletic clothing in non-athletic settings.
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403D Printing contributes to sustainability in fashion technology by:
A.Producing zero-waste garments by printing only the necessary material.
B.Using more water than cotton.
C.Printing paper receipts.
D.Increasing shipping distances.
Correct Answer: Producing zero-waste garments by printing only the necessary material.
Explanation:
3D printing is an additive manufacturing technology, meaning material is added layer by layer only where needed, eliminating the cutting waste seen in traditional fabric production.
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41The tradition of wearing white for weddings in the West (popularized by Queen Victoria) vs. Red in India is an example of:
A.Climate differences.
B.Economic disparity.
C.Cultural symbolism of color.
D.Technological differences.
Correct Answer: Cultural symbolism of color.
Explanation:
Colors hold different meanings in different cultures. White symbolizes purity in the West but often mourning in parts of the East, while Red symbolizes prosperity and fertility in Indian culture.
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42Outsourcing manufacturing to countries like Bangladesh or Vietnam is primarily driven by:
The fashion industry is labor-intensive. Brands outsource to developing nations to take advantage of lower wages (Economic factor) to keep retail prices competitive.
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43What is 'Status Anxiety' in the context of fashion sociology?
A.The stress associated with maintaining one's place in the social hierarchy through appearance.
B.The fear of running out of clothes.
C.The worry about technological failure.
D.The fear of high prices.
Correct Answer: The stress associated with maintaining one's place in the social hierarchy through appearance.
Explanation:
Status anxiety drives consumption as individuals fear being judged as 'lower class' or out of date, compelling them to buy current trends to maintain social standing.
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44Blockchain technology is being introduced in fashion to verify:
A.Which celebrity wore the item.
B.Supply chain transparency and authenticity.
C.The color of the year.
D.The sewing machine model.
Correct Answer: Supply chain transparency and authenticity.
Explanation:
Blockchain creates an immutable digital record, allowing consumers to trace the journey of a garment (proving it is not a fake and verifying ethical claims).
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45The 'Hemline Index' is a theory proposing that:
A.Skirt lengths depend on the amount of fabric available.
B.Skirt lengths get shorter when the economy is good and longer when it is bad.
C.Skirt lengths are random.
D.Skirt lengths are determined by religious leaders.
Correct Answer: Skirt lengths get shorter when the economy is good and longer when it is bad.
Explanation:
Proposed by George Taylor in 1926, this economic-social theory suggests a correlation between stock market performance and skirt lengths (Minis in the booming 60s, Maxis in the recessionary 70s).
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46Regional embroidery styles in India (like Phulkari in Punjab or Kantha in Bengal) are results of:
A.Geographical isolation and local cultural traditions.
B.Industrial machinery.
C.Imported synthetic threads.
D.Global trends.
Correct Answer: Geographical isolation and local cultural traditions.
Explanation:
Before globalization, regions developed distinct styles based on local culture and available materials, passing these techniques down through generations.
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47E-Commerce allows for 'Long Tail' economics in fashion. What does this mean?
A.Making dresses with long tails.
B.Selling a large variety of niche items in small quantities to many different customers.
C.Selling only in physical stores.
D.Selling only the top 5 most popular items.
Correct Answer: Selling a large variety of niche items in small quantities to many different customers.
Explanation:
Technology allows retailers to stock niche items (the long tail of the demand curve) that wouldn't be profitable in a physical store with limited shelf space.
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48The concept of 'Planned Obsolescence' in fashion refers to:
A.Using recycled materials.
B.Designing clothes to become unfashionable or wear out quickly to encourage replacement.
C.Designing clothes to last forever.
D.Planning a fashion show.
Correct Answer: Designing clothes to become unfashionable or wear out quickly to encourage replacement.
Explanation:
This is an economic strategy. By changing trends rapidly or using lower quality materials, brands ensure consumers return to buy more, driving revenue.
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49How does urbanization (moving to cities) generally affect fashion choices?
A.People wear more traditional rural clothing.
B.It stops the fashion cycle.
C.It eliminates the need for shoes.
D.It leads to a greater variety of styles, anonymity, and faster adoption of trends.
Correct Answer: It leads to a greater variety of styles, anonymity, and faster adoption of trends.
Explanation:
Cities are melting pots of culture and commerce (Social/Geo). Urban life usually demands practical yet trendy clothing and exposes individuals to diverse styles.
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50The intricate layering of clothing in the Victorian era () was primarily a reflection of:
A.Social propriety, morality, and class status.
B.Global warming.
C.Technological lack of heating.
D.A shortage of buttons.
Correct Answer: Social propriety, morality, and class status.
Explanation:
While cold played a part, the complex layers (corsets, petticoats, crinolines) were strictly dictated by social codes of modesty and the display of wealth (affording the fabric and the inability to do manual labor in such clothes).