NFC is commonly used for contactless payments by placing a phone or card close to a payment terminal.
Incorrect! Try again.
10What does NB-IoT stand for?
Narrowband IoT
Easy
A.Near-Band Integrated Output
B.Network-Based Internet Operation
C.Node-Based Internal Transfer
D.Narrowband Internet of Things
Correct Answer: Narrowband Internet of Things
Explanation:
NB-IoT stands for Narrowband Internet of Things, a cellular technology designed for connected devices.
Incorrect! Try again.
11Which feature is commonly associated with NB-IoT?
Narrowband IoT
Easy
A.High-power video streaming
B.Wired-only device communication
C.Low-power wide-area connectivity
D.Short battery operating time
Correct Answer: Low-power wide-area connectivity
Explanation:
NB-IoT provides wide-area cellular connectivity while supporting low power consumption and long battery life.
Incorrect! Try again.
12Sigfox is mainly designed for which type of communication?
Sigfox
Easy
A.Small, infrequent data messages
B.Large software file transfers
C.Frequent high-definition video
D.Continuous uncompressed audio
Correct Answer: Small, infrequent data messages
Explanation:
Sigfox is a low-power wide-area technology intended mainly for devices that send small amounts of data.
Incorrect! Try again.
13Which type of IoT network is Sigfox commonly classified as?
Sigfox
Easy
A.High-speed storage network
B.Low-power wide-area network
C.Personal optical network
D.Local wired network
Correct Answer: Low-power wide-area network
Explanation:
Sigfox is classified as a low-power wide-area network because it connects low-power devices over long distances.
Incorrect! Try again.
14What does Industrial IoT primarily connect?
Introduction to Industrial IoT
Easy
A.Industrial machines and systems
B.Musical notes and recordings
C.Household furniture and curtains
D.Printed books and magazines
Correct Answer: Industrial machines and systems
Explanation:
Industrial IoT connects machines, sensors, control systems, and software in industrial environments.
Incorrect! Try again.
15Which development helped support the growth of Industrial IoT?
History of Industrial IoT
Easy
A.Removal of industrial sensors
B.Return to manual recordkeeping
C.Decline of digital communication
D.Growth of connected automation
Correct Answer: Growth of connected automation
Explanation:
Industrial IoT developed from advances in industrial automation, sensors, networking, and connected computing.
Incorrect! Try again.
16Which component collects physical measurements in an Industrial IoT system?
Components of Industrial IoT
Easy
A.A database
B.A dashboard
C.A gateway
D.A sensor
Correct Answer: A sensor
Explanation:
Sensors collect measurements such as temperature, pressure, vibration, or humidity from industrial equipment.
Incorrect! Try again.
17What is a common role of an Industrial IoT gateway?
Components of Industrial IoT
Easy
A.Connecting devices to networks
B.Replacing every physical sensor
C.Producing mechanical spare parts
D.Painting industrial machines
Correct Answer: Connecting devices to networks
Explanation:
An Industrial IoT gateway connects local devices to other networks and may translate or process their data.
Incorrect! Try again.
18What does Brownfield Internet of Things usually involve?
Brownfield Internet of Things
Easy
A.Removing all operational machinery
B.Using devices without any sensors
C.Adding connectivity to existing equipment
D.Building only completely new factories
Correct Answer: Adding connectivity to existing equipment
Explanation:
Brownfield IoT upgrades existing machines or infrastructure with sensors, connectivity, and data capabilities.
Incorrect! Try again.
19How can IoT support smart irrigation in agriculture?
Internet of Things in agriculture
Easy
A.By avoiding field measurements
B.By removing weather information
C.By disabling water controls
D.By measuring soil moisture
Correct Answer: By measuring soil moisture
Explanation:
Soil-moisture sensors help irrigation systems provide water when and where crops need it.
Incorrect! Try again.
20Which is an example of IoT use in healthcare?
Internet of Things in healthcare
Easy
A.A paper-only patient form
B.A remote heart-rate monitor
C.A disconnected wall calendar
D.A manual filing cabinet
Correct Answer: A remote heart-rate monitor
Explanation:
A remote heart-rate monitor can collect patient data and send it to healthcare professionals for observation.
Incorrect! Try again.
21A manufacturer wants to test changes to a production line without interrupting physical operations. Which future factory concept best supports this requirement?
Future factory concepts
Medium
A.A digital twin of the production line
B.A passive inventory identification system
C.A manual log of production events
D.A centralized payroll management platform
Correct Answer: A digital twin of the production line
Explanation:
A digital twin models the state and behavior of the physical production line, allowing proposed changes to be simulated before deployment.
Incorrect! Try again.
22Machines in a factory automatically adjust production schedules after receiving real-time demand and equipment-status data. Which characteristic of a future factory is primarily demonstrated?
Future factory concepts
Medium
A.Fixed and isolated production planning
B.Long-term storage of records without real-time analysis
C.Decentralized and adaptive decision-making
D.Manual inspection of every manufactured component
Correct Answer: Decentralized and adaptive decision-making
Explanation:
Future factories use connected systems and real-time data to adapt production decisions dynamically.
Incorrect! Try again.
23A temperature sensor sends readings only when the measured value changes by more than . Which smart-object capability is being used?
Smart objects
Medium
A.Local processing and event detection
B.Centralized processing of every raw sensor sample
C.Continuous transmission without filtering
D.Manual calibration by a remote operator
Correct Answer: Local processing and event detection
Explanation:
The object processes readings locally and detects a significant event before deciding whether to transmit data.
Incorrect! Try again.
24Which combination is most important for turning an ordinary physical object into a smart object?
Smart objects
Medium
A.Sensing, processing, and communication
B.Mechanical operation, decorative lighting, and a permanently connected high-performance server
C.Packaging, labeling, and transportation
D.Storage, billing, and customer support
Correct Answer: Sensing, processing, and communication
Explanation:
A smart object normally senses its environment, processes information, and communicates with other devices or services.
Incorrect! Try again.
25A building application combines occupancy, weather, and energy-price data to control air conditioning. What makes this a smart application rather than simple remote control?
Smart applications
Medium
A.It stores all sensor readings without analyzing them
B.It makes context-aware control decisions
C.It requires users to operate every device
D.It displays a fixed temperature value
Correct Answer: It makes context-aware control decisions
Explanation:
Smart applications combine data from multiple sources and use context to automate or improve decisions.
Incorrect! Try again.
26A city wants one application to obtain data from parking sensors made by several vendors. Which design choice most directly supports this requirement?
Smart applications
Medium
A.Assigning a separate operator to each sensor
B.Replacing the entire network with devices from one vendor regardless of compatibility
C.Using standardized interfaces and data models
D.Increasing the battery capacity of every sensor
Correct Answer: Using standardized interfaces and data models
Explanation:
Standard interfaces and data models allow a smart application to interpret and combine information from heterogeneous devices.
Incorrect! Try again.
27A constrained device must establish and manage a communication session while using less memory and signaling overhead than conventional SIP. Which protocol is the most appropriate?
A protocol for constrained session initiation
Medium
A.SNMP
B.CoSIP
C.HTTP
D.FTP
Correct Answer: CoSIP
Explanation:
CoSIP is designed as a lightweight session-initiation approach for constrained devices and networks.
Incorrect! Try again.
28Why might a gateway translate between CoSIP messages from sensor nodes and SIP messages used by an existing communication service?
A protocol for constrained session initiation
Medium
A.To force constrained nodes to process full SIP messages and all optional headers locally
B.To replace session signaling with file storage
C.To increase the sensors' physical measurement range
D.To provide interoperability with SIP infrastructure
Correct Answer: To provide interoperability with SIP infrastructure
Explanation:
Translation at the gateway lets constrained devices use lightweight signaling while still communicating with established SIP systems.
Incorrect! Try again.
29A museum places inexpensive tags beside exhibits. Visitors tap their phones on the tags to open exhibit information. Which NFC operating arrangement is most suitable?
Near-field communication
Medium
A.Both devices as long-range satellite transmitters
B.Phone as passive tag and exhibit as cellular base station
C.Tag as a continuously powered Wi-Fi access point serving all visitors in the building
D.Phone as reader and tag as passive target
Correct Answer: Phone as reader and tag as passive target
Explanation:
An NFC phone can power and read a nearby passive tag, making this arrangement suitable for low-cost information points.
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30NFC is selected for tap-to-pair medical equipment because its short operating range provides which practical benefit?
Near-field communication
Medium
A.It supports communication across an entire hospital
The short range requires devices to be brought close together, which helps users select the intended pairing target.
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31A utility company needs cellular connectivity for battery-powered water meters installed in basements. The meters send small readings a few times per day. Why is NB-IoT suitable?
Narrowband IoT
Medium
A.It provides deep coverage with low power use
B.It provides high-rate video with minimal delay
C.It requires an unlicensed local gateway at each meter
D.It supports continuous voice calls and high-resolution media streaming from underground meters
Correct Answer: It provides deep coverage with low power use
Explanation:
NB-IoT is optimized for low-data-rate devices requiring long battery life and strong coverage in difficult locations.
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32An organization prefers an LPWAN technology operated through existing mobile network infrastructure and licensed spectrum. Which technology best matches this requirement?
Narrowband IoT
Medium
A.NB-IoT
B.NFC
C.Passive RFID
D.Bluetooth Classic
Correct Answer: NB-IoT
Explanation:
NB-IoT is a cellular LPWAN technology deployed by mobile operators in licensed spectrum.
Incorrect! Try again.
33Which application is the best match for a typical Sigfox deployment?
Sigfox
Medium
A.A headset carrying real-time stereo audio
B.A factory controller exchanging large command messages every millisecond with multiple machines
C.A bin sensor sending a few status updates daily
D.A camera continuously uploading security video
Correct Answer: A bin sensor sending a few status updates daily
Explanation:
Sigfox is designed for small, infrequent messages from low-power devices rather than continuous high-bandwidth traffic.
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34A tracking device must receive frequent route updates from a server and acknowledge each one immediately. What is the main concern with choosing Sigfox?
Sigfox
Medium
A.Its devices cannot transmit identifiers
B.Its downlink capacity is limited
C.Its communication always requires physical contact
D.Its radio is intended primarily for continuous broadband downloads and therefore consumes excessive bandwidth
Correct Answer: Its downlink capacity is limited
Explanation:
Sigfox emphasizes small uplink messages and offers comparatively limited downlink communication, making frequent server updates unsuitable.
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35Vibration sensors are installed on motors, and analytics estimate when bearings are likely to fail. Which Industrial IoT objective does this primarily support?
Introduction to Industrial IoT
Medium
A.Replacement of all industrial machines on a fixed annual schedule
B.Manual inventory counting
C.Predictive maintenance
D.Decorative product customization
Correct Answer: Predictive maintenance
Explanation:
Industrial IoT analytics can identify degradation patterns and predict failures before equipment breaks down.
Incorrect! Try again.
36Which development most directly helped traditional industrial automation evolve toward modern Industrial IoT?
History of Industrial IoT
Medium
A.Replacing electronic controllers with mechanical switches
B.Connecting control systems to IP networks and cloud analytics
C.Removing sensors from automated production systems
D.Keeping SCADA and enterprise systems permanently isolated while increasing manual data entry
Correct Answer: Connecting control systems to IP networks and cloud analytics
Explanation:
Industrial IoT emerged as automation systems became connected through standard networking and integrated with scalable analytics platforms.
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37A factory needs to filter high-frequency machine data locally and forward only summaries and alarms to the cloud. Which component should perform this function?
Components of Industrial IoT
Medium
A.A cloud-only archive with no local connectivity
B.A mechanical relay
C.An edge gateway
D.A passive barcode
Correct Answer: An edge gateway
Explanation:
An edge gateway can aggregate, filter, and analyze machine data near its source before forwarding selected information.
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38A plant wants IoT monitoring but cannot replace its operational twenty-year-old machines. Which approach best represents a brownfield IoT deployment?
Brownfield Internet of Things
Medium
A.Replacing every machine, controller, cable, and software platform before collecting any data
B.Disconnecting existing controllers from all monitoring systems
C.Retrofitting machines with sensors and protocol gateways
D.Building a completely new factory at another location
Correct Answer: Retrofitting machines with sensors and protocol gateways
Explanation:
Brownfield IoT adds connectivity and monitoring to existing equipment, often through external sensors and gateways.
Incorrect! Try again.
39Soil-moisture sensors report values from several field zones. How should a smart irrigation system use these readings to conserve water?
Internet of Things in agriculture
Medium
A.Ignore sensor data whenever the weather is dry
B.Water every zone for the same fixed duration
C.Irrigate only zones below the moisture threshold
D.Activate all pumps continuously and use the readings only for an end-of-season report
Correct Answer: Irrigate only zones below the moisture threshold
Explanation:
Zone-specific irrigation applies water where it is needed, reducing waste while maintaining suitable soil moisture.
Incorrect! Try again.
40A wearable heart monitor detects an abnormal rhythm and sends an alert to a clinician. Which system design is most important for making the alert clinically useful?
Internet of Things in healthcare
Medium
A.Maximum screen brightness on the wearable device
B.Public broadcasting of all measurements to nearby phones
C.Reliable delivery with patient identification and timestamp
D.Storing the alert without identifying its source, time, or urgency until the next scheduled appointment
Correct Answer: Reliable delivery with patient identification and timestamp
Explanation:
A clinical alert must arrive reliably and include enough context to identify the patient and determine when the event occurred.
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41A future factory must personalize products in small batches while maintaining near-continuous production. Which architecture best supports this requirement?
Future factory concepts
Hard
A.Manual assembly with periodic data collection
B.Modular cyber-physical cells with local autonomy
C.Batch production with isolated control networks
D.Fixed automation with centralized scheduling
Correct Answer: Modular cyber-physical cells with local autonomy
Explanation:
Modular cells can be reconfigured rapidly, while local autonomy reduces the response time required for product variation and disturbances.
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42A factory digital twin predicts equipment failure using live sensor data, but its predictions become unreliable after a process redesign. What is the most likely underlying problem?
Future factory concepts
Hard
A.The sensors use encrypted wireless transmission
B.The factory uses distributed control systems
C.The actuators operate at different voltage levels
D.The twin lacks a continuously updated process model
Correct Answer: The twin lacks a continuously updated process model
Explanation:
A digital twin is valid only when its models, parameters, and relationships remain synchronized with the physical process.
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43Two sensors measure the same machine variable, but one sensor can detect its own calibration drift and report confidence metadata. Which property most directly distinguishes it as a smart object?
Smart objects
Hard
A.Context-aware self-description
B.Higher sampling frequency
C.Lower communication bandwidth
D.Smaller physical dimensions
Correct Answer: Context-aware self-description
Explanation:
A smart object combines sensing with processing, communication, identity, and contextual information such as status or confidence.
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44A battery-powered valve must execute a safety rule even when its network connection is unavailable. Which design principle is most appropriate?
Smart objects
Hard
A.Move all logic to the cloud
B.Replace sensing with periodic manual inspection
C.Increase reporting frequency during outages
D.Use local computation with delayed synchronization
Correct Answer: Use local computation with delayed synchronization
Explanation:
Safety-critical behavior should remain available at the edge, while noncritical data can be synchronized when connectivity returns.
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45A smart-building application reduces energy use by combining occupancy, weather, tariff, and thermal-history data. Why is this more than simple remote monitoring?
Smart applications
Hard
A.It stores measurements in a larger database
B.It replaces wired sensors with wireless sensors
C.It aggregates heterogeneous context to make decisions
D.It transmits sensor readings at shorter intervals
Correct Answer: It aggregates heterogeneous context to make decisions
Explanation:
A smart application derives actions or insights by interpreting multiple data sources in context rather than merely displaying measurements.
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46An irrigation application recommends watering based on soil moisture, crop stage, rainfall probability, and water restrictions. Which failure would most seriously undermine decision quality?
Smart applications
Hard
A.A policy constraint is omitted from the decision model
B.A user receives notifications through a mobile app
C.A dashboard uses monochrome charts
D.A sensor reports data in metric units
Correct Answer: A policy constraint is omitted from the decision model
Explanation:
Ignoring water restrictions can produce operationally invalid actions even when the sensor predictions are technically accurate.
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47A constrained device must initiate a short-lived service session over an unreliable link using minimal signaling and limited memory. Which protocol behavior is most suitable?
A protocol for constrained session initiation
Hard
A.Continuous polling with an always-on session
B.Lightweight request-response with bounded state
C.Large certificates exchanged on every message
D.Persistent connection with verbose negotiation
Correct Answer: Lightweight request-response with bounded state
Explanation:
Constrained session initiation should minimize message size, processing, and retained state while tolerating intermittent connectivity.
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48A constrained-session protocol uses retransmission because messages may be lost. What design issue must be handled to prevent duplicate actuator commands?
A protocol for constrained session initiation
Hard
A.Require a permanent transport connection
B.Make command processing idempotent or uniquely identified
C.Disable acknowledgments on all messages
D.Use larger payloads for every request
Correct Answer: Make command processing idempotent or uniquely identified
Explanation:
Retransmissions can duplicate requests, so command handlers need duplicate detection or operations whose repeated execution has the same effect.
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49A maintenance technician taps an unpowered equipment tag with a phone and reads its service history. Which NFC capability makes this possible?
Near-field communication
Hard
A.Long-range cellular backhaul
B.High-power Wi-Fi association
C.Inductive power transfer from the reader
D.Satellite synchronization of the tag
Correct Answer: Inductive power transfer from the reader
Explanation:
NFC readers can energize passive tags through the near-field electromagnetic coupling, allowing data exchange without a tag battery.
Incorrect! Try again.
50An organization uses NFC badges for access control but wants to prevent copied badge identifiers from granting entry. Which enhancement addresses the core weakness?
B.Use a static identifier with a longer numeric value
C.Increase the reader's operating distance
D.Store the identifier in a public directory
Correct Answer: Use cryptographic challenge-response authentication
Explanation:
Static identifiers can be copied; challenge-response authentication verifies possession of a secret without exposing that secret directly.
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51A utility deploys underground water meters that send a few bytes several times per day and require multi-year battery life. Why is NB-IoT a strong candidate?
Narrowband IoT
Hard
A.It requires nearby smartphones for every transmission
B.It offers cellular coverage extension and power-saving modes
C.It operates only across short, unlicensed links
D.It prioritizes high-rate multimedia streaming
Correct Answer: It offers cellular coverage extension and power-saving modes
Explanation:
NB-IoT is designed for low-throughput devices and supports features such as extended coverage, Power Saving Mode, and extended discontinuous reception.
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52An NB-IoT sensor enters Power Saving Mode after uploading data. Which trade-off is inherent in this choice?
Narrowband IoT
Hard
A.Higher mobility with reduced authentication
B.Lower energy use with delayed downlink reachability
C.Higher throughput with increased antenna size
D.Lower coverage with continuous receiver operation
Correct Answer: Lower energy use with delayed downlink reachability
Explanation:
Power Saving Mode turns off the device's radio for extended periods, saving energy but delaying downlink communication until the device wakes.
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53A city needs to receive small, infrequent status messages from inexpensive sensors, but devices rarely need to receive commands. Which Sigfox characteristic best matches this requirement?
Sigfox
Hard
A.Short-range peer-to-peer communication
B.Operator-managed low-power wide-area communication
C.Symmetric high-bandwidth communication
D.Continuous bidirectional industrial control
Correct Answer: Operator-managed low-power wide-area communication
Explanation:
Sigfox targets low-power, low-data-rate wide-area telemetry, with uplink communication generally more prominent than downlink control.
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54A designer considers Sigfox for closed-loop control of a robotic arm. Which requirement makes this choice inappropriate?
Sigfox
Hard
A.The device is battery powered
B.The control loop requires deterministic, frequent bidirectional exchange
C.The application covers a geographically dispersed area
D.The system sends occasional environmental measurements
Correct Answer: The control loop requires deterministic, frequent bidirectional exchange
Explanation:
Sigfox is optimized for small, infrequent messages and is unsuitable for deterministic, low-latency closed-loop control.
Incorrect! Try again.
55An IIoT deployment connects production data to maintenance analytics while preserving real-time machine safety in the local control system. Which principle is demonstrated?
Introduction to Industrial IoT
Hard
A.Using analytics outputs as unrestricted actuator commands
B.Separating safety-critical control from higher-level analytics
C.Replacing every controller with a cloud service
D.Eliminating industrial protocols in favor of consumer protocols
Correct Answer: Separating safety-critical control from higher-level analytics
Explanation:
IIoT analytics can improve operations, but deterministic safety functions should remain within appropriate local control boundaries.
Incorrect! Try again.
56Which development most directly enabled the transition from isolated industrial automation to modern IIoT ecosystems?
History of Industrial IoT
Hard
A.The convergence of connected control, networking, and data analytics
B.The exclusive use of proprietary offline systems
C.The removal of programmable controllers from factories
D.The replacement of sensors by mechanical gauges
Correct Answer: The convergence of connected control, networking, and data analytics
Explanation:
Modern IIoT emerged as industrial control and sensing became connected to interoperable networks and data-processing platforms.
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57A plant sends raw vibration data directly to a distant cloud, causing excessive bandwidth use and slow responses. Which component placement would best improve the system?
Components of Industrial IoT
Hard
A.Move all sensors into the cloud
B.Replace time-series storage with manual reports
C.Move filtering and anomaly detection to the edge
D.Remove the gateway and increase payload size
Correct Answer: Move filtering and anomaly detection to the edge
Explanation:
Edge processing reduces data volume and latency while allowing rapid local responses to detected machine conditions.
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58An IIoT gateway translates legacy fieldbus messages into an IP-based platform and buffers data during outages. Which two roles does it perform?
Components of Industrial IoT
Hard
A.Actuation and physical isolation
B.Power generation and signal amplification
C.User authentication and mechanical calibration
D.Protocol adaptation and store-and-forward
Correct Answer: Protocol adaptation and store-and-forward
Explanation:
The gateway provides interoperability between protocols and temporarily stores data when the upstream connection is unavailable.
Incorrect! Try again.
59A brownfield factory cannot stop production to replace its PLCs. Which integration strategy minimizes disruption while enabling condition monitoring?
Brownfield Internet of Things
Hard
A.Connect every actuator directly to the public internet
B.Install nonintrusive sensors and use a read-only gateway
C.Replace all controllers before collecting data
D.Disable existing alarms during the integration period
Correct Answer: Install nonintrusive sensors and use a read-only gateway
Explanation:
Nonintrusive sensing and read-only integration add monitoring capability without altering established control logic or requiring extended downtime.
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60A farm's soil sensors report adequate average moisture, yet crops on a slope show water stress. Which improvement is most likely to reveal the cause?
Internet of Things in agriculture
Hard
A.Increase irrigation uniformly across the entire field
B.Add spatially distributed sensing and terrain-aware analysis
C.Reduce sampling so that only daily averages remain
D.Replace all measurements with one field-wide average
Correct Answer: Add spatially distributed sensing and terrain-aware analysis
Explanation:
Averages can hide local variation caused by slope, drainage, and soil differences; spatial sensing can identify those patterns.
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