1A signal is said to be periodic with period if it satisfies which of the following conditions for all ?
Introduction
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
A periodic signal repeats itself after every period , so it must satisfy for all values of .
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2The Fourier series is used to represent which type of signals?
Introduction
Easy
A.Aperiodic signals only
B.Random signals only
C.Non-repeating transient signals
D.Periodic signals
Correct Answer: Periodic signals
Explanation:
The Fourier series decomposes a periodic signal into a sum of sinusoids or complex exponentials, so it applies to periodic signals.
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3The fundamental frequency of a continuous-time periodic signal with period is given by:
Introduction
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The fundamental angular frequency relates to the period by , measured in radians per second.
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4In the exponential Fourier series, a periodic signal is expressed as a weighted sum of which basis functions?
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Easy
A.Complex exponentials
B.Unit step functions
C.Decaying exponentials
D.Rectangular pulses
Correct Answer: Complex exponentials
Explanation:
The exponential Fourier series represents as , using harmonically related complex exponentials.
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5The Fourier series coefficient of a continuous-time periodic signal is computed as:
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The analysis equation uses a negative exponent and normalization by to extract each coefficient .
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6The Fourier series coefficient represents which quantity of the signal?
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Easy
A.The signal period
B.The peak amplitude
C.The fundamental frequency
D.The average (DC) value
Correct Answer: The average (DC) value
Explanation:
Setting gives , which is the average or DC value of the signal.
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7In the trigonometric Fourier series, a periodic signal is expressed using which functions?
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Easy
A.Only sines
B.Exponentials with negative real exponents
C.Sines and cosines
D.Only cosines
Correct Answer: Sines and cosines
Explanation:
The trigonometric form represents the signal as a sum of sine and cosine terms at harmonic frequencies plus a DC term.
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8The harmonics in a Fourier series occur at frequencies that are:
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Easy
A.Always equal to the fundamental frequency
B.Fractional multiples of the fundamental frequency
C.Randomly spaced frequencies
D.Integer multiples of the fundamental frequency
Correct Answer: Integer multiples of the fundamental frequency
Explanation:
Harmonics occur at where is an integer, making them integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.
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9The conditions that guarantee the convergence of a Fourier series are known as:
Convergence of the fourier series
Easy
A.Parseval conditions
B.Dirichlet conditions
C.Nyquist conditions
D.Cauchy conditions
Correct Answer: Dirichlet conditions
Explanation:
The Dirichlet conditions are a set of sufficient conditions that ensure a periodic signal's Fourier series converges.
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10One of the Dirichlet conditions requires that over one period, the signal must be:
Convergence of the fourier series
Easy
A.Infinite in amplitude
B.Discontinuous everywhere
C.Non-integrable
D.Absolutely integrable
Correct Answer: Absolutely integrable
Explanation:
The signal must satisfy , meaning it is absolutely integrable over one period.
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11According to the Dirichlet conditions, the number of maxima and minima of in one period must be:
Convergence of the fourier series
Easy
A.Zero
B.Continuously increasing
C.Infinite
D.Finite
Correct Answer: Finite
Explanation:
A valid signal must have a finite number of maxima and minima within any single period for the series to converge.
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12The behavior in which the Fourier series overshoots near a discontinuity of the signal is called:
Convergence of the fourier series
Easy
A.Aliasing effect
B.Nyquist overshoot
C.Gibbs phenomenon
D.Fourier leakage
Correct Answer: Gibbs phenomenon
Explanation:
Near a jump discontinuity, the truncated Fourier series exhibits a persistent overshoot known as the Gibbs phenomenon.
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13According to the Dirichlet conditions, the number of discontinuities in one period must be:
Convergence of the fourier series
Easy
A.Always zero
B.Unbounded
C.Infinite
D.Finite
Correct Answer: Finite
Explanation:
A periodic signal may have discontinuities, but there must be only a finite number of them within each period.
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14If a periodic signal is real and even, its Fourier series coefficients are:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Easy
A.Purely imaginary
B.Real and even
C.Always zero
D.Complex and odd
Correct Answer: Real and even
Explanation:
For a real and even signal, the Fourier coefficients are also real and even, since the imaginary (sine) components vanish.
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15According to the linearity property, if and , then has coefficients:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
By linearity, a linear combination of signals produces the same linear combination of their Fourier coefficients.
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16A time shift of a periodic signal, , affects its Fourier coefficients by:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Easy
A.Adding to
B.Multiplying by
C.Leaving completely unchanged
D.Multiplying by
Correct Answer: Multiplying by
Explanation:
Time shifting introduces a linear phase factor: the coefficients become , but their magnitudes stay the same.
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17Parseval's theorem for Fourier series relates the average power of a periodic signal to:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Easy
A.The fundamental period only
B.The DC value only
C.The number of harmonics present
D.The sum of the squared magnitudes of its Fourier coefficients
Correct Answer: The sum of the squared magnitudes of its Fourier coefficients
Explanation:
Parseval's theorem states , equating average power to the sum of squared coefficient magnitudes.
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18If is a real signal, its Fourier coefficients satisfy the conjugate symmetry property:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
For a real signal, the coefficients exhibit conjugate symmetry, meaning equals the complex conjugate of .
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19In software tools like MATLAB, the frequency spectrum of a periodic signal is commonly plotted using:
Software simulation of frequency spectrum of periodic signals
Easy
A.A stem plot of coefficient magnitudes versus frequency
B.A random scatter of dots
C.A single continuous curve of time versus amplitude
D.A pie chart of amplitudes
Correct Answer: A stem plot of coefficient magnitudes versus frequency
Explanation:
The discrete spectral lines of a periodic signal are best visualized using a stem plot showing coefficient magnitude at each harmonic frequency.
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20The plot of the magnitudes of Fourier coefficients against frequency is called the:
Software simulation of frequency spectrum of periodic signals
Easy
A.Magnitude spectrum
B.Impulse response
C.Phase response only
D.Time-domain waveform
Correct Answer: Magnitude spectrum
Explanation:
Plotting versus frequency gives the magnitude spectrum, which shows how signal energy is distributed across harmonics.
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21A periodic signal has a fundamental period of ms. What is its fundamental frequency in radians per second?
Introduction
Medium
A. rad/s
B. rad/s
C. rad/s
D. rad/s
Correct Answer: rad/s
Explanation:
The fundamental frequency is rad/s.
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22Two periodic signals have periods s and s. What is the fundamental period of their sum?
Introduction
Medium
A. s
B. s
C. s
D. s
Correct Answer: s
Explanation:
The period of the sum is the least common multiple (LCM) of the individual periods. s.
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23For the Fourier series synthesis equation , which expression correctly gives the analysis (coefficient) equation?
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The analysis equation uses a negative exponent, includes the factor , and the harmonic index multiplies in the exponent.
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24The signal is expressed in exponential Fourier series form. What are the nonzero coefficients?
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Using , so , giving .
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25For a real-valued periodic signal , what is the relationship between the Fourier coefficients and ?
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
For a real signal, the coefficients exhibit conjugate symmetry: . This means is even and the phase is odd in .
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26The DC component (average value) of a periodic signal corresponds to which Fourier series coefficient?
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Setting gives , which is the average value or DC component of the signal.
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27A periodic square wave with period has value 1 for half the period and 0 for the other half. What is its DC coefficient ?
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The average over one period is .
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28Which of the following is NOT one of the Dirichlet conditions for the convergence of a Fourier series?
Convergence of the fourier series
Medium
A.The signal must have a finite number of discontinuities in one period
B.The signal must have a finite number of maxima and minima in one period
C.The signal must be differentiable everywhere
D.The signal must be absolutely integrable over one period
Correct Answer: The signal must be differentiable everywhere
Explanation:
Differentiability is not required. The Dirichlet conditions require absolute integrability, a finite number of maxima/minima, and a finite number of finite discontinuities per period.
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29At a point of discontinuity in a periodic signal, the Fourier series converges to which value?
Convergence of the fourier series
Medium
A.The average of the left and right limits
B.The right-hand limit
C.The left-hand limit
D.Zero
Correct Answer: The average of the left and right limits
Explanation:
At a jump discontinuity, the Fourier series converges to the midpoint , the average of the two one-sided limits.
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30The overshoot near discontinuities that persists even as more Fourier terms are added is known as:
Convergence of the fourier series
Medium
A.Aliasing
B.Spectral leakage
C.The Gibbs phenomenon
D.The Nyquist effect
Correct Answer: The Gibbs phenomenon
Explanation:
The Gibbs phenomenon is the persistent ~9% overshoot near jump discontinuities in a truncated Fourier series; it narrows but does not vanish as the number of terms increases.
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31As the number of harmonics used to reconstruct a signal increases, the Gibbs overshoot near a discontinuity:
Convergence of the fourier series
Medium
A.Increases without bound in amplitude
B.Decreases steadily to zero in amplitude
C.Remains approximately constant in amplitude but narrows in width
D.Disappears completely once enough terms are used
Correct Answer: Remains approximately constant in amplitude but narrows in width
Explanation:
The peak overshoot stays near 9% of the jump height regardless of the number of terms; only the width of the ripple region shrinks toward the discontinuity.
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32If , what are the Fourier series coefficients of the time-shifted signal ?
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The time-shift property multiplies each coefficient by , changing the phase but leaving the magnitude unchanged.
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33If with fundamental frequency , the coefficients of are:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Differentiation in time multiplies each Fourier coefficient by , emphasizing higher-order harmonics.
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34Parseval's relation for continuous-time periodic signals states that the average power equals:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Parseval's relation gives , so the total average power equals the sum of the squared magnitudes of the coefficients.
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35If is a real and even periodic signal, its Fourier series coefficients are:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Medium
A.Real and odd
B.Purely imaginary and odd
C.Real and even
D.Complex and even
Correct Answer: Real and even
Explanation:
A real even signal has real and even Fourier coefficients (, all real). A real odd signal would give purely imaginary odd coefficients.
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36Using the frequency-shift property, if , then has coefficients:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Multiplying by shifts the coefficient index, so the new coefficients are (a shift of the spectrum by harmonics).
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37The Fourier series coefficients of the time-reversed signal , given , are:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The time-reversal property maps to coefficients , reflecting the spectrum about .
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38When plotting the magnitude spectrum of a periodic signal in software, the horizontal axis is best represented as:
Software simulation of frequency spectrum of periodic signals
Medium
A.Discrete harmonic frequencies
B.Time samples
C.A continuous range of all frequencies
D.Phase in degrees
Correct Answer: Discrete harmonic frequencies
Explanation:
A periodic signal has a discrete line spectrum; energy appears only at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency , so the axis is discrete.
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39In simulating a periodic signal's Fourier spectrum, why does using more harmonics improve the reconstructed waveform for signals with sharp edges?
Software simulation of frequency spectrum of periodic signals
Medium
A.Higher harmonics lower the fundamental frequency
B.Higher harmonics eliminate the Gibbs overshoot entirely
C.Higher harmonics reduce the DC offset
D.Higher harmonics capture rapid transitions and sharp features
Correct Answer: Higher harmonics capture rapid transitions and sharp features
Explanation:
Sharp edges contain high-frequency content, so including more high-order harmonics captures those rapid transitions, giving a closer reconstruction (though Gibbs ripple persists).
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40When numerically computing Fourier coefficients of a periodic signal over one period using samples, the integration step size should be:
Software simulation of frequency spectrum of periodic signals
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Dividing one period into equal samples gives a step size of , used in numerical integration for the coefficients.
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41A continuous-time periodic signal has exponential Fourier series coefficients with fundamental frequency . What is the average power of the signal?
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
By Parseval's relation, .
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42Let have Fourier coefficients with period . The signal has coefficients . Which expression is correct?
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Time shift gives . Summing: .
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43For a square wave with jump discontinuities, the Fourier series exhibits the Gibbs phenomenon. As the number of terms , the maximum overshoot near a discontinuity of unit height:
Convergence of the fourier series
Hard
A.Approaches exactly 50% of the jump
B.Grows without bound
C.Approaches approximately 9% of the jump and does not vanish
D.Approaches zero
Correct Answer: Approaches approximately 9% of the jump and does not vanish
Explanation:
The Gibbs overshoot converges to about 8.95% () of the discontinuity height regardless of . The overshoot narrows but does not diminish in amplitude.
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44If is real and its Fourier coefficients satisfy (real and even), then must be:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Hard
A.Purely imaginary
B.Complex and even
C.Real and odd
D.Real and even
Correct Answer: Real and even
Explanation:
For real , . If additionally , then , so coefficients are real. Real and even coefficients correspond to a real and even signal.
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45The Fourier series coefficient of a periodic signal equals:
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
is the DC (average) value of the signal. The cosine and sine terms have zero average over a period, leaving .
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46Given with coefficients and period , the derivative has Fourier coefficients:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Differentiation in time multiplies each coefficient by , where . This is the differentiation property of the CTFS.
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47Two periodic signals and with the same period have coefficients and . The coefficients of the product are given by:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Multiplication in time corresponds to (periodic) convolution of the Fourier coefficient sequences: .
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48Which of the following is NOT one of the Dirichlet conditions guaranteeing convergence of the Fourier series?
Convergence of the fourier series
Hard
A.The signal must be differentiable everywhere
B.There must be a finite number of discontinuities in one period
C.There must be a finite number of maxima and minima in one period
D.The signal must be absolutely integrable over one period
Correct Answer: The signal must be differentiable everywhere
Explanation:
The Dirichlet conditions require absolute integrability, a finite number of extrema, and a finite number of finite discontinuities per period. Differentiability everywhere is not required (e.g., the square wave converges).
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49For a periodic impulse train , the Fourier series coefficients are:
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Hard
A. for all
B. for all
C. for all
D. only for
Correct Answer: for all
Explanation:
. All harmonics have equal magnitude .
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50If is real and odd, its Fourier series coefficients are:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Hard
A.Purely imaginary and odd
B.Purely real and even
C.Purely imaginary and even
D.Purely real and odd
Correct Answer: Purely imaginary and odd
Explanation:
A real odd signal yields purely imaginary coefficients satisfying (odd). This follows from combining the real-signal conjugate symmetry with the odd-symmetry property.
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51A signal with period has coefficients . The time-scaled signal (with ) has period and coefficients:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Hard
A.
B.
C. (unchanged), but referenced to frequency
D.
Correct Answer: (unchanged), but referenced to frequency
Explanation:
Time scaling changes the fundamental frequency to but leaves the coefficient values unchanged; only the harmonic frequencies are scaled.
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52Consider . How many nonzero exponential Fourier series coefficient pairs (positive and negative ) does it contain?
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Hard
A.6 nonzero coefficients
B.8 nonzero coefficients
C.2 nonzero coefficients
D.4 nonzero coefficients (at relative to )
Correct Answer: 4 nonzero coefficients (at relative to )
Explanation:
Using product-to-sum: . With , these correspond to and : four nonzero coefficients.
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53The rate at which Fourier coefficients decay as depends on signal smoothness. For a signal that is continuous but has a discontinuous first derivative, the coefficients decay as:
Convergence of the fourier series
Hard
A.constant (no decay)
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Each additional degree of smoothness adds one power of . A signal with a jump decays as ; one that is continuous with a discontinuous derivative decays as .
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54When numerically computing Fourier coefficients of a periodic signal via the FFT, sampling the signal below the Nyquist rate of its highest significant harmonic causes:
Software simulation of frequency spectrum of periodic signals
Hard
A.Increased frequency resolution
B.Aliasing, corrupting the estimated harmonic amplitudes
C.Elimination of the Gibbs phenomenon
D.The DC term to vanish
Correct Answer: Aliasing, corrupting the estimated harmonic amplitudes
55In an FFT-based spectral analysis of a periodic signal, spectral leakage is most effectively minimized by:
Software simulation of frequency spectrum of periodic signals
Hard
A.Increasing the signal amplitude
B.Reducing the sampling rate
C.Removing the DC component
D.Choosing the analysis window to span an integer number of signal periods
Correct Answer: Choosing the analysis window to span an integer number of signal periods
Explanation:
Leakage occurs when the observation window contains a non-integer number of periods, causing discontinuities at the boundaries. Windowing over an integer number of periods (coherent sampling) eliminates it.
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56If a periodic signal satisfies (half-wave odd symmetry), then its Fourier series contains:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Hard
A.Only the DC term
B.All harmonics equally
C.Only even harmonics
D.Only odd harmonics
Correct Answer: Only odd harmonics
Explanation:
Half-wave (odd) symmetry forces all even harmonic coefficients (including DC) to zero, leaving only odd harmonics.
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57A periodic signal has trigonometric Fourier series with (cosine) and (sine) coefficients. The relationship to the exponential coefficient (for ) is:
fourier series representation of continuous time periodic signals
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Converting the trigonometric form to exponential form gives for and .
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58The Fourier series of a signal converges to the value at a point where the signal has:
Convergence of the fourier series
Hard
A.A local maximum
B.A finite jump discontinuity
C.A continuous point
D.An infinite discontinuity
Correct Answer: A finite jump discontinuity
Explanation:
Under Dirichlet conditions, at a finite jump discontinuity the series converges to the midpoint (average) of the left and right limits, not to either one-sided value.
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59For a real periodic signal, Parseval's theorem relates average power to coefficients as . If the DC coefficient is and a single harmonic pair has , with all others zero, the total average power is:
Properties of continuous time fourier series
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
.
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60The primary reason sinusoids (complex exponentials) are chosen as basis functions for representing periodic signals in LTI system analysis is that they are:
Introduction
Hard
A.Insensitive to time shifts
B.Always finite in energy
C.Eigenfunctions of LTI systems
D.The only orthogonal functions available
Correct Answer: Eigenfunctions of LTI systems
Explanation:
Complex exponentials are eigenfunctions of LTI systems: passing one through an LTI system scales it by without changing its form. This makes them the natural basis for Fourier analysis.
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