1Which ISO standard specifically outlines the requirements for a Quality Management System (QMS)?
A.ISO 9000
B.ISO 9001
C.ISO 9126
D.ISO 12207
Correct Answer: ISO 9001
Explanation:ISO 9001 is the standard that sets out the requirements for a quality management system. ISO 9000 covers fundamentals and vocabulary, while ISO 9126 (replaced by 25010) covers software product quality.
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2In the SEI CMMI model, which maturity level is characterized by processes that are unpredictable, poorly controlled, and reactive?
A.Level 1: Initial
B.Level 2: Managed
C.Level 3: Defined
D.Level 4: Quantitatively Managed
Correct Answer: Level 1: Initial
Explanation:Level 1 (Initial) represents a chaotic environment where processes are not defined, and success depends on individual effort rather than a systematic approach.
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3What is the statistical goal of Six Sigma in terms of defects per million opportunities (DPMO)?
A. defects per million
B. defects per million
C. defects per million
D. defects per million
Correct Answer: defects per million
Explanation:Six Sigma aims for a quality level of defects per million opportunities, which corresponds to defect-free products.
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4Which phase of the PSP (Personal Software Process) involves strictly recording time and defect data?
A.Planning
B.Post-Mortem
C.Process Improvement
D.Logging
Correct Answer: Logging
Explanation:While logging happens throughout, the core discipline of PSP relies on the engineer recording every defect discovery and time interval in the Logging phase/activity to facilitate analysis.
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5Tools that support the early phases of the software development life cycle, such as requirements analysis and design, are known as:
A.Lower CASE tools
B.Upper CASE tools
C.Integrated CASE tools
D.Maintenance CASE tools
Correct Answer: Upper CASE tools
Explanation:Upper CASE tools support the planning, analysis, and design stages. Lower CASE tools support implementation, testing, and maintenance.
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6Which type of software maintenance involves fixing errors or bugs discovered after the software has been deployed?
A.Adaptive Maintenance
B.Perfective Maintenance
C.Corrective Maintenance
D.Preventive Maintenance
Correct Answer: Corrective Maintenance
Explanation:Corrective maintenance is reactive modification of a software product performed after delivery to correct discovered problems (bugs).
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7Modifying software to accommodate changes in the environment (e.g., OS upgrades, new hardware) falls under which category?
A.Corrective Maintenance
B.Adaptive Maintenance
C.Perfective Maintenance
D.Preventive Maintenance
Correct Answer: Adaptive Maintenance
Explanation:Adaptive maintenance keeps the software usable in a changed or changing environment.
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8Which type of maintenance accounts for the largest percentage of maintenance costs and involves enhancing performance or adding new features?
A.Corrective Maintenance
B.Adaptive Maintenance
C.Perfective Maintenance
D.Preventive Maintenance
Correct Answer: Perfective Maintenance
Explanation:Perfective maintenance involves implementing new or changed user requirements concerning functional enhancements, which historically consumes the most effort.
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9What is the primary focus of 'Preventive Maintenance' (also known as Software Re-engineering)?
A.Fixing critical bugs immediately
B.Adding new features requested by the user
C.Improving maintainability and reliability to prevent future problems
D.Porting the code to a new compiler
Correct Answer: Improving maintainability and reliability to prevent future problems
Explanation:Preventive maintenance involves code restructuring and optimization to improve future maintainability and reduce the likelihood of future faults.
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10In Component-Based Software Development (CBSD), what is 'COTS'?
A.Code Object Transfer System
B.Commercial Off-The-Shelf
C.Common Object Type Specification
D.Component Oriented Testing Standard
Correct Answer: Commercial Off-The-Shelf
Explanation:COTS refers to Commercial Off-The-Shelf software components that are purchased and integrated into a system rather than being built from scratch.
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11Which CMMI level focuses on 'Process Standardization' where processes are characterized for the organization and are proactive?
A.Level 2: Managed
B.Level 3: Defined
C.Level 4: Quantitatively Managed
D.Level 5: Optimizing
Correct Answer: Level 3: Defined
Explanation:At Level 3 (Defined), processes are well characterized and understood, and are described in standards, procedures, tools, and methods.
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12The DMAIC methodology is central to which quality management approach?
A.ISO 9001
B.Six Sigma
C.CMMI
D.PSP
Correct Answer: Six Sigma
Explanation:DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) is the data-driven improvement cycle used for improving, optimizing, and stabilizing business processes and designs in Six Sigma.
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13Which of the following is a key characteristic of Cloud-Native software development?
A.Monolithic architecture
B.Waterfall methodology
C.Microservices architecture
D.Manual deployment
Correct Answer: Microservices architecture
Explanation:Cloud-native applications are typically built as microservices packaged in containers, which allows for agility, scalability, and resilience.
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14What technology primarily powers AI coding assistants like GitHub Copilot?
A.Rule-based expert systems
B.Large Language Models (LLMs)
C.Genetic Algorithms
D.Fuzzy Logic
Correct Answer: Large Language Models (LLMs)
Explanation:GitHub Copilot and similar tools leverage Large Language Models (like OpenAI's Codex) trained on vast repositories of code to suggest syntax and logic.
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15What is the primary target audience for Low-code/No-code platforms?
A.System Architects only
B.Kernel developers
C.Citizen developers and business users
D.Embedded systems engineers
Correct Answer: Citizen developers and business users
Explanation:Low-code/No-code platforms aim to democratize software development, allowing non-technical users (citizen developers) to build applications with minimal coding.
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16Which Lehman's Law states that a program that is used must be continually adapted or it becomes progressively less satisfactory?
A.Law of Continuing Change
B.Law of Increasing Complexity
C.Law of Self-Regulation
D.Law of Conservation of Organizational Stability
Correct Answer: Law of Continuing Change
Explanation:The Law of Continuing Change (Lehman's 1st Law) states that a system must adapt to its evolving environment or risk becoming obsolete.
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17In the context of CASE tools, what does 'I-CASE' stand for?
A.Intelligent CASE
B.Integrated CASE
C.Industrial CASE
D.Interactive CASE
Correct Answer: Integrated CASE
Explanation:Integrated CASE (I-CASE) tools encompass the entire software lifecycle, integrating both Upper and Lower CASE capabilities.
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18What is 'Reverse Engineering' in the context of software maintenance?
A.Creating code from a design diagram
B.Analyzing a system to identify its components and their interrelationships
C.Writing new features for an old system
D.Deleting old backups
Correct Answer: Analyzing a system to identify its components and their interrelationships
Explanation:Reverse engineering involves analyzing code to create a higher-level representation (like design or requirements) to understand the system better.
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19Which CMMI representation allows an organization to select the order of improvement that best fits its business objectives?
A.Staged Representation
B.Continuous Representation
C.Linear Representation
D.Waterfall Representation
Correct Answer: Continuous Representation
Explanation:The Continuous representation allows organizations to select specific process areas to improve, whereas Staged representation follows a fixed path of maturity levels.
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20In Six Sigma, if a process has a shift of , what is the effective standard deviation range usually considered for the 3.4 DPMO metric?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:The DPMO figure assumes a sigma shift in the mean, meaning the specification limits are effectively standard deviations away from the mean in the long term.
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21What is a major challenge associated with Component-Based Software Development (CBSD)?
A.Slower development time
B.Component trustworthiness and certification
C.Lack of coding requirement
D.Excessive documentation
Correct Answer: Component trustworthiness and certification
Explanation:A major challenge in CBSD is verifying that third-party components are reliable, secure, and perform as claimed (trustworthiness).
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22Which of the following is an example of an AI-powered coding companion developed by Amazon?
A.Copilot
B.CodeWhisperer
C.Tabnine
D.IntelliCode
Correct Answer: CodeWhisperer
Explanation:Amazon CodeWhisperer is an AI coding companion that generates whole line and full function code suggestions in your IDE.
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23Containerization (e.g., Docker) is crucial for Cloud-native development because it:
A.Eliminates the need for an operating system
B.Bundles the application with all its dependencies
C.Writes code automatically
D.Increases the size of the application
Correct Answer: Bundles the application with all its dependencies
Explanation:Containers package code and dependencies together, ensuring the application runs consistently across different computing environments.
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24What is a potential risk of using Low-code/No-code platforms?
A.Vendor lock-in
B.Too much flexibility
C.High requirement for C++ knowledge
D.Extended development time
Correct Answer: Vendor lock-in
Explanation:Reliance on a specific platform's proprietary tools and runtime can make it difficult to migrate the application elsewhere, leading to vendor lock-in.
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25The 'Spaghetti Code' problem is most often addressed during:
A.Requirements gathering
B.Software Re-engineering
C.Beta Testing
D.Deployment
Correct Answer: Software Re-engineering
Explanation:Spaghetti code (unstructured and difficult to maintain) is often restructured and modularized during software re-engineering.
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26Which ISO standard pertains to IT Service Management?
A.ISO 9001
B.ISO 27001
C.ISO 20000
D.ISO 14000
Correct Answer: ISO 20000
Explanation:ISO/IEC 20000 is the international standard for IT Service Management (ITSM), which is closely related to maintenance and operations.
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27In the PSP, what is PROBE used for?
A.Debugging
B.Proxy Based Estimating
C.Process Review
D.Program Base Evaluation
Correct Answer: Proxy Based Estimating
Explanation:PROBE (PROxy Based Estimating) is the method used in PSP to estimate the size and development time of a new program based on historical data.
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28Which level of the CMMI is 'Optimizing'?
A.Level 2
B.Level 3
C.Level 4
D.Level 5
Correct Answer: Level 5
Explanation:Level 5 is 'Optimizing', focusing on continuous process improvement through quantitative feedback and innovative piloting.
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29Which feature is NOT typically associated with Lower CASE tools?
A.Code generation
B.Debugging
C.Strategic planning
D.Configuration management
Correct Answer: Strategic planning
Explanation:Strategic planning is a high-level activity associated with Upper CASE tools. Lower CASE tools focus on construction and maintenance.
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30What is the 'Ripple Effect' in software maintenance?
A.The increasing cost of software over time
B.The phenomenon where a change in one part of the system causes errors in other parts
C.The spread of a virus through a network
D.The gradual slow down of software performance
Correct Answer: The phenomenon where a change in one part of the system causes errors in other parts
Explanation:The ripple effect refers to the propagation of changes; modifying one module may inadvertently affect other dependent modules.
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31Serverless computing is a key concept in:
A.Mainframe computing
B.Cloud-native development
C.Embedded systems
D.Desktop application development
Correct Answer: Cloud-native development
Explanation:Serverless (e.g., AWS Lambda) is a cloud-native execution model where the cloud provider dynamically manages the allocation of machine resources.
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32Which metric is most critical for 'Software Reuse'?
A.Lines of Code (LOC)
B.Reusability ratio
C.Cyclomatic Complexity
D.Defect Density
Correct Answer: Reusability ratio
Explanation:The reusability ratio measures the percentage of the software that is derived from reusable components versus built from scratch.
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33In AI-assisted development, what is a 'Hallucination'?
A.The AI generating code that looks correct but is syntactically or logically flawed/non-existent
B.The AI crashing the IDE
C.The developer visualizing the code structure
D.A feature of Virtual Reality tools
Correct Answer: The AI generating code that looks correct but is syntactically or logically flawed/non-existent
Explanation:In Generative AI, a hallucination is a confident response by the model that is not justified by its training data, often resulting in code that calls non-existent libraries or functions.
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34Which of the following is a Process Area in CMMI Level 2?
A.Causal Analysis and Resolution
B.Requirements Management
C.Organizational Process Focus
D.Risk Management
Correct Answer: Requirements Management
Explanation:Requirements Management is a foundational process area introduced in CMMI Level 2 (Managed).
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35What is the relationship between Forward Engineering and Reverse Engineering?
A.They are the same process.
B.Forward engineering is creating code from design; Reverse is creating design from code.
C.Forward engineering is for hardware; Reverse is for software.
D.Reverse engineering happens before requirements analysis.
Correct Answer: Forward engineering is creating code from design; Reverse is creating design from code.
Explanation:Forward engineering follows the traditional SDLC (Design -> Code), while reverse engineering goes backward (Code -> Design/Abstraction).
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36The ISO 9001 principle 'Process Approach' implies:
A.Managing activities and resources as a process to achieve desired results efficiently
B.Writing as much documentation as possible
C.Focusing solely on the final product testing
D.Ignoring customer feedback
Correct Answer: Managing activities and resources as a process to achieve desired results efficiently
Explanation:The Process Approach is a quality management principle that emphasizes understanding and managing interrelated processes as a system.
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37A distinct feature of Cloud-Native applications regarding 'State' is that they are often:
A.Stateful
B.Stateless
C.Database-independent
D.Single-threaded
Correct Answer: Stateless
Explanation:Cloud-native microservices are typically designed to be stateless to allow for easy scaling (instances can be created or destroyed without losing context).
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38In Six Sigma, which phase focuses on identifying the root causes of defects?
A.Define
B.Measure
C.Analyze
D.Improve
Correct Answer: Analyze
Explanation:The Analyze phase involves using data analysis to verify causal relationships and identify the root causes of defects.
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39Software Configuration Management (SCM) is vital in maintenance to:
A.Write code faster
B.Manage different versions and changes in the software
C.Design the user interface
D.Calculate the budget
Correct Answer: Manage different versions and changes in the software
Explanation:SCM controls changes to the software, ensuring that during maintenance, versions are tracked, and changes do not overwrite each other.
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40Which is a 'White Box' reuse?
A.Using a component as-is without seeing the source code
B.Modifying the source code of a component to fit new requirements
C.Using a binary library
D.Calling a remote API
Correct Answer: Modifying the source code of a component to fit new requirements
Explanation:White box reuse involves having access to and potentially modifying the internal source code of the component.
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41What is the 'Legacy System' dilemma?
A.Whether to replace, maintain, or re-engineer an old but critical system
B.Choosing between Java and Python
C.Deciding on a cloud provider
D.Hiring new staff vs. training old staff
Correct Answer: Whether to replace, maintain, or re-engineer an old but critical system
Explanation:Legacy systems are often business-critical but expensive to maintain. The dilemma is deciding the most cost-effective strategy to deal with them.
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42Which tool category would a 'GUI Builder' fall into?
A.Analysis Tool
B.Testing Tool
C.Construction / Implementation Tool
D.Configuration Tool
Correct Answer: Construction / Implementation Tool
Explanation:GUI Builders help in constructing the user interface, which is part of the implementation phase (Lower CASE).
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43In the context of ISO 9001, what involves the 'Plan-Do-Check-Act' (PDCA) cycle?
A.Continuous improvement of the quality management system
B.The payment process
C.Hiring of employees
D.The coding standard
Correct Answer: Continuous improvement of the quality management system
Explanation:ISO 9001 promotes the use of the PDCA cycle to ensure that processes are adequately resourced and managed, and that opportunities for improvement are determined and acted on.
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44What is 'Orchestration' (e.g., Kubernetes) in Cloud-native development?
A.Writing the music for the software
B.Managing the lifecycle of containers (deployment, scaling, networking)
C.Compiling code
D.Designing the database schema
Correct Answer: Managing the lifecycle of containers (deployment, scaling, networking)
Explanation:Orchestration tools like Kubernetes automate the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.
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45Low-code platforms typically use which interface paradigm?
A.Command Line Interface (CLI)
B.Drag-and-drop / Visual Modeling
C.Assembly language
D.Punch cards
Correct Answer: Drag-and-drop / Visual Modeling
Explanation:Low-code platforms rely on visual interfaces and drag-and-drop components to assemble applications.
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46Which CMMI level involves 'Quantitative Management' where process performance is measured using statistical and other quantitative techniques?
A.Level 2
B.Level 3
C.Level 4
D.Level 5
Correct Answer: Level 4
Explanation:Level 4 is 'Quantitatively Managed', where the organization controls the process performance using statistical and other quantitative techniques.
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47The term 'Code Rot' or 'Software Entropy' refers to:
A.The physical degradation of the hard drive
B.The deterioration of software quality over time due to unstructured changes
C.The expiration of software licenses
D.A virus that eats code
Correct Answer: The deterioration of software quality over time due to unstructured changes
Explanation:Software entropy refers to the tendency for software to become difficult and expensive to maintain as it is modified, resulting in increased complexity and disorder.
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48Which is a security concern specifically associated with AI Code Generators?
A.They make the computer run too hot
B.They might suggest code containing hard-coded secrets or vulnerabilities found in training data
C.They prevent the use of encryption
D.They only work on open networks
Correct Answer: They might suggest code containing hard-coded secrets or vulnerabilities found in training data
Explanation:Since AI models are trained on public repositories, they may inadvertently reproduce insecure coding patterns or suggest using hard-coded credentials.
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49What is the main benefit of 'Software Reuse'?
A.Increased development cost
B.Increased productivity and quality
C.Higher complexity
D.More bugs
Correct Answer: Increased productivity and quality
Explanation:Reuse reduces the amount of code to be written (increasing productivity) and utilizes components that are already tested (increasing quality).
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50In PSP, the 'Post-Mortem' phase is used to:
A.Celebrate the project completion
B.Analyze the project data to learn and improve for the next project
C.Delete all project files
D.Present the product to the customer
Correct Answer: Analyze the project data to learn and improve for the next project
Explanation:The Post-Mortem phase in PSP involves reviewing the logged data to understand performance, calculate metrics, and plan process improvements.
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