1What is the primary objective of software testing?
A.To prove that the software has no bugs
B.To execute the program with the intent of finding errors
C.To correct the errors in the code
D.To generate the user documentation
Correct Answer: To execute the program with the intent of finding errors
Explanation:The main goal of software testing is to execute the software to identify defects, bugs, or errors that differ from the expected results. It is impossible to prove a software is 100% bug-free.
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2Which of the following statements best describes Verification?
A.Are we building the product right?
B.Are we building the right product?
C.Checking if the software meets customer expectations during UAT
D.Executing the software to find failures
Correct Answer: Are we building the product right?
Explanation:Verification is the process of evaluating work-products (like documents, design, code) of a development phase to determine whether they meet the specified requirements. It answers 'Are we building the product right?'
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3In the context of software defects, what is a Failure?
A.A mistake made by a human programmer
B.A flaw in the code structure
C.The deviation of the software's observed behavior from its expected behavior
D.A missing requirement in the specification document
Correct Answer: The deviation of the software's observed behavior from its expected behavior
Explanation:A Error leads to a Defect (Bug) in the code. When the code is executed and the defect is encountered, it results in a Failure visible to the user.
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4Which testing principle states that testing everything (all combinations of inputs and preconditions) is not feasible?
A.Defect Clustering
B.Pesticide Paradox
C.Exhaustive Testing is impossible
D.Absence of errors fallacy
Correct Answer: Exhaustive Testing is impossible
Explanation:Exhaustive testing (testing all possible data combinations) is generally not possible due to time and cost constraints. Instead, risk analysis and prioritization are used.
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5Which of the following is a type of Non-Functional Testing?
A.Unit Testing
B.Regression Testing
C.Performance Testing
D.Sanity Testing
Correct Answer: Performance Testing
Explanation:Performance testing checks how the system performs (speed, scalability, stability) rather than specific behaviors (functions). Unit, Regression, and Sanity are primarily functional or structural testing approaches.
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6Functional testing focuses on:
A.How the system works internally
B.The structural integrity of the code
C.What the system does based on requirements
D.The response time of the system under load
Correct Answer: What the system does based on requirements
Explanation:Functional testing validates the software system against the functional requirements/specifications. It focuses on the 'What' rather than the 'How'.
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7Which technique is referred to as Black Box Testing?
A.Glass Box Testing
B.Structural Testing
C.Behavioral Testing
D.Path Testing
Correct Answer: Behavioral Testing
Explanation:Black Box testing is also known as Behavioral Testing because the tester focuses on the input-output behavior without knowing the internal code structure.
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8In White Box Testing, the tester must have knowledge of:
A.The internal logic and code structure
B.Only the requirements specification
C.The user interface design only
D.The business domain only
Correct Answer: The internal logic and code structure
Explanation:White Box testing deals with the internal logic, implementation details, and code paths. The tester needs programming skills and code access.
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9Which of the following is a White Box testing technique?
A.Equivalence Partitioning
B.Boundary Value Analysis
C.Basis Path Testing
D.State Transition Testing
Correct Answer: Basis Path Testing
Explanation:Basis Path Testing involves analyzing the control flow graph of the code to ensure all independent paths are executed, which requires knowledge of the code structure (White Box).
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10Cyclomatic Complexity, , is a metric used in which type of testing?
A.Usability Testing
B.Black Box Testing
C.White Box Testing
D.Beta Testing
Correct Answer: White Box Testing
Explanation:Cyclomatic Complexity is a quantitative measure of the number of linearly independent paths through a program's source code, used heavily in White Box testing (specifically Basis Path testing).
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11Calculate the Cyclomatic Complexity for a graph with edges and nodes. Formula:
A.2
B.3
C.4
D.5
Correct Answer: 4
Explanation:Using the formula , where and : .
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12What is the main purpose of Equivalence Partitioning?
A.To test every single possible input
B.To reduce the number of test cases by grouping inputs that should be processed similarly
C.To find errors at the boundaries of input domains
D.To test the system security
Correct Answer: To reduce the number of test cases by grouping inputs that should be processed similarly
Explanation:Equivalence Partitioning divides input data into classes/groups where data in each class is expected to be processed in the same way, allowing testers to pick one representative value from each class.
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13In Boundary Value Analysis (BVA), if an input field accepts values from 1 to 100, which set of test data is ideal?
A.0, 1, 100, 101
B.1, 50, 100
C.10, 20, 30, 40
D.-1, 0, 1, 99, 100, 101
Correct Answer: 0, 1, 100, 101
Explanation:BVA focuses on the edges of the valid range. For range , the boundaries are 1 and 100. We test Min, Max, Min-1, and Max+1. Therefore, 0, 1, 100, and 101 are the critical boundary values.
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14Given an input condition where a variable is valid if . Which value represents a valid Equivalence Class representative?
A.9
B.15
C.21
D.5
Correct Answer: 15
Explanation:The valid partition is . The number 15 lies inside this range. 9 and 5 are in the lower invalid partition (), and 21 is in the upper invalid partition ().
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15Which level of testing is performed by developers to test individual components or functions?
A.System Testing
B.Unit Testing
C.Integration Testing
D.User Acceptance Testing
Correct Answer: Unit Testing
Explanation:Unit testing is the first level of testing, performed by developers to ensure individual units of source code (functions, methods) are working as expected.
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16Integration Testing is primarily concerned with:
A.The internal logic of a single module
B.The interface and interaction between two or more modules
C.The complete system against requirements
D.The user's acceptance of the system
Correct Answer: The interface and interaction between two or more modules
Explanation:Integration testing focuses on verifying the data communication and interfaces between integrated units/modules.
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17Which Integration Testing strategy involves combining all modules at once to test the system?
A.Top-Down
B.Bottom-Up
C.Big Bang
D.Sandwich
Correct Answer: Big Bang
Explanation:In the Big Bang approach, all or most of the units are combined together and tested at one go. This is opposed to incremental approaches like Top-Down or Bottom-Up.
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18What are Stubs used for in Top-Down Integration Testing?
A.To replace the main program
B.To simulate the behavior of lower-level modules that are not yet developed
C.To drive data into the top-level modules
D.To record the test results
Correct Answer: To simulate the behavior of lower-level modules that are not yet developed
Explanation:Stubs are 'dummy' programs that simulate the functionality of lower-level modules that are called by the module under test but are not yet integrated.
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19Drivers are used in which integration approach?
A.Top-Down Integration
B.Bottom-Up Integration
C.Big Bang Integration
D.System Integration
Correct Answer: Bottom-Up Integration
Explanation:In Bottom-Up integration, lower-level modules are tested first. Drivers are required to simulate the main program or higher-level modules that call the lower-level modules.
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20What is the order of testing levels typically followed in the SDLC?
A.Integration -> Unit -> System -> UAT
B.Unit -> Integration -> System -> UAT
C.Unit -> System -> Integration -> UAT
D.System -> Integration -> Unit -> UAT
Correct Answer: Unit -> Integration -> System -> UAT
Explanation:The standard V-model or waterfall progression is Unit (individual code), Integration (combined modules), System (whole application), and UAT (user validation).
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21System Testing falls under which category?
A.White Box Testing
B.Black Box Testing
C.Grey Box Testing
D.Unit Testing
Correct Answer: Black Box Testing
Explanation:System testing validates the complete and integrated software product. It relies on requirements specifications and is generally Black Box because testers evaluate functionality without looking at the code.
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22Which testing is performed by the end-users in a real-world environment before the final release?
A.Alpha Testing
B.Beta Testing
C.Integration Testing
D.Unit Testing
Correct Answer: Beta Testing
Explanation:Beta Testing is a form of User Acceptance Testing (UAT) performed by real users in their own environment (real-world conditions) before the general release.
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23Alpha Testing is usually performed by:
A.End-users at their own site
B.Internal employees/testers at the developer's site
C.Automated bots
D.The client via remote access
Correct Answer: Internal employees/testers at the developer's site
Explanation:Alpha testing is simulated operational testing performed by internal staff at the developer's site, before Beta testing.
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24API Testing is different from UI testing because:
A.It requires a keyboard and mouse
B.It focuses on the business logic layer without a graphical interface
C.It is always done manually
D.It is only for mobile apps
Correct Answer: It focuses on the business logic layer without a graphical interface
Explanation:API testing interacts directly with the application programming interface (business layer) sending requests and validating responses, bypassing the GUI (presentation layer).
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25Which HTTP status code typically indicates a successful request in API testing?
A.404
B.500
C.200
D.301
Correct Answer: 200
Explanation:HTTP 200 OK is the standard response for successful HTTP requests. 404 is Not Found, 500 is Server Error.
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26Which of the following is a key challenge in Mobile Application Testing compared to Web Testing?
A.Writing test cases
B.Network speed variance
C.Device fragmentation (variety of screen sizes and OS versions)
D.Using databases
Correct Answer: Device fragmentation (variety of screen sizes and OS versions)
Explanation:Mobile testing faces significant challenges due to the vast number of different devices, screen resolutions, and OS versions (Android/iOS fragmentation) available in the market.
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27Regression Testing is performed to:
A.Verify that new code changes have not adversely affected existing features
B.Test the system for the first time
C.Check the system under high load
D.Test the user interface design
Correct Answer: Verify that new code changes have not adversely affected existing features
Explanation:Regression testing ensures that recent program or code changes have not broken previously working functionality.
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28Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Test Automation?
A.Faster execution of repetitive tests
B.Increased test coverage
C.Finding more bugs in the first execution than manual testing
D.Reusability of test scripts
Correct Answer: Finding more bugs in the first execution than manual testing
Explanation:Automation is best for regression and repetitive tasks. Manual testing is often better at finding new bugs in the first run because of human intuition and exploratory testing. Automation just checks what it is programmed to check.
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29Selenium IDE is primarily used for:
A.Performance Testing
B.Record and Playback of interactions in the browser
C.API Testing
D.Unit Testing of Java code
Correct Answer: Record and Playback of interactions in the browser
Explanation:Selenium IDE is a browser extension that allows users to record their interactions with a website and play them back as automated tests. It is a prototyping tool.
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30What is the file format used to save projects in the modern Selenium IDE?
A..html
B..side
C..xls
D..java
Correct Answer: .side
Explanation:The modern Selenium IDE saves projects in the .side (Selenium IDE) JSON-based file format.
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31Which command in Selenium IDE represents 'opening a URL'?
A.click
B.type
C.open
D.verify
Correct Answer: open
Explanation:The open command is used in Selenium IDE to navigate to a specific URL.
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32Selenium WebDriver differs from Selenium IDE because:
A.It provides a programming interface to create complex test scripts
B.It is a record and playback tool only
C.It works only on Firefox
D.It does not require any installation
Correct Answer: It provides a programming interface to create complex test scripts
Explanation:WebDriver is a collection of APIs that allows programmatic control of the browser using languages like Java, Python, C#, etc., allowing for more complex and robust testing than the IDE.
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33Which of the following is a 'Locator' strategy in Selenium?
A.ID
B.XPath
C.CSS Selector
D.All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation:Selenium uses Locators to find elements on a web page. Common locators include ID, Name, Class Name, XPath, CSS Selector, Tag Name, Link Text, etc.
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34In Selenium WebDriver architecture, how does the script communicate with the browser?
A.Through a JavaScript injection only
B.Via the Browser Driver (e.g., ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver)
C.Through the operating system kernel
D.Through a manual proxy server
Correct Answer: Via the Browser Driver (e.g., ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver)
Explanation:Selenium WebDriver uses browser-specific drivers (like ChromeDriver for Chrome) which act as a bridge between the code and the browser.
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35Load Testing is a type of Performance Testing that determines:
A.System behavior beyond normal operational capacity
B.System behavior under expected specific load conditions
C.Security vulnerabilities
D.User interface consistency
Correct Answer: System behavior under expected specific load conditions
Explanation:Load testing verifies that a system can handle the expected volume of data or users (normal to peak load) effectively.
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36Stress Testing involves:
A.Testing with 1 user
B.Testing at or beyond the limits of system capacity to identify the breaking point
C.Testing for broken links
D.Checking the installation process
Correct Answer: Testing at or beyond the limits of system capacity to identify the breaking point
Explanation:Stress testing pushes the system beyond its specified limits to evaluate robustness and error handling, finding the point at which the system crashes or fails.
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37Which of the following is a common security testing concept usually automated or checked manually?
A.SQL Injection
B.Variable Declaration
C.Loop Termination
D.Class Inheritance
Correct Answer: SQL Injection
Explanation:SQL Injection is a code injection technique and a major security vulnerability where an attacker interferes with the queries an application makes to its database.
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38What is Penetration Testing?
A.Testing the GUI colors
B.A simulated cyberattack against your computer system to check for exploitable vulnerabilities
C.Measuring how deep the code nesting is
D.Checking if the software penetrates the market
Correct Answer: A simulated cyberattack against your computer system to check for exploitable vulnerabilities
Explanation:Penetration testing (Pen Testing) is an authorized simulated attack performed to evaluate the security of the system (Ethical Hacking).
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39How can AI (Artificial Intelligence) assist in software testing?
A.By writing the entire software code automatically
B.By physically pressing buttons on the keyboard
C.Through 'Self-Healing' test scripts that adapt to UI changes
D.By replacing the project manager
Correct Answer: Through 'Self-Healing' test scripts that adapt to UI changes
Explanation:AI tools can identify when UI elements change (e.g., an ID changes) and automatically update (heal) the test scripts to prevent failure, reducing maintenance effort.
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40AI-based Visual Testing tools are primarily used to:
A.Check the logic of the database
B.Detect visual bugs (layout, color, font overlap) that functional scripts might miss
C.Compile the code
D.Test API response times
Correct Answer: Detect visual bugs (layout, color, font overlap) that functional scripts might miss
Explanation:Visual testing tools (like Applitools) use AI to compare screenshots of the application against a baseline to detect visual discrepancies perceivable by the human eye.
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41What is the primary characteristic of Cross-Browser Testing?
A.Testing on different internet speeds
B.Testing the application on multiple web browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge)
C.Testing the application on different operating systems only
D.Testing the application offline
Correct Answer: Testing the application on multiple web browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge)
Explanation:Cross-browser testing ensures the web application functions correctly and looks consistent across different web browsers.
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42In the context of Selenium, what is XPath?
A.A programming language
B.A syntax for defining parts of an XML document, used to navigate through elements and attributes
C.A browser plugin
D.A database query
Correct Answer: A syntax for defining parts of an XML document, used to navigate through elements and attributes
Explanation:XPath (XML Path Language) is used in Selenium to navigate the HTML structure (DOM) to locate elements when simple attributes like ID or Class are not sufficient.
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43Which of the following is an example of a Test Harness?
A.A document describing the test strategy
B.A collection of software and test data configured to test a program unit by running it under varying conditions
C.A bug tracking tool like Jira
D.The physical server room
Correct Answer: A collection of software and test data configured to test a program unit by running it under varying conditions
Explanation:A test harness is a collection of stubs, drivers, and other supporting tools required to automate the execution of a test.
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44What does UAT stand for?
A.Unified Application Testing
B.User Acceptance Testing
C.Unit Automated Testing
D.User Access Testing
Correct Answer: User Acceptance Testing
Explanation:UAT stands for User Acceptance Testing, the final phase of the software testing process.
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45Which mathematical technique helps in White Box Testing to ensure all logical conditions are tested?
A.Truth Tables
B.Predicate Logic
C.Boolean Logic
D.All of the above
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation:White box testing often utilizes Boolean logic, truth tables, and predicate logic to design test cases that satisfy condition coverage and branch coverage.
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46Why is Mobile Testing often done using Emulators/Simulators?
A.They are more accurate than real devices
B.They are cost-effective and allow testing on devices not physically owned
C.They process data faster than real phones
D.They automatically fix bugs
Correct Answer: They are cost-effective and allow testing on devices not physically owned
Explanation:Emulators allow developers to test on various screen sizes and OS versions without buying expensive hardware, though testing on real devices is still recommended for final verification.
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47Which part of the Selenium suite is best suited for distributing tests across multiple machines?
A.Selenium IDE
B.Selenium RC
C.Selenium Grid
D.Selenium WebDriver
Correct Answer: Selenium Grid
Explanation:Selenium Grid allows the execution of test scripts on different machines and different browsers simultaneously (Parallel Execution).
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48A Test Case generally consists of:
A.Defect ID, Severity, Priority
B.Test Case ID, Description, Preconditions, Test Steps, Expected Result
C.Code, Compiler, Linker
D.User Manual, Installation Guide
Correct Answer: Test Case ID, Description, Preconditions, Test Steps, Expected Result
Explanation:These are the standard components of a Test Case document designed to verify a specific requirement.
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49If a software works correctly for an input of but fails for (where is a divisor), what kind of error is this?
A.Syntax Error
B.Runtime Error (Division by Zero)
C.Compilation Error
D.Linking Error
Correct Answer: Runtime Error (Division by Zero)
Explanation:Failing specifically on a mathematical operation during execution (like dividing by zero) is a Runtime Exception/Error.
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50In the context of AI-assisted testing, what is Test Data Generation?
A.Manually typing data into Excel
B.Using AI algorithms to create synthetic, realistic datasets that mimic production data while preserving privacy
C.Copying data from the live database directly
D.Deleting old data
Correct Answer: Using AI algorithms to create synthetic, realistic datasets that mimic production data while preserving privacy
Explanation:AI tools can generate vast amounts of synthetic test data that maintains the statistical properties of real data without exposing sensitive PII (Personally Identifiable Information).
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