1What was the primary driver for the emergence of Software Engineering as a discipline in the late 1960s?
A.The Hardware Crisis
B.The Software Crisis
C.The Internet Boom
D.The limitation of binary code
Correct Answer: The Software Crisis
Explanation:Software Engineering emerged as a solution to the Software Crisis, a term used to describe the difficulty of writing useful and efficient computer programs in the required time.
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2Unlike hardware, software does not wear out. However, it often deteriorates due to which phenomenon?
A.Rusting
B.Bathtub curve failure
C.Change and side-effects (Software Rot)
D.Hardware obsolescence
Correct Answer: Change and side-effects (Software Rot)
Explanation:Software undergoes change. As changes are introduced, the structure deteriorates (entropy increases), leading to the 'software rot' or deterioration curve, unlike hardware which follows the 'bathtub curve' of physical failure.
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3In the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which phase acts as the foundation for the entire project?
A.Testing
B.Coding
C.Requirement Gathering and Analysis
D.Maintenance
Correct Answer: Requirement Gathering and Analysis
Explanation:Requirement Gathering and Analysis is the fundamental phase where the project's scope, feasibility, and user needs are determined. Errors here propagate to all subsequent phases.
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4Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the classic Waterfall Model?
A.Sequential execution
B.Document-driven
C.Flexible to changing requirements
D.Phases do not overlap
Correct Answer: Flexible to changing requirements
Explanation:The Waterfall Model is rigid and linear. It is notoriously difficult to accommodate changes once a phase is completed, making it inflexible compared to Agile models.
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5In the V-Model of software development, what does the 'V' shape illustrate?
A.Victory in coding
B.The velocity of development
C.The relationship between development phases and their corresponding testing phases
D.The variability of requirements
Correct Answer: The relationship between development phases and their corresponding testing phases
Explanation:The V-Model demonstrates the relationship between each phase of the development lifecycle (left side) and its associated phase of testing (right side), emphasizing Verification and Validation.
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6Which SDLC model is best suited for projects where requirements are not well understood initially and need to be discovered via user feedback?
A.Waterfall Model
B.Prototyping Model
C.Big Bang Model
D.V-Model
Correct Answer: Prototyping Model
Explanation:The Prototyping Model involves building a mock-up or incomplete version of the software to show users, helping to clarify and refine undefined requirements.
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7The Spiral Model combines elements of the Waterfall model and Prototyping model, adding a new element of:
A.Code optimization
B.Risk Analysis
C.Hardware integration
D.Personnel management
Correct Answer: Risk Analysis
Explanation:The defining characteristic of the Spiral Model is its focus on Risk Analysis in every iteration (loop) of the spiral.
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8In the Agile Manifesto, which of the following is valued more?
A.Processes and tools
B.Comprehensive documentation
C.Contract negotiation
D.Responding to change
Correct Answer: Responding to change
Explanation:The Agile Manifesto values responding to change over following a plan (and individuals/interactions over processes/tools, working software over documentation, collaboration over negotiation).
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9In the Scrum framework, who is responsible for maximizing the value of the product and managing the Product Backlog?
A.Scrum Master
B.Development Team
C.Product Owner
D.Stakeholders
Correct Answer: Product Owner
Explanation:The Product Owner is responsible for defining the features of the product and prioritizing the Product Backlog to maximize the return on investment (ROI).
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10What is the primary goal of DevOps?
A.To eliminate the need for system administrators
B.To bridge the gap between Development (Dev) and Operations (Ops) for faster delivery
C.To replace Agile methodology
D.To focus solely on coding speed
Correct Answer: To bridge the gap between Development (Dev) and Operations (Ops) for faster delivery
Explanation:DevOps is a set of practices that combines software development (Dev) and IT operations (Ops) to shorten the systems development life cycle and provide continuous delivery with high software quality.
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11Which of the following is a Functional Requirement?
A.The system shall load the dashboard in under 2 seconds.
B.The system shall calculate the tax based on the user's income.
C.The code must be written in Python.
D.The system shall be available 99.9% of the time.
Correct Answer: The system shall calculate the tax based on the user's income.
Explanation:Functional requirements define what the system should do (behaviors/functions). The others are non-functional requirements (Performance, Constraint, Reliability).
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12Non-functional requirements are often referred to as:
A.User Stories
B.Quality Attributes
C.Use Cases
D.Epics
Correct Answer: Quality Attributes
Explanation:Non-functional requirements describe how the system performs a function, often relating to quality attributes like reliability, scalability, usability, and security.
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13Which of the following is a technique used for Requirement Gathering?
Explanation:JAD sessions are workshops that bring together stakeholders, users, and developers to define requirements. Other techniques include interviews, surveys, and observation.
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14The IEEE standard often used for writing Software Requirements Specifications (SRS) is:
A.IEEE 830
B.IEEE 802.11
C.IEEE 754
D.IEEE 101
Correct Answer: IEEE 830
Explanation:IEEE Std 830 is the Recommended Practice for Software Requirements Specifications, providing a structure for writing good requirements.
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15In an SRS, if a requirement has only one interpretation, it is said to be:
A.Consistent
B.Unambiguous
C.Verifiable
D.Modifiable
Correct Answer: Unambiguous
Explanation:A requirement is unambiguous if it can be interpreted in only one way. Ambiguity leads to errors in design and implementation.
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16What is the result of the 'Analysis' phase in Requirement Engineering?
A.Source Code
B.Test Cases
C.Conceptual models and finalized requirements
D.Deployment plan
Correct Answer: Conceptual models and finalized requirements
Explanation:Analysis involves refining gathered requirements, resolving conflicts, and creating models (like DFDs or UML diagrams) to understand the problem domain before specification.
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17Which of the following describes the 'Throwaway Prototyping' approach?
A.The prototype evolves into the final system.
B.The prototype is built to understand requirements and then discarded.
C.The prototype is the final product.
D.The prototype is only a paper drawing.
Correct Answer: The prototype is built to understand requirements and then discarded.
Explanation:In Throwaway (or Rapid) Prototyping, the code is developed quickly to explore requirements and then discarded to build the actual system with proper engineering practices.
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18In the Spiral Model, the angular dimension represents (theta). What does this represent?
A.Cumulative cost
B.Progress through the spiral phases
C.Risk magnitude
D.Time elapsed
Correct Answer: Progress through the spiral phases
Explanation:In the graphical representation of the Spiral Model, the angular dimension () represents the progress made in the current phase/cycle, while the radius represents cumulative cost.
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19Which document acts as a contract between the developer and the customer?
Explanation:The SRS serves as an agreement (contract) detailing exactly what will be built. Acceptance testing is usually performed against the SRS.
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20What does 'Validation' ensure in the V-Model contexts?
A.Are we building the product right?
B.Are we building the right product?
C.Is the code syntax correct?
D.Is the documentation formatted correctly?
Correct Answer: Are we building the right product?
Explanation:Validation checks if the software meets the user's actual needs (Are we building the right product?). Verification checks if it meets the specified requirements (Are we building the product right?).
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21In Scrum, a 'Sprint' is:
A.A fast coding session
B.A time-boxed iteration of continuous development cycle
C.A meeting to resolve conflicts
D.The final delivery phase
Correct Answer: A time-boxed iteration of continuous development cycle
Explanation:A Sprint is a fixed length of time (usually 2-4 weeks) during which a 'Done', useable, and potentially releasable product increment is created.
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22Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the classic SDLC phases?
Explanation:The logical flow is gathering requirements, designing the solution, implementing (coding) it, testing it, and finally maintaining it.
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23Feasibility Study is primarily performed to check:
A.If the software can be sold for a high price
B.If the project is technically, economically, and operationally viable
C.If the UI looks good
D.Which programming language to use
Correct Answer: If the project is technically, economically, and operationally viable
Explanation:A Feasibility Study determines if the project is worth doing and if it can be done within constraints (Technical, Economic, Operational, Legal, Schedule).
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24In DevOps, 'CI' stands for:
A.Continuous Integration
B.Code Inspection
C.Customer Interaction
D.Complex Iteration
Correct Answer: Continuous Integration
Explanation:CI stands for Continuous Integration, a practice where developers regularly merge their code changes into a central repository, followed by automated builds and tests.
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25Which requirement characteristic ensures that a requirement can be tested?
A.Traceability
B.Verifiability
C.Completeness
D.Modularity
Correct Answer: Verifiability
Explanation:A requirement is Verifiable if there is a definitive, cost-effective way to check (test/measure) that the software meets the requirement.
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26The 'Scrum Master' is best described as a:
A.Project Manager
B.Servant-Leader
C.Lead Developer
D.CEO
Correct Answer: Servant-Leader
Explanation:The Scrum Master is a servant-leader for the Scrum Team, helping remove impediments and ensuring the Scrum process is understood and followed, rather than commanding the team.
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27Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM) is used to:
A.Calculate project cost
B.Map requirements to test cases to ensure coverage
C.Trace the history of the company
D.Design the database schema
Correct Answer: Map requirements to test cases to ensure coverage
Explanation:RTM links requirements throughout the validation process, ensuring that every requirement has associated test cases and nothing is missed.
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28In the Waterfall model, 'blocking states' occur when:
A.Code fails to compile
B.Team members wait for a preceding phase to complete before starting work
C.The server crashes
D.The customer refuses to pay
Correct Answer: Team members wait for a preceding phase to complete before starting work
Explanation:Because Waterfall is sequential, specialized teams (e.g., testers) often sit idle (blocked) while waiting for the previous team (e.g., developers) to finish their phase.
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29Which SDLC model is essentially a linear sequential model but with feedback loops to the immediately preceding phase only?
A.Iterative Waterfall
B.Pure Waterfall
C.Agile
D.Big Bang
Correct Answer: Iterative Waterfall
Explanation:The Iterative Waterfall model allows for feedback to the immediately preceding phase to correct errors, unlike the pure Waterfall which theoretically flows only one way.
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30Which term describes requirements that originate from the domain of the system rather than the specific needs of the user?
A.User Requirements
B.Domain Requirements
C.System Requirements
D.Hardware Requirements
Correct Answer: Domain Requirements
Explanation:Domain requirements are derived from the application domain (e.g., legal standards in banking software, laws of physics in simulation software) and may constrain existing functional requirements.
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31In Evolutionary Prototyping:
A.The prototype is discarded
B.The prototype is refined iteratively to become the final system
C.No coding is done until the end
D.Only the UI is developed
Correct Answer: The prototype is refined iteratively to become the final system
Explanation:Evolutionary prototyping involves building a robust prototype in a structured manner and constantly refining it based on feedback until it becomes the final product.
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32Which ceremony in Scrum is held at the end of a Sprint to inspect the Increment and adapt the Product Backlog?
A.Daily Standup
B.Sprint Planning
C.Sprint Review
D.Sprint Retrospective
Correct Answer: Sprint Review
Explanation:The Sprint Review is a demo of the work finished in the sprint to stakeholders to get feedback. The Retrospective focuses on process improvement.
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33The property of software to handle unexpected inputs or failures without crashing is called:
A.Portability
B.Robustness
C.Interoperability
D.Efficiency
Correct Answer: Robustness
Explanation:Robustness is a non-functional requirement describing the degree to which a system can function correctly in the presence of invalid inputs or stressful environmental conditions.
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34Which phase of the V-Model corresponds to 'System Design'?
A.Unit Testing
B.Integration Testing
C.System Testing
D.Acceptance Testing
Correct Answer: Integration Testing
Explanation:System/High-Level Design defines modules and interfaces. Integration Testing verifies that these modules work together as defined in the System Design.
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35When writing an SRS, using words like 'might', 'should', or 'could' instead of 'shall' or 'must' leads to:
A.Flexibility
B.Ambiguity
C.Efficiency
D.Modularity
Correct Answer: Ambiguity
Explanation:In requirements engineering, 'shall' indicates a mandatory requirement. Words like 'might' or 'should' imply optionality or uncertainty, creating ambiguity.
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36Infrastructure as Code (IaC) is a key practice in:
A.Waterfall
B.DevOps
C.Requirement Engineering
D.Spiral Model
Correct Answer: DevOps
Explanation:IaC is a DevOps practice where infrastructure (servers, networks) is provisioned and managed using code rather than manual hardware configuration.
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37Which model is most risky for large, complex projects?
A.Spiral Model
B.Waterfall Model
C.Agile Model
D.V-Model
Correct Answer: Waterfall Model
Explanation:The Waterfall model is risky for large, complex projects because working software is produced late in the cycle, and requirements errors discovered late are very expensive to fix.
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38The 'Win-Win' Spiral Model emphasizes:
A.Winning awards
B.Negotiation between stakeholders to reconcile win conditions
C.Zero cost development
D.Automated coding
Correct Answer: Negotiation between stakeholders to reconcile win conditions
Explanation:The Win-Win Spiral model extends the standard Spiral by explicitly focusing on negotiation activities to resolve conflicts between stakeholders early.
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39Which of the following is NOT a section in a standard IEEE 830 SRS?
A.Introduction
B.Overall Description
C.Specific Requirements
D.Project Budget & Salary Info
Correct Answer: Project Budget & Salary Info
Explanation:An SRS focuses on the software's functional and non-functional requirements. Budget and salary information belongs in project management documents, not the SRS.
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40In the context of SDLC, what is 'Maintenance'?
A.Cleaning the computer hardware
B.Modifying software after delivery to correct faults or improve performance
C.Writing the initial code
D.Hiring new developers
Correct Answer: Modifying software after delivery to correct faults or improve performance
Explanation:Maintenance is the final SDLC phase, involving corrective (bug fixes), adaptive (environment changes), perfective (improvements), and preventive actions.
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41Kanban is an Agile method that focuses on:
A.Fixed length sprints
B.Visualizing work and limiting Work In Progress (WIP)
C.Detailed documentation
D.Hierarchy of roles
Correct Answer: Visualizing work and limiting Work In Progress (WIP)
Explanation:Kanban uses a board to visualize the flow of tasks and enforces limits on how many tasks can be in a specific state (WIP) at one time to improve flow.
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42Requirement 'Elicitation' is another term for:
A.Requirement Gathering
B.Requirement Analysis
C.Requirement Validation
D.Requirement Specification
Correct Answer: Requirement Gathering
Explanation:Elicitation involves 'drawing out' requirements from stakeholders. It is the technical term for gathering requirements.
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43If a system fails to meet a 'Constraint' requirement, what is the likely outcome?
A.The system works but is slow
B.The system is unacceptable and cannot be deployed
C.The user will just ignore it
D.The developer gets a bonus
Correct Answer: The system is unacceptable and cannot be deployed
Explanation:Constraints (e.g., 'Must run on Android', 'Must comply with GDPR') are mandatory limitations. Failure to meet them usually makes the solution non-viable.
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44Which SDLC model advocates for 'Continuous Delivery'?
A.Waterfall
B.DevOps
C.Spiral
D.V-Model
Correct Answer: DevOps
Explanation:DevOps (and modern Agile) advocates for Continuous Delivery (CD), ensuring code is always in a deployable state.
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45In an SRS, a requirement stating 'The system shall allow 10,000 concurrent users' is classified as:
A.Security Requirement
B.Scalability Requirement
C.Portability Requirement
D.Maintainability Requirement
Correct Answer: Scalability Requirement
Explanation:Scalability refers to the system's ability to handle growing amounts of work (users, data) gracefully.
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46The 'Daily Stand-up' in Scrum is restricted to:
A.1 hour
B.15 minutes
C.30 minutes
D.No time limit
Correct Answer: 15 minutes
Explanation:The Daily Stand-up (or Daily Scrum) is a time-boxed 15-minute event for the Development Team to synchronize activities and plan the next 24 hours.
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47Requirement Validation techniques include all EXCEPT:
A.Prototyping
B.Requirements Reviews/Walkthroughs
C.Test Case Generation
D.Coding the full system
Correct Answer: Coding the full system
Explanation:Validation is done before full coding to prevent expensive errors. Coding the full system defeats the purpose of validating requirements early.
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48What is the primary disadvantage of the RAD (Rapid Application Development) model?
A.Slow development time
B.Requires highly skilled developers and active user involvement
C.Too much documentation
D.Cannot use automated tools
Correct Answer: Requires highly skilled developers and active user involvement
Explanation:RAD relies on rapid prototyping and iterative delivery, which requires skilled developers who can use complex tools and constant availability of users for feedback.
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49A key difference between Agile and Traditional models is that Agile treats time and resources as fixed, while:
A.Scope is variable
B.Quality is variable
C.Team size is variable
D.Budget is ignored
Correct Answer: Scope is variable
Explanation:In Agile (inverted triangle), time (sprints) and resources (team) are fixed, but the Scope (features built) varies based on velocity. In Waterfall, Scope is fixed, and time/cost often vary.
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50The concept of 'technical debt' refers to:
A.Money owed to software vendors
B.The implied cost of additional rework caused by choosing an easy solution now instead of a better approach
C.The salary of the technical team
D.The cost of server hardware
Correct Answer: The implied cost of additional rework caused by choosing an easy solution now instead of a better approach
Explanation:Technical debt is a metaphor for the eventual consequences of poor design or quick-fix coding decisions that must be 'paid back' later via refactoring.
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