Correct Answer: Additional cost of producing one more unit
Explanation:
Marginal cost is the change in total cost when output is increased by one additional unit. It is essentially the variable cost per unit.
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2In marginal costing, which costs are charged to products?
Meaning and Objectives
Easy
A.Only fixed costs
B.Only variable costs
C.Both fixed and variable costs
D.Only semi-variable costs
Correct Answer: Only variable costs
Explanation:
Under marginal costing, only variable (marginal) costs are charged to products, while fixed costs are treated as period costs and written off against the contribution.
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3Under marginal costing, fixed costs are treated as:
Meaning and Objectives
Easy
A.Product costs
B.Direct costs
C.Prime costs
D.Period costs
Correct Answer: Period costs
Explanation:
Fixed costs are considered period costs in marginal costing and are deducted in full from the contribution of the period rather than being absorbed into product cost.
Incorrect! Try again.
4Contribution is calculated as:
Meaning and Objectives
Easy
A.Sales Variable Cost
B.Sales Fixed Cost
C.Sales Total Cost
D.Fixed Cost Profit Variable Cost
Correct Answer: Sales Variable Cost
Explanation:
Contribution equals Sales minus Variable Cost. It represents the amount available to cover fixed costs and generate profit.
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5Which of the following is an objective of marginal costing?
Meaning and Objectives
Easy
A.To value closing stock at total cost
B.To help in cost control and decision making
C.To allocate fixed costs to each product
D.To eliminate variable costs entirely
Correct Answer: To help in cost control and decision making
Explanation:
A key objective of marginal costing is to aid managerial decision making, cost control, and profit planning by focusing on variable costs and contribution.
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6The relationship among cost, volume, and profit is expressed by the formula:
Meaning and Objectives
Easy
A.Profit Fixed Cost Contribution
B.Profit Variable Cost Fixed Cost
C.Profit Sales Contribution
D.Profit Contribution Fixed Cost
Correct Answer: Profit Contribution Fixed Cost
Explanation:
Since contribution covers fixed costs first, any surplus becomes profit. Hence Profit Contribution Fixed Cost.
Incorrect! Try again.
7CVP analysis studies the relationship between:
CVP Analysis
Easy
A.Cost, volume, and profit
B.Cash, value, and price
C.Capital, volume, and profit
D.Cost, value, and profitability
Correct Answer: Cost, volume, and profit
Explanation:
CVP stands for Cost-Volume-Profit analysis, which examines how changes in cost and volume of output affect profit.
Incorrect! Try again.
8The Profit-Volume (P/V) ratio is calculated as:
CVP Analysis
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The P/V ratio measures the proportion of contribution to sales: . It indicates the rate at which profit changes with sales.
Incorrect! Try again.
9Margin of safety is the excess of:
CVP Analysis
Easy
A.Contribution over fixed cost
B.Fixed cost over variable cost
C.Actual sales over break-even sales
D.Break-even sales over actual sales
Correct Answer: Actual sales over break-even sales
Explanation:
Margin of safety is the difference between actual sales and break-even sales. A higher margin of safety indicates a lower risk of loss.
Incorrect! Try again.
10Which of the following assumptions is made in CVP analysis?
CVP Analysis
Easy
A.Variable cost per unit keeps changing
B.All costs are semi-variable
C.Selling price varies with output
D.Fixed costs remain constant over the relevant range
Correct Answer: Fixed costs remain constant over the relevant range
Explanation:
CVP analysis assumes that fixed costs stay constant, variable cost per unit is constant, and selling price per unit remains unchanged within the relevant range.
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11If the P/V ratio is 40%, the variable cost to sales ratio is:
CVP Analysis
Easy
A.100%
B.60%
C.40%
D.50%
Correct Answer: 60%
Explanation:
Variable cost ratio .
Incorrect! Try again.
12An increase in the selling price per unit, other things being constant, will cause the P/V ratio to:
CVP Analysis
Easy
A.Remain unchanged
B.Become zero
C.Decrease
D.Increase
Correct Answer: Increase
Explanation:
A higher selling price increases contribution per unit while variable cost stays the same, thereby raising the P/V ratio.
Incorrect! Try again.
13The break-even point is the level of activity where:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Easy
A.Total cost exceeds total revenue
B.Fixed cost equals variable cost
C.Total revenue equals total cost
D.Total revenue exceeds total cost
Correct Answer: Total revenue equals total cost
Explanation:
At the break-even point, total sales revenue equals total cost, so there is neither profit nor loss.
Incorrect! Try again.
14The break-even point in units is calculated as:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Break-even units , since contribution must fully cover fixed cost at break-even.
Incorrect! Try again.
15The break-even point in terms of sales value is calculated as:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Easy
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Break-even sales value , expressing the fixed cost recovery point in monetary terms.
Incorrect! Try again.
16At the break-even point, the amount of profit earned is:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Easy
A.Nil
B.Equal to fixed cost
C.Equal to contribution
D.Equal to variable cost
Correct Answer: Nil
Explanation:
The break-even point is the no-profit, no-loss position, so profit at this level of output is zero.
Incorrect! Try again.
17If fixed costs are and contribution per unit is , the break-even point in units is:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Easy
A.800 units
B.4,000 units
C.1,000 units
D.2,000 units
Correct Answer: 2,000 units
Explanation:
Break-even units units.
Incorrect! Try again.
18In a break-even chart, the point where the total cost line intersects the total sales line represents the:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Easy
A.Break-even point
B.Angle of incidence
C.Fixed cost line
D.Margin of safety
Correct Answer: Break-even point
Explanation:
The intersection of the total sales line and the total cost line on a break-even chart marks the break-even point.
Incorrect! Try again.
19Other things remaining constant, an increase in fixed costs will cause the break-even point to:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Easy
A.Increase
B.Remain the same
C.Decrease
D.Become nil
Correct Answer: Increase
Explanation:
A higher fixed cost requires more contribution to be covered, so a greater level of output or sales is needed to break even, raising the break-even point.
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20The angle formed between the sales line and the total cost line at the break-even point is known as the:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Easy
A.Break-even angle
B.Angle of incidence
C.Margin of safety
D.Contribution angle
Correct Answer: Angle of incidence
Explanation:
The angle of incidence is the angle at which the sales line cuts the total cost line. A larger angle indicates a higher rate of profit earning.
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21Under marginal costing, which of the following costs is charged to products?
Meaning and Objectives
Medium
A.Both fixed and variable costs
B.Only variable manufacturing costs
C.All administrative costs
D.Only fixed manufacturing costs
Correct Answer: Only variable manufacturing costs
Explanation:
In marginal costing, only variable (marginal) costs are charged to products, while fixed costs are treated as period costs and written off against contribution.
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22A firm treats fixed costs as period costs and values inventory only at variable cost. Which costing technique is being applied?
Meaning and Objectives
Medium
A.Activity-based costing
B.Marginal costing
C.Absorption costing
D.Standard costing
Correct Answer: Marginal costing
Explanation:
Valuing inventory at variable cost and treating fixed costs as period costs is the defining feature of marginal costing, unlike absorption costing which includes fixed overheads in product cost.
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23Which objective is best served by marginal costing when a firm must decide whether to accept a special order below normal price?
Meaning and Objectives
Medium
A.Allocating fixed costs equally to all orders
B.Absorbing all fixed overheads into the order
C.Maximizing recorded inventory value
D.Assessing whether the price covers variable cost and adds contribution
Correct Answer: Assessing whether the price covers variable cost and adds contribution
Explanation:
Marginal costing supports short-term decisions by focusing on contribution. A special order is acceptable if its price exceeds variable cost, since it then contributes toward fixed costs and profit.
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24Contribution under marginal costing is defined as:
Meaning and Objectives
Medium
A.Sales minus fixed costs
B.Sales minus variable costs
C.Sales minus total costs
D.Fixed costs minus variable costs
Correct Answer: Sales minus variable costs
Explanation:
Contribution Sales Variable Costs. It represents the amount available to cover fixed costs and generate profit.
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25If selling price per unit is and variable cost per unit is , the P/V ratio is:
CVP Analysis
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
P/V ratio .
Incorrect! Try again.
26A company has a P/V ratio of and fixed costs of . What sales are required to earn a profit of ?
CVP Analysis
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Required Sales .
Incorrect! Try again.
27In CVP analysis, if fixed costs increase while selling price and variable cost per unit stay constant, the break-even point will:
CVP Analysis
Medium
A.Increase
B.Decrease
C.Become zero
D.Remain unchanged
Correct Answer: Increase
Explanation:
Break-even units . With contribution per unit unchanged, a rise in fixed cost raises the break-even point.
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28The margin of safety can be expressed as:
CVP Analysis
Medium
A.Actual sales minus break-even sales
B.Fixed cost minus variable cost
C.Break-even sales minus actual sales
D.Total sales minus contribution
Correct Answer: Actual sales minus break-even sales
Explanation:
Margin of safety Actual (or budgeted) Sales Break-even Sales. It shows how far sales can fall before a loss occurs.
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29A firm's profit is and P/V ratio is . Its margin of safety in sales value is:
CVP Analysis
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Margin of Safety .
Incorrect! Try again.
30Which of the following assumptions is NOT part of CVP analysis?
CVP Analysis
Medium
A.Fixed costs stay constant within the relevant range
B.Selling price per unit remains constant
C.Costs can be split into fixed and variable
D.Variable cost per unit changes with volume
Correct Answer: Variable cost per unit changes with volume
Explanation:
CVP analysis assumes variable cost per unit remains constant. It is total variable cost, not per-unit cost, that changes with volume.
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31If contribution is and sales are , and fixed cost is , the profit equals:
CVP Analysis
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Profit Contribution Fixed Cost .
Incorrect! Try again.
32A company increased its selling price by with no change in costs. The P/V ratio will:
CVP Analysis
Medium
A.Remain unchanged
B.Decrease
C.Become negative
D.Increase
Correct Answer: Increase
Explanation:
A higher selling price with unchanged variable cost raises contribution per unit relative to sales, so the P/V ratio increases.
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33Fixed costs are , selling price is per unit, and variable cost is per unit. The break-even point in units is:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Medium
A. units
B. units
C. units
D. units
Correct Answer: units
Explanation:
BEP (units) units.
Incorrect! Try again.
34At the break-even point, which of the following is true?
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Medium
A.Total contribution equals fixed cost
B.Profit equals fixed cost
C.Total sales equal variable cost
D.Contribution equals variable cost
Correct Answer: Total contribution equals fixed cost
Explanation:
At break-even, profit is zero, so total contribution exactly covers fixed cost with nothing left over.
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35Fixed cost is and P/V ratio is . The break-even sales value is:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
BEP (sales) .
Incorrect! Try again.
36On a break-even chart, the point where the total cost line intersects the total sales line represents the:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Medium
A.Angle of incidence
B.Break-even point
C.Maximum profit point
D.Margin of safety
Correct Answer: Break-even point
Explanation:
The intersection of the total sales line and total cost line marks the break-even point, where there is neither profit nor loss.
Incorrect! Try again.
37The angle of incidence on a break-even chart indicates:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Medium
A.The rate at which profit is earned after break-even
B.The total fixed cost of the firm
C.The level of variable cost per unit
D.The margin of safety in units
Correct Answer: The rate at which profit is earned after break-even
Explanation:
A larger angle of incidence (between sales and total cost lines beyond BEP) reflects a higher rate of profit earning.
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38A product sells at , has variable cost of , and fixed cost of . How many units must be sold to earn a profit of ?
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Medium
A. units
B. units
C. units
D. units
Correct Answer: units
Explanation:
Units units.
Incorrect! Try again.
39If the margin of safety is and total sales are , the break-even sales are:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Medium
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Break-even Sales Total Sales Margin of Safety .
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40If both selling price and variable cost per unit rise by the same rupee amount while fixed cost stays constant, the break-even point in units will:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Medium
A.Remain unchanged
B.Decrease
C.Increase
D.Fall to zero
Correct Answer: Remain unchanged
Explanation:
Contribution per unit selling price variable cost. If both rise by the same amount, contribution per unit is unchanged, so break-even units stay the same.
Incorrect! Try again.
41A firm reports sales of , variable costs of and fixed costs of . What is the Break-Even Point in sales value?
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Contribution , so P/V ratio . BEP .
Incorrect! Try again.
42A company has a P/V ratio of and fixed costs of . If fixed costs rise to , by how much does the Break-Even sales value increase?
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Old BEP . New BEP . Increase .
Incorrect! Try again.
43A product sells at with variable cost per unit and fixed costs of . If the selling price is raised by with no other change, what is the new Break-Even Point in units?
CVP Analysis
Hard
A. units
B. units
C. units
D. units
Correct Answer: units
Explanation:
New SP , contribution . BEP units (down from units at the old price).
Incorrect! Try again.
44Product X has sales of (P/V ratio ) and Product Y has sales of (P/V ratio ). Total fixed cost is . What is the composite Break-Even Point in sales value?
CVP Analysis
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Total contribution on sales , so weighted P/V . Composite BEP .
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45Fixed costs are , P/V ratio is and the tax rate is . What sales are required to earn an after-tax profit of ?
CVP Analysis
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Pre-tax profit . Required sales .
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46A firm earns a profit of and its P/V ratio is . What is its Margin of Safety in sales value?
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Margin of Safety , since profit is earned only on sales above break-even.
Incorrect! Try again.
47On a break-even chart, the 'angle of incidence' formed between the sales line and the total cost line beyond BEP indicates:
Meaning and Objectives
Hard
A.The margin of safety at the current sales level
B.The rate at which profit is being earned once BEP is crossed
C.The point where variable cost equals fixed cost
D.The proportion of fixed cost to total cost
Correct Answer: The rate at which profit is being earned once BEP is crossed
Explanation:
A large angle of incidence signals a high rate of profit earning after break-even, while a narrow angle indicates a low profit rate and greater sensitivity to sales changes.
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48Total fixed costs are , which include depreciation of . If the P/V ratio is , what is the cash Break-Even Point in sales value?
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Cash fixed cost (depreciation is non-cash). Cash BEP .
Incorrect! Try again.
49Year 1: sales , profit . Year 2: sales , profit . Assuming cost structure is unchanged, what is the Break-Even sales value?
CVP Analysis
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
P/V ratio . Fixed cost . BEP .
Incorrect! Try again.
50A firm has contribution of , fixed cost of and profit of . What is its Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL)?
CVP Analysis
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
DOL , meaning a change in sales alters profit by .
Incorrect! Try again.
51Machine A has fixed cost and variable cost /unit; Machine B has fixed cost and variable cost /unit. At what output are total costs equal (indifference point)?
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Hard
A. units
B. units
C. units
D. units
Correct Answer: units
Explanation:
Indifference point units.
Incorrect! Try again.
52Under a limiting-factor situation where machine hours are scarce, the ranking of products for maximum profit should be based on:
CVP Analysis
Hard
A.P/V ratio of each product
B.Contribution per unit
C.Selling price per unit
D.Contribution per machine hour
Correct Answer: Contribution per machine hour
Explanation:
When a specific resource is the constraint, products are ranked by contribution earned per unit of that limiting factor so that scarce capacity generates the highest total contribution.
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53In the short run, a firm should consider shutting down operations when:
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Hard
A.Sales revenue is below total cost including all fixed costs
B.The margin of safety becomes zero
C.Contribution is positive but profit is negative
D.Sales revenue fails to cover total variable cost plus avoidable fixed cost
Correct Answer: Sales revenue fails to cover total variable cost plus avoidable fixed cost
Explanation:
The shut-down point is reached when contribution can no longer cover avoidable (specific) fixed costs. As long as revenue covers variable and avoidable fixed costs, continuing operations reduces overall loss.
Incorrect! Try again.
54Which of the following is NOT an objective or feature of marginal costing?
Meaning and Objectives
Hard
A.Apportioning fixed costs to products to arrive at total product cost
B.Facilitating profit planning via cost-volume-profit relationships
C.Aiding pricing and make-or-buy decisions through contribution analysis
D.Segregating costs into fixed and variable elements
Correct Answer: Apportioning fixed costs to products to arrive at total product cost
Explanation:
Marginal costing charges only variable costs to products and treats fixed costs as period costs. Apportioning fixed costs to products is a feature of absorption costing, not marginal costing.
Incorrect! Try again.
55In marginal costing, 'marginal cost' of a product is best described as:
Meaning and Objectives
Hard
A.The difference between selling price and total cost per unit
B.The fixed cost incurred to keep production capacity ready
C.The total cost of a unit including a share of fixed overheads
D.The change in total cost from producing one additional unit, i.e. its variable cost
Correct Answer: The change in total cost from producing one additional unit, i.e. its variable cost
Explanation:
Marginal cost is the additional cost of producing one more unit, which comprises the variable elements (direct material, direct labour, variable overheads) since fixed cost stays constant with volume.
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56A product sells at with variable cost per unit and fixed cost . What is the Break-Even Point in units?
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Hard
A. units
B. units
C. units
D. units
Correct Answer: units
Explanation:
Contribution per unit . BEP units.
Incorrect! Try again.
57A product sells at , variable cost /unit, fixed cost . If variable cost rises to /unit, by how many units does the Break-Even Point change?
CVP Analysis
Hard
A.No change
B.Increases by units
C.Decreases by units
D.Increases by units
Correct Answer: Increases by units
Explanation:
Old BEP units. New contribution , new BEP units. Increase units.
Incorrect! Try again.
58Given that Margin of Safety ratio is and the P/V ratio is , the profit as a percentage of sales equals:
CVP Analysis
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Profit/Sales , because profit arises only on the margin-of-safety portion of sales.
Incorrect! Try again.
59A firm has sales of , P/V ratio and fixed cost . What is the Margin of Safety ratio?
Break Even Point and Break Even Analysis
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
BEP . MOS . MOS ratio .
Incorrect! Try again.
60A multi-product firm shifts its sales mix so that a larger proportion of sales comes from a product with a higher P/V ratio, with total fixed cost unchanged. The composite Break-Even Point will:
CVP Analysis
Hard
A.Decrease because the weighted-average P/V ratio rises
B.Remain unchanged since fixed cost is constant
C.Decrease because total fixed cost falls
D.Increase because more units must be sold
Correct Answer: Decrease because the weighted-average P/V ratio rises
Explanation:
Composite BEP . A shift toward the higher-P/V product raises the weighted-average P/V ratio, so the break-even sales value falls.
Incorrect! Try again.
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