8How can the study of buyer behaviour improve marketing decisions?
Need for studying buyer behaviour
Easy
A.By fixing national interest rates
B.By controlling public expenditure
C.By identifying suitable target markets
D.By setting employee tax rates
Correct Answer: By identifying suitable target markets
Explanation:
Buyer behaviour data helps a business identify and serve the most appropriate consumer groups.
Incorrect! Try again.
9Which buying motive is based mainly on careful reasoning?
Different buying motives
Easy
A.Emotional motive
B.Rational motive
C.Social motive
D.Habitual motive
Correct Answer: Rational motive
Explanation:
A rational motive is based on logical considerations such as price, quality, durability, and usefulness.
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10Purchasing a product mainly because it creates a feeling of pride is an example of which motive?
Different buying motives
Easy
A.Functional motive
B.Rational motive
C.Emotional motive
D.Economic motive
Correct Answer: Emotional motive
Explanation:
Pride is a feeling, so a purchase driven by pride is based on an emotional motive.
Incorrect! Try again.
11Buying a refrigerator because it uses less electricity is mainly based on which consideration?
Different buying motives
Easy
A.Prestige
B.Imitation
C.Fashion
D.Economy
Correct Answer: Economy
Explanation:
Lower electricity use reduces operating costs, making economy the main buying motive.
Incorrect! Try again.
12What is usually the first stage of the consumer buying decision process?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Easy
A.Post-purchase evaluation
B.Purchase decision
C.Information search
D.Need recognition
Correct Answer: Need recognition
Explanation:
The buying process usually begins when a consumer recognizes a need or problem.
Incorrect! Try again.
13During which stage does a consumer compare different brands?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Easy
A.Post-purchase behaviour
B.Evaluation of alternatives
C.Need recognition
D.Information search
Correct Answer: Evaluation of alternatives
Explanation:
During evaluation of alternatives, the consumer compares brands using factors such as price and quality.
Incorrect! Try again.
14What occurs during post-purchase behaviour?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Easy
A.The consumer recognizes a new need
B.The consumer searches for suppliers
C.The consumer evaluates purchase satisfaction
D.The consumer compares available brands
Correct Answer: The consumer evaluates purchase satisfaction
Explanation:
After purchasing, the consumer assesses whether the product meets expectations.
Incorrect! Try again.
15Which of the following is a social influence on consumer buying behaviour?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Easy
A.Income
B.Motivation
C.Family
D.Age
Correct Answer: Family
Explanation:
Family is a social factor that can influence a consumer's preferences and purchase decisions.
Incorrect! Try again.
16Which factor is classified as a personal influence on consumer buying behaviour?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Easy
A.Family
B.Culture
C.Social class
D.Age
Correct Answer: Age
Explanation:
Age is a personal factor because consumer needs and preferences often change throughout life.
Incorrect! Try again.
17Consumer buying generally involves purchasing products for what purpose?
Consumer vs. business buying behaviour
Easy
A.Government policy development
B.Personal or household use
C.Wholesale market regulation
D.Industrial resale or production
Correct Answer: Personal or household use
Explanation:
Consumers purchase goods and services mainly to satisfy personal or household needs.
Incorrect! Try again.
18Compared with consumer buying, business buying commonly involves which feature?
Consumer vs. business buying behaviour
Easy
A.More emotional decisions
B.Fewer formal procedures
C.Smaller purchase quantities
D.More professional purchasing
Correct Answer: More professional purchasing
Explanation:
Business purchases are often handled by trained purchasing professionals using formal procedures.
Incorrect! Try again.
19What is the first step in a typical industrial buying process?
Industrial buying process
Easy
A.Recognizing a business need
B.Selecting the final supplier
C.Reviewing supplier performance
D.Negotiating the final contract
Correct Answer: Recognizing a business need
Explanation:
Industrial buying begins when an organization identifies a problem or need that requires a purchase.
Incorrect! Try again.
20What does an industrial buyer normally do after receiving proposals from suppliers?
Industrial buying process
Easy
A.Ends the buying process
B.Recognizes the initial need
C.Evaluates the proposals
D.Begins product consumption
Correct Answer: Evaluates the proposals
Explanation:
The industrial buyer compares supplier proposals before selecting the most suitable supplier.
Incorrect! Try again.
21A supermarket finds that customers often choose products placed at eye level even when less expensive alternatives are available on lower shelves. Which aspect of buyer behaviour does this best illustrate?
Buyer behaviour
Medium
A.Purchase decisions are influenced by the buying environment
B.Purchase decisions remain stable across retail settings
C.Purchase decisions always follow extensive information search
D.Purchase decisions are based only on product quality
Correct Answer: Purchase decisions are influenced by the buying environment
Explanation:
Shelf placement is a situational stimulus that can affect attention and product choice within the retail environment.
Incorrect! Try again.
22A customer regularly purchases the same brand of toothpaste without comparing alternatives. Which type of buying behaviour is most evident?
Buyer behaviour
Medium
A.Dissonance-reducing buying behaviour
B.Complex buying behaviour
C.Variety-seeking buying behaviour
D.Habitual buying behaviour
Correct Answer: Habitual buying behaviour
Explanation:
Frequently purchased, low-involvement products often produce habitual behaviour with little evaluation of alternatives.
Incorrect! Try again.
23Two consumers with similar incomes choose different smartphones because one values photography while the other values battery life. What does this indicate about buyer behaviour?
Buyer behaviour
Medium
A.Product attributes have fixed importance for all buyers
Consumers assign different importance to product attributes according to their needs, interests, and preferences.
Incorrect! Try again.
24A child suggests visiting a theme park, the parents select the destination, one parent books the tickets, and the whole family visits. Which role does the child perform?
Different consumer roles
Medium
A.User
B.Decider
C.Initiator
D.Buyer
Correct Answer: Initiator
Explanation:
The initiator is the person who first proposes or recognizes the idea of making a particular purchase.
Incorrect! Try again.
25An employee recommends a laptop model, but the department head authorizes which model will be purchased. What consumer role is performed by the department head?
Different consumer roles
Medium
A.Initiator
B.Influencer
C.User
D.Decider
Correct Answer: Decider
Explanation:
The decider has the authority to determine whether, what, or from whom a product will be purchased.
Incorrect! Try again.
26A nutritionist advises a family to buy low-sodium food, although another family member selects and pays for the products. Which role does the nutritionist perform?
Different consumer roles
Medium
A.Influencer
B.User
C.Buyer
D.Decider
Correct Answer: Influencer
Explanation:
An influencer affects purchase criteria or preferences by providing advice or specialized information.
Incorrect! Try again.
27A clothing retailer studies customers' browsing and purchasing patterns before deciding which styles to stock. What is the main marketing benefit of this study?
Need for studying buyer behaviour
Medium
A.Matching market offerings with customer preferences
B.Ensuring that every stocked item sells immediately
C.Preventing competitors from changing their products
D.Eliminating all uncertainty from demand forecasts
Correct Answer: Matching market offerings with customer preferences
Explanation:
Studying buyer behaviour helps firms understand preferences and develop assortments that better satisfy target customers.
Incorrect! Try again.
28A company learns that many customers abandon online purchases because checkout requires too many steps. How should this buyer-behaviour insight primarily be used?
Need for studying buyer behaviour
Medium
A.To simplify the checkout process
B.To standardize prices across competitors
C.To increase the number of product categories
D.To reduce all promotional activity
Correct Answer: To simplify the checkout process
Explanation:
Identifying barriers in customer behaviour allows the company to improve the buying experience and reduce purchase abandonment.
Incorrect! Try again.
29A manager purchases energy-efficient equipment mainly because its lower operating cost will recover the higher initial price. Which buying motive is dominant?
Different buying motives
Medium
A.Emotional motive
B.Social conformity motive
C.Rational motive
D.Impulse motive
Correct Answer: Rational motive
Explanation:
The choice is based on measurable economic benefits, particularly long-term operating cost savings.
Incorrect! Try again.
30A consumer buys a luxury watch primarily to communicate professional success to colleagues. Which motive most directly explains the purchase?
Different buying motives
Medium
A.Convenience motive
B.Safety motive
C.Economy motive
D.Status motive
Correct Answer: Status motive
Explanation:
A status motive drives purchases intended to signal prestige, achievement, or social position.
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31A shopper chooses a particular electronics store because it has dependable after-sales service, although another store offers slightly lower prices. Which motive is most evident?
Different buying motives
Medium
A.Rational patronage motive
B.Emotional product motive
C.Impulse buying motive
D.Variety-seeking motive
Correct Answer: Rational patronage motive
Explanation:
The shopper selects the seller for a practical store-related benefit: dependable after-sales service.
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32A commuter realizes that frequent repair costs make replacing an old scooter more economical. Which stage of the consumer buying decision process has occurred?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Medium
A.Evaluation of alternatives
B.Information search
C.Post-purchase evaluation
D.Need recognition
Correct Answer: Need recognition
Explanation:
The commuter has identified a gap between the current situation and a more desirable transportation solution.
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33Before buying a camera, a consumer assigns importance weights to image quality, portability, price, and battery life, then compares several models. Which stage is being performed?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Medium
A.Evaluation of alternatives
B.Post-purchase behaviour
C.Information search
D.Need recognition
Correct Answer: Evaluation of alternatives
Explanation:
Comparing brands against weighted decision criteria is part of evaluating available alternatives.
Incorrect! Try again.
34A student prefers one shoe brand but purchases another after close friends strongly recommend it. Which influence most directly changed the purchase?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Medium
A.Economic-cycle influence
B.Distribution-channel influence
C.Production-capacity influence
D.Reference-group influence
Correct Answer: Reference-group influence
Explanation:
Friends can function as a reference group whose opinions shape a consumer's attitudes and final choice.
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35After purchasing a costly television, a customer repeatedly reads favorable reviews to feel confident about the choice. Which post-purchase response does this behaviour address?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Medium
A.Selective distribution
B.Cognitive dissonance
C.Need recognition
D.Routine response
Correct Answer: Cognitive dissonance
Explanation:
Seeking reassuring information after a major purchase helps reduce doubts or discomfort about whether the correct choice was made.
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36A household buys one printer for personal use, while a corporation purchases 500 printers after technical and financial reviews. Which feature most clearly distinguishes the corporation's purchase?
Consumer vs. business buying behaviour
Medium
A.A stronger dependence on personal impulse
B.A lower need for product specifications
C.A complete absence of supplier negotiation
D.A more formal and multi-person decision process
Correct Answer: A more formal and multi-person decision process
Explanation:
Business purchases commonly involve larger quantities, formal evaluation, and participation by several organizational members.
Incorrect! Try again.
37Demand for industrial packaging rises because consumer demand for packaged food has increased. Which characteristic of business markets does this illustrate?
Consumer vs. business buying behaviour
Medium
A.Derived demand
B.Impulse demand
C.Seasonal demand
D.Autonomous demand
Correct Answer: Derived demand
Explanation:
Business demand is derived when organizations require inputs because final consumers demand the products made from those inputs.
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38Which purchasing situation is most likely to involve direct negotiation between the buyer and seller?
Consumer vs. business buying behaviour
Medium
A.A family buying soap from a supermarket
B.A commuter buying a standard bus ticket
C.A consumer buying a snack from a vending machine
D.A manufacturer ordering a customized production line
Correct Answer: A manufacturer ordering a customized production line
Explanation:
High-value, technically complex business purchases often require direct negotiation over specifications, price, delivery, and service.
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39A factory identifies a need for a new machine and prepares a document describing required capacity, safety standards, and energy efficiency. Which industrial buying stage is represented?
Industrial buying process
Medium
A.General need description
B.Order-routine specification
C.Supplier performance review
D.Proposal solicitation
Correct Answer: General need description
Explanation:
At this stage, the organization defines the characteristics and quantity of the item needed before evaluating suppliers.
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40After receiving bids for a warehouse automation system, a company scores vendors on price, reliability, installation time, and service support. Which stage is the company completing?
Industrial buying process
Medium
A.Problem recognition
B.Performance review
C.Product specification
D.Supplier selection
Correct Answer: Supplier selection
Explanation:
Comparing vendor proposals against organizational criteria is the supplier-selection stage of the industrial buying process.
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41A supermarket observes that customers who report strong preferences for sustainable products often purchase conventional products when shopping under time pressure. Which interpretation best explains this pattern?
Buyer behaviour
Hard
A.Observed purchases provide no useful evidence about consumer preferences
B.Situational constraints can prevent stated attitudes from predicting actual behaviour
C.Strong attitudes affect awareness but never affect purchasing behaviour
D.Time pressure converts habitual decisions into extensive problem solving
Correct Answer: Situational constraints can prevent stated attitudes from predicting actual behaviour
Explanation:
Buyer behaviour reflects both internal preferences and situational factors. Time pressure can widen the attitude-behaviour gap by encouraging convenient or habitual choices.
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42A consumer repeatedly buys the same detergent without evaluating alternatives, but immediately compares brands after the usual product causes a skin reaction. Which conclusion is most accurate?
Buyer behaviour
Hard
A.Brand loyalty has shifted toward automatic repurchasing
B.A routine response has shifted toward extended problem solving
C.Cognitive dissonance has shifted toward selective attention
D.An impulse purchase has shifted toward variety-seeking behaviour
Correct Answer: A routine response has shifted toward extended problem solving
Explanation:
The purchase was initially habitual. A negative experience increased perceived risk and triggered a more deliberate evaluation of alternatives.
Incorrect! Try again.
43A teenager identifies the need for a new laptop, a teacher specifies the required features, a parent selects and pays for the model, and the teenager operates it. Who performs the buyer role?
Different consumer roles
Hard
A.The teenager who first identifies the need
B.The teacher who specifies the required features
C.The teenager who ultimately operates the laptop
D.The parent who selects and pays for the model
Correct Answer: The parent who selects and pays for the model
Explanation:
The buyer is the person who completes the purchase transaction. The teenager is the initiator and user, while the teacher is an influencer.
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44In a household purchase, one spouse proposes installing a water purifier, a physician recommends a purification standard, the other spouse chooses the brand, and both spouses use it. Which role allocation is correct?
Different consumer roles
Hard
A.Proposer: decider; physician: buyer; chooser: initiator; both spouses: influencers
B.Proposer: influencer; physician: initiator; chooser: user; both spouses: buyers
C.Proposer: buyer; physician: decider; chooser: influencer; both spouses: users
D.Proposer: initiator; physician: influencer; chooser: decider; both spouses: users
The initiator first suggests the purchase, the influencer shapes criteria, the decider selects the alternative, and the users consume or operate the product.
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45A streaming service is selected by a parent, paid for through the parent's account, and used mainly by the children. To reduce household subscription cancellation, which role should the firm study most directly for satisfaction-related problems?
Different consumer roles
Hard
A.The children, because their usage experience can influence renewal
B.The advertiser, because promotion determines continued household usage
C.The parent, because payment alone determines perceived service quality
D.The platform owner, because technical control makes it the final consumer
Correct Answer: The children, because their usage experience can influence renewal
Explanation:
The children are the primary users. Their satisfaction can strongly affect the parent's renewal decision even though the parent is the buyer and payer.
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46A company segments customers only by age and income, yet purchase responses vary sharply within every segment. Which additional analysis would most improve the segmentation?
Need for studying buyer behaviour
Hard
A.Increase every segment's sample size without adding behavioural variables
B.Group customers solely by the retail outlets they visit
C.Replace customer research with industry-wide production forecasts
D.Examine benefits sought, usage situations, and decision involvement
Correct Answer: Examine benefits sought, usage situations, and decision involvement
Explanation:
Demographically similar consumers may differ in motives, contexts, and involvement. Behavioural and psychographic variables can reveal more actionable segments.
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47A meal-kit company has high trial rates but low repeat purchasing. Which use of buyer-behaviour research is most likely to diagnose the problem?
Need for studying buyer behaviour
Hard
A.Track competitors' list prices without studying customer value perceptions
B.Estimate total market population without separating trial from repeat use
C.Measure advertising recall without examining product consumption experiences
D.Compare expected benefits with post-purchase experiences and usage barriers
Correct Answer: Compare expected benefits with post-purchase experiences and usage barriers
Explanation:
High trial but weak retention suggests a problem after initial purchase. Studying expectations, product experience, and usage barriers can identify the source of dissatisfaction.
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48A manager buys an expensive watch partly for accurate timekeeping but primarily to signal professional success. Which classification best represents the dominant motive?
Different buying motives
Hard
A.An emotional motive based mainly on status expression
B.A patronage motive based mainly on store convenience
C.A negative motive based mainly on risk avoidance
D.A rational motive based mainly on operating economy
Correct Answer: An emotional motive based mainly on status expression
Explanation:
Although the watch has functional utility, the dominant motive is symbolic status expression, which is generally classified as emotional or psychological.
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49A procurement officer selects a costlier machine because its lower failure rate reduces expected downtime losses. Which motive most directly explains the choice?
Different buying motives
Hard
A.Product motive focused only on visual product design
B.Emotional buying motive focused on social recognition
C.Patronage motive focused only on proximity to the seller
D.Rational buying motive focused on total operating value
Correct Answer: Rational buying motive focused on total operating value
Explanation:
The officer evaluates lifetime economic consequences rather than purchase price alone. Reliability and avoided downtime support a rational, total-value motive.
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50Two pharmacies sell the same branded medicine at the same price. A customer consistently chooses one because its pharmacist explains dosage carefully and maintains privacy. What is the dominant motive?
Different buying motives
Hard
A.A prestige motive based on public display of consumption
B.A patronage motive based on service and trust in the outlet
C.An impulse motive based on unplanned exposure to merchandise
D.A product motive based on differences in medicine composition
Correct Answer: A patronage motive based on service and trust in the outlet
Explanation:
The product and price are equivalent, so the preference arises from outlet-related benefits. Service quality, trust, and privacy are patronage motives.
Incorrect! Try again.
51A consumer wants an electric car but notices only information supporting a preferred brand while dismissing credible negative reviews. Which perceptual process is most evident?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Hard
A.Stimulus generalization across physically similar vehicle models
B.Selective attention toward all unfamiliar automotive information
C.Selective distortion of information to fit existing beliefs
D.Selective retention caused only by repeated advertising exposure
Correct Answer: Selective distortion of information to fit existing beliefs
Explanation:
Selective distortion occurs when consumers interpret or discount information so that it remains consistent with their prior beliefs or preferences.
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52A buyer values camera quality at , battery life at , and price attractiveness at . Phone X scores , , and respectively, while Phone Y scores , , and . Under a compensatory weighted-score rule, which phone is selected?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Hard
A.Phone Y, because its weighted score is
B.Phone X, because its weighted score is
C.Phone X, because its weighted score is
D.Phone Y, because its weighted score is
Correct Answer: Phone Y, because its weighted score is
Explanation:
Phone X scores . Phone Y scores . Since the scores tie, neither is uniquely selected; therefore the stated selection is not justified under the rule alone.
Incorrect! Try again.
53A consumer rejects every laptop with less than GB RAM, regardless of price, brand, or battery life. Which evaluation rule is being applied?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Hard
A.A compensatory rule balancing RAM against weaker attributes
B.A lexicographic rule using RAM as the most important attribute
C.An affect-referral rule based on an overall brand impression
D.A conjunctive rule with minimum cutoffs on every major attribute
Correct Answer: A lexicographic rule using RAM as the most important attribute
Explanation:
The consumer gives decisive priority to RAM. Under a lexicographic rule, alternatives are compared first on the most important attribute, although a strict minimum cutoff can resemble a noncompensatory screening rule.
Incorrect! Try again.
54After purchasing a premium television, a buyer searches for favourable expert reviews and avoids advertisements for competing models. Which post-purchase response is most likely occurring?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Hard
A.Alternative evaluation through a fully compensatory model
B.Need recognition through exposure to an ideal state
C.Variety seeking caused by low involvement and minor differences
D.Dissonance reduction through confirmatory information seeking
Correct Answer: Dissonance reduction through confirmatory information seeking
Explanation:
The buyer is seeking reassurance after an important purchase. Favourable information reduces doubt about whether the chosen alternative was correct.
Incorrect! Try again.
55A safety campaign changes a consumer's belief that motorcycle helmets are effective, but helmet purchases remain unchanged because the consumer's peer group ridicules helmet use. Which influence best explains the failure to convert attitude into behaviour?
Consumer buying decision process and influences
Hard
A.A learning curve increasing the cost of information search
B.A family life-cycle effect eliminating the underlying need
Correct Answer: A social norm opposing the intended behaviour
Explanation:
Behaviour may remain inconsistent with favourable beliefs when reference-group pressure creates a strong opposing subjective norm.
Incorrect! Try again.
56Which situation most clearly demonstrates derived demand in a business market?
Consumer vs. business buying behaviour
Hard
A.A steel supplier's orders fall after consumers reduce automobile purchases
B.A retailer discounts clothing after a competitor launches a promotion
C.A manufacturer changes brands after receiving poor technical support
D.A household buys more furniture after moving into a larger residence
Correct Answer: A steel supplier's orders fall after consumers reduce automobile purchases
Explanation:
Business demand for steel is derived from downstream demand for automobiles. A decline in consumer vehicle purchases therefore reduces industrial demand.
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57Why can a small percentage decline in consumer demand produce a much larger decline in orders for industrial equipment?
Consumer vs. business buying behaviour
Hard
A.Consumer purchases are always less price-sensitive than organizational purchases
B.Capacity needs can change sharply when expected final demand changes slightly
C.Business buyers always negotiate prices collectively through purchasing groups
D.Industrial demand is geographically dispersed across numerous small buyers
Correct Answer: Capacity needs can change sharply when expected final demand changes slightly
Explanation:
The acceleration effect means modest changes in final demand can cause disproportionate changes in investment in capacity and capital equipment.
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58A hospital's equipment purchase involves physicians, biomedical engineers, finance officers, procurement specialists, and legal reviewers. Compared with a typical consumer purchase, this most strongly indicates:
Consumer vs. business buying behaviour
Hard
A.Greater use of a buying centre with specialized decision roles
B.Shorter evaluation because organizational demand is always urgent
C.Lower formalization because professional buyers rely on intuition
D.Less accountability because responsibility is distributed among participants
Correct Answer: Greater use of a buying centre with specialized decision roles
Explanation:
Organizational purchases often involve a buying centre whose participants contribute different technical, financial, purchasing, and legal expertise.
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59A factory has purchased the same lubricant for years but now requests improved heat resistance while retaining the existing supplier if it can meet the new specification. Which buying situation is this?
Industrial buying process
Hard
A.A modified rebuy involving changes to product specifications
B.A systems sale combining several unrelated procurement decisions
C.A straight rebuy with no alteration to purchase requirements
D.A new task involving a first-time solution to an unfamiliar need
Correct Answer: A modified rebuy involving changes to product specifications
Explanation:
The organization has prior buying experience but is changing an important requirement. That combination characterizes a modified rebuy.
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60An engineering team defines required output, tolerance, safety, and maintenance standards before inviting suppliers to bid for a production system. Which industrial buying stage is primarily represented?
Industrial buying process
Hard
A.Performance review
B.Supplier search
C.General need description
D.Product specification
Correct Answer: Product specification
Explanation:
At the product-specification stage, the organization converts its general need into precise technical and performance requirements that suppliers must satisfy.
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