The engineering or specialisation approach divides work into narrow, repetitive tasks to maximise efficiency, as in scientific management.
Incorrect! Try again.
20A key goal of good job design is to:
Job Design and its approaches
Easy
A.Reduce all wages to a minimum
B.Increase employee turnover
C.Improve both productivity and employee satisfaction
D.Eliminate the need for job analysis
Correct Answer: Improve both productivity and employee satisfaction
Explanation:
Effective job design aims to balance organisational efficiency with employee motivation and satisfaction.
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21A manager wants to collect job data for an assembly-line operator role where tasks are repetitive and can be watched directly without disrupting work. Which method is most appropriate?
Methods of Collecting Job Data
Medium
A.Structured interview method
B.Observation method
C.Diary or logbook method
D.Critical incident technique
Correct Answer: Observation method
Explanation:
The observation method works best for repetitive, short-cycle, and physically observable jobs like assembly-line work, where the analyst can directly watch tasks without interfering.
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22An HR analyst must gather job data from 500 employees spread across multiple cities within a tight budget. Which data collection method is the most practical choice?
Methods of Collecting Job Data
Medium
A.Technical conference method
B.Individual interview method
C.Questionnaire method
D.Direct observation method
Correct Answer: Questionnaire method
Explanation:
Questionnaires are cost-effective and can reach a large, geographically dispersed workforce quickly, making them ideal for large samples on a limited budget.
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23A job analyst records specific real events describing effective and ineffective behaviour of employees while performing a job. Which method is being used?
Methods of Collecting Job Data
Medium
A.Critical incident technique
B.Observation method
C.Diary method
D.Position Analysis Questionnaire
Correct Answer: Critical incident technique
Explanation:
The critical incident technique collects accounts of particularly effective or ineffective job behaviours, identifying the actions that distinguish good from poor performance.
Incorrect! Try again.
24For a highly mental and creative job such as a research scientist, direct observation yields little useful data. Which method would give better insight into the actual work performed?
Methods of Collecting Job Data
Medium
A.Physical work sampling
B.Employee diary or log maintained over time
C.Brief spot observation
D.Stopwatch time-and-motion study
Correct Answer: Employee diary or log maintained over time
Explanation:
A diary or logbook lets employees record their activities over a period, capturing mental and non-observable tasks that observation cannot reveal for knowledge-based jobs.
Incorrect! Try again.
25Which of the following is a key limitation of the interview method for collecting job data?
Methods of Collecting Job Data
Medium
A.It is unsuitable for jobs with mental tasks
B.It provides no chance to clarify ambiguous responses
C.It cannot be used for managerial positions
D.Employees may exaggerate duties to inflate the importance of their job
Correct Answer: Employees may exaggerate duties to inflate the importance of their job
Explanation:
A major drawback of interviews is response distortion; employees may overstate their responsibilities hoping it will affect pay or status, reducing data accuracy.
Incorrect! Try again.
26During a job analysis, employees deliberately understate their skills fearing that accurate data may be used to increase their workload. This problem is best described as:
Potential Problems with Job Analysis
Medium
A.Insufficient sample size
B.Use of a single data source
C.Lack of top management support
D.Employee resistance and distortion of information
Correct Answer: Employee resistance and distortion of information
Explanation:
When employees feel threatened, they may distort or withhold information, a common behavioural problem that undermines the validity of job analysis data.
Incorrect! Try again.
27A company completes a job analysis but never revisits it even though technology and job duties change frequently. Which problem does this represent?
Potential Problems with Job Analysis
Medium
A.Over-reliance on observation
B.Excessive management support
C.Too many data sources used
D.Job analysis data becoming outdated
Correct Answer: Job analysis data becoming outdated
Explanation:
Jobs evolve over time, so a one-time analysis quickly becomes obsolete. Failing to update it regularly makes the resulting descriptions inaccurate and unreliable.
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28An analyst bases the entire job description on data from only one high-performing employee. What is the main risk of this approach?
Potential Problems with Job Analysis
Medium
A.The job will appear less important than it is
B.The analysis will take too long to complete
C.It will overstate the need for training
D.The data may not represent how the job is typically performed
Correct Answer: The data may not represent how the job is typically performed
Explanation:
Relying on a single source, especially a top performer, produces a biased picture. Multiple sources are needed to reflect the typical performance of the job.
Incorrect! Try again.
29Which situation most clearly reflects the problem of lack of top management support in job analysis?
Potential Problems with Job Analysis
Medium
A.Employees fill out questionnaires honestly
B.Supervisors refuse to release staff time and resources for the study
C.Job descriptions are reviewed annually
D.The analyst uses several collection methods
Correct Answer: Supervisors refuse to release staff time and resources for the study
Explanation:
Without management backing, the process lacks resources, cooperation, and legitimacy, making it difficult to collect reliable data or act on the findings.
Incorrect! Try again.
30An organisation finds its job analysis is inaccurate because a single untrained analyst rushed through many jobs. This reflects which potential problem?
Potential Problems with Job Analysis
Medium
A.Analyst bias and lack of proper training
B.Overuse of multiple methods
C.Excessive employee participation
D.Too frequent updating of data
Correct Answer: Analyst bias and lack of proper training
Explanation:
An untrained analyst may introduce personal bias and errors. Proper training and objectivity are essential to ensure consistent, accurate job analysis results.
Incorrect! Try again.
31In the job analysis process, which step should logically come first?
Process of Job Analysis
Medium
A.Writing the job description and specification
B.Selecting the data collection method
C.Determining the purpose and use of the job analysis information
D.Collecting data on job activities
Correct Answer: Determining the purpose and use of the job analysis information
Explanation:
Identifying why the analysis is being done guides all later decisions, including which jobs to analyse, what data to collect, and which methods to use.
Incorrect! Try again.
32Job analysis produces two key outputs. Which pairing correctly matches each output to its content?
Process of Job Analysis
Medium
A.Both describe employee performance ratings
B.Both list only the salary and grade of the job
C.Job description states duties; job specification states required qualifications
D.Job description states qualifications; job specification states duties
Correct Answer: Job description states duties; job specification states required qualifications
Explanation:
A job description outlines duties, responsibilities, and working conditions, while a job specification lists the knowledge, skills, and abilities a jobholder must possess.
Incorrect! Try again.
33After collecting job data, an analyst reviews it with the jobholder and supervisor before finalising. What is the primary purpose of this verification step?
Process of Job Analysis
Medium
A.To confirm the accuracy and completeness of the information
B.To calculate the pay grade of the job
C.To design the training budget
D.To recruit new employees for the role
Correct Answer: To confirm the accuracy and completeness of the information
Explanation:
Verifying data with the jobholder and supervisor ensures the information is factually correct and complete, and it also gains their acceptance of the results.
Incorrect! Try again.
34An organisation with hundreds of jobs cannot analyse every position. What is the appropriate action in the job analysis process?
Process of Job Analysis
Medium
A.Analyse each job three times
B.Skip job analysis entirely
C.Select representative jobs to analyse
D.Analyse only the highest-paid job
Correct Answer: Select representative jobs to analyse
Explanation:
When many similar jobs exist, selecting representative jobs saves time and resources while still producing data applicable to the broader group of positions.
Incorrect! Try again.
35Which of the following best explains why job analysis is considered the foundation of many HR functions?
Process of Job Analysis
Medium
A.Its outputs support recruitment, training, appraisal, and compensation decisions
B.It replaces the need for performance appraisal
C.It directly sets the company's profit targets
D.It determines the organisation's market share
Correct Answer: Its outputs support recruitment, training, appraisal, and compensation decisions
Explanation:
Job analysis provides the job description and specification that underpin recruitment, selection, training, appraisal, and pay, making it foundational to HRM.
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36A firm adds more tasks of a similar nature and difficulty to a worker's role to reduce monotony. This job design technique is called:
Job Design and its approaches
Medium
A.Job simplification
B.Job enrichment
C.Job rotation
D.Job enlargement
Correct Answer: Job enlargement
Explanation:
Job enlargement increases the number of tasks at the same level (horizontal expansion) to reduce boredom, without adding higher responsibility or autonomy.
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37A manager gives an employee greater autonomy, decision-making authority, and responsibility for planning their own work. Which approach to job design is being applied?
Job Design and its approaches
Medium
A.Job enlargement
B.Job enrichment
C.Job rotation
D.Job simplification
Correct Answer: Job enrichment
Explanation:
Job enrichment is a vertical expansion that adds greater responsibility, autonomy, and control, aiming to increase motivation and satisfaction.
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38According to the Job Characteristics Model, which core dimension refers to the degree to which a job gives clear information about how well the employee is performing?
Job Design and its approaches
Medium
A.Task identity
B.Feedback
C.Skill variety
D.Autonomy
Correct Answer: Feedback
Explanation:
Feedback is the extent to which carrying out the job provides direct and clear information about performance effectiveness, one of the five core job dimensions.
C.Efficiency through specialisation and standardised tasks
D.Rotating employees across many departments
Correct Answer: Efficiency through specialisation and standardised tasks
Explanation:
The engineering approach, rooted in Taylor's scientific management, breaks work into simple, specialised, standardised tasks to maximise efficiency and productivity.
Incorrect! Try again.
40An organisation periodically moves employees among different jobs of similar skill level to build versatility and reduce boredom. This approach is known as:
Job Design and its approaches
Medium
A.Job rotation
B.Job simplification
C.Job enrichment
D.Job specialisation
Correct Answer: Job rotation
Explanation:
Job rotation shifts employees between different jobs at a comparable level, increasing skill variety and reducing monotony without changing the difficulty of the work.
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41A manager selects the observation method to analyse the job of a software architect. The resulting job description omits critical design reasoning and stakeholder negotiation activities. What is the most fundamental reason this method failed here?
Methods of Collecting Job Data
Hard
A.Software architects intentionally alter behaviour when watched
B.Observation always requires a full work cycle that could not be completed
C.The observer lacked formal training in behavioural coding
D.Observation is unsuitable for jobs dominated by cognitive and unobservable mental activity
Correct Answer: Observation is unsuitable for jobs dominated by cognitive and unobservable mental activity
Explanation:
Direct observation captures only visible physical actions. For knowledge work where the core tasks are mental (design reasoning, judgement), observation systematically under-represents the job, making it a poor fit regardless of observer skill.
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42An analyst combines a structured questionnaire with follow-up interviews for the same set of jobs. What is the primary methodological advantage of this triangulated approach over using either method alone?
Methods of Collecting Job Data
Hard
A.It offsets self-report bias and standardisation limits by cross-validating data from complementary sources
B.It converts qualitative data into quantitative ratings automatically
C.It guarantees a legally defensible job description in every jurisdiction
D.It removes the need to involve supervisors in the verification stage
Correct Answer: It offsets self-report bias and standardisation limits by cross-validating data from complementary sources
Explanation:
Questionnaires standardise and scale efficiently but suffer self-report bias; interviews probe depth but are inconsistent. Combining them lets each method's strength cover the other's weakness through cross-validation.
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43The Critical Incident Technique (CIT) is chosen to analyse a customer-service role for the purpose of building a performance appraisal system. Which limitation of CIT is most likely to distort the resulting job data?
Methods of Collecting Job Data
Hard
A.It cannot be used unless every incident is video-recorded
B.It produces quantitative ratings that are difficult to interpret
C.It captures only exceptional effective and ineffective behaviours, under-representing routine day-to-day duties
D.It applies exclusively to managerial rather than operational jobs
Correct Answer: It captures only exceptional effective and ineffective behaviours, under-representing routine day-to-day duties
Explanation:
CIT focuses on incidents that distinguish success from failure. Ordinary, frequent tasks that constitute the bulk of the job may be overlooked, skewing the picture toward extremes.
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44For a highly hazardous chemical-plant operator role, which data-collection strategy best balances accuracy against analyst safety and job disruption?
Methods of Collecting Job Data
Hard
A.Employee diary/logs supplemented by structured interviews with operators and supervisors
B.Participant observation where the analyst performs the operator's tasks
C.A single generic questionnaire circulated by email
D.Continuous on-site direct observation across a full production cycle
Correct Answer: Employee diary/logs supplemented by structured interviews with operators and supervisors
Explanation:
Diaries let workers record real-time activity without an analyst present in a hazardous zone, and interviews add context. Continuous observation and participant observation expose the analyst to danger; a lone generic questionnaire lacks depth.
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45The Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) yields low ratings of task variety for two very different jobs, suggesting they are similar. Why can the PAQ produce such counter-intuitive equivalences?
Methods of Collecting Job Data
Hard
A.It measures only physical demands and ignores mental processes
B.It relies solely on supervisor observation rather than employee input
C.It uses worker-oriented generic behavioural dimensions rather than job-specific task content
D.It is designed exclusively for managerial and professional positions
Correct Answer: It uses worker-oriented generic behavioural dimensions rather than job-specific task content
Explanation:
The PAQ describes jobs through standardised generic worker behaviours (information input, mental processes, etc.). Because it abstracts away specific task content, dissimilar jobs can score alike on these dimensions.
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46Two analysts produce markedly different descriptions of the same job after separate interviews with the same incumbent. Which pair of problems most directly explains this outcome?
Potential Problems with Job Analysis
Hard
A.Sampling bias combined with the halo effect in appraisal
B.Role ambiguity combined with span-of-control error
C.Inter-rater inconsistency combined with incumbent response distortion
D.Job dilution combined with excessive standardisation
Correct Answer: Inter-rater inconsistency combined with incumbent response distortion
Explanation:
Different interpretations by analysts (inter-rater inconsistency) plus an incumbent who inflates or varies self-reports (response distortion) jointly produce divergent descriptions of an identical job.
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47During job analysis, employees deliberately exaggerate the complexity and skill requirements of their duties. What is the most probable underlying motive and its consequence?
Potential Problems with Job Analysis
Hard
A.They fear the analyst lacks technical expertise, so they simplify their answers
B.They anticipate the analysis will feed into job evaluation and pay grading, inflating perceived worth
C.They wish to reduce their workload, so they understate responsibilities
D.They want to accelerate automation, so they emphasise routine tasks
Correct Answer: They anticipate the analysis will feed into job evaluation and pay grading, inflating perceived worth
Explanation:
When incumbents suspect the data affects compensation, they may inflate task difficulty and skill needs to secure higher grading. This distorts the analysis toward overstated requirements.
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48A job analysis conducted during peak seasonal demand is later used to set staffing levels for the entire year. Which core validity threat does this illustrate?
Potential Problems with Job Analysis
Hard
A.Central tendency bias flattened the range of recorded tasks
B.A snapshot taken at an atypical time fails to represent the job's normal dynamic reality
C.The halo effect caused inflated performance ratings during observation
D.The analyst violated the principle of construct irrelevance
Correct Answer: A snapshot taken at an atypical time fails to represent the job's normal dynamic reality
Explanation:
Jobs are dynamic and vary over time. Data captured only during an atypical peak period misrepresents typical demands, so decisions based on it will be systematically skewed.
Incorrect! Try again.
49An organisation freezes its job descriptions for a decade despite rapid technological change. What is the most serious consequence for downstream HR systems?
Potential Problems with Job Analysis
Hard
A.Job evaluation scores automatically inflate over time
B.Recruitment, training, and appraisal criteria become misaligned with the actual evolved job
C.Employees are forced to perform only the documented tasks
D.The descriptions become too detailed for managers to interpret
Correct Answer: Recruitment, training, and appraisal criteria become misaligned with the actual evolved job
Explanation:
Job analysis outputs feed selection, training and appraisal. Outdated descriptions cause organisations to recruit, train and evaluate against tasks no longer relevant, undermining every dependent system.
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50A supervisor providing job data consistently describes duties in terms of the ideal high performer rather than the average incumbent. Which problem does this represent, and why is it dangerous for selection?
Potential Problems with Job Analysis
Hard
A.Central tendency, because it clusters all ratings around the midpoint
B.Leniency error, because it underestimates required competencies
C.Criterion inflation, because it sets unrealistically high specifications that screen out qualified candidates
D.Contrast error, because it compares candidates to one another
Correct Answer: Criterion inflation, because it sets unrealistically high specifications that screen out qualified candidates
Explanation:
Describing the job by its best performer inflates the person specification. Selection then rejects capable applicants who meet the true role requirements, harming recruitment validity.
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51An organisation attempts job analysis for all 400 jobs simultaneously with a small analyst team and quickly loses control of the project. Which early process step was most likely neglected?
Process of Job Analysis
Hard
A.Writing the final job specification before data collection
B.Determining the purpose and selecting representative jobs and an appropriate scope
C.Communicating results to employees before analysis
D.Conducting job evaluation prior to gathering data
Correct Answer: Determining the purpose and selecting representative jobs and an appropriate scope
Explanation:
A sound process first defines purpose and selects representative jobs to keep scope manageable. Analysing every job at once without prioritisation overwhelms resources and derails the project.
Incorrect! Try again.
52In the job analysis process, why is the verification/review step with incumbents and supervisors logically placed after data collection but before finalising outputs?
Process of Job Analysis
Hard
A.It converts the job description into an employment contract
B.It replaces the need to define the purpose of the analysis
C.It is required to calculate the job evaluation points formula
D.It allows correction of errors and omissions, improving accuracy and stakeholder acceptance before outputs are locked
Correct Answer: It allows correction of errors and omissions, improving accuracy and stakeholder acceptance before outputs are locked
Explanation:
Verification catches inaccuracies while they are still cheap to fix and secures buy-in from those who know the job best, ensuring the final description and specification are both valid and accepted.
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53Which statement most accurately distinguishes the two principal outputs at the end of the job analysis process?
B.Both documents describe duties, differing only in length and format
C.The job specification precedes and generates the job description
D.The job description states duties and context; the job specification states human attributes needed to perform them
Correct Answer: The job description states duties and context; the job specification states human attributes needed to perform them
Explanation:
A job description is job-oriented (tasks, duties, conditions). A job specification is person-oriented (knowledge, skills, abilities, other traits). Confusing the two inverts the analysis logic.
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54An analyst gathers rich data but skips the step of identifying the uses of the information before beginning. What is the most likely downstream failure?
Process of Job Analysis
Hard
A.The job evaluation committee will be legally disbanded
B.The incumbents will refuse to participate in interviews
C.The data may be collected at the wrong level of detail or focus for its intended HR application
D.The job description will automatically contain grammatical errors
Correct Answer: The data may be collected at the wrong level of detail or focus for its intended HR application
Explanation:
Purpose drives method and depth: analysis for training needs differs from analysis for pay grading. Without clarifying intended use first, the data often mismatches its downstream application.
Incorrect! Try again.
55Under Hackman and Oldham's Job Characteristics Model, a job scores high on skill variety, task identity, and task significance but very low on autonomy and feedback. What does the model predict about its motivating potential?
Job Design and its approaches
Hard
A.Motivating potential is unaffected since autonomy and feedback are optional dimensions
B.Motivating potential remains high because three of five dimensions are strong
C.Motivating potential is severely reduced because the multiplicative MPS formula collapses when autonomy or feedback approaches zero
D.Motivating potential increases due to the additive effect of the strong dimensions
Correct Answer: Motivating potential is severely reduced because the multiplicative MPS formula collapses when autonomy or feedback approaches zero
Explanation:
The MPS = (variety + identity + significance)/3 × autonomy × feedback. Because autonomy and feedback are multiplied, a near-zero value in either drives the whole score toward zero regardless of the other dimensions.
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56A firm expands assembly-line workers' tasks by adding more operations at the same skill level, but morale does not improve. Which distinction explains this disappointing result?
Job Design and its approaches
Hard
A.Job rotation was applied instead of job enlargement, reducing learning
B.Job enlargement added horizontal variety without the vertical responsibility that job enrichment provides
C.Job enrichment reduced autonomy below the required threshold
D.Job simplification removed the workers' core duties
Correct Answer: Job enlargement added horizontal variety without the vertical responsibility that job enrichment provides
Explanation:
Job enlargement expands scope horizontally (more tasks of similar complexity) but does not add decision-making or responsibility. Motivation gains typically require vertical loading, which is the hallmark of job enrichment.
Incorrect! Try again.
57According to the Job Characteristics Model, an employee with low Growth Need Strength (GNS) is placed in a highly enriched job. What is the predicted outcome?
Job Design and its approaches
Hard
A.The employee will automatically show the highest internal motivation
B.The employee may experience stress or dissatisfaction because GNS moderates responses to enriched jobs
C.GNS has no effect, so the outcome is identical to a high-GNS employee
D.The job will become deskilled to match the employee's low GNS
Correct Answer: The employee may experience stress or dissatisfaction because GNS moderates responses to enriched jobs
Explanation:
GNS is a moderator in the model. Enrichment boosts motivation mainly for high-GNS individuals; low-GNS employees may find the added responsibility overwhelming rather than energising.
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58A manufacturing plant pursuing maximum efficiency adopts the mechanistic (scientific management) approach to job design. Which trade-off is the most predictable long-term cost of this choice?
Job Design and its approaches
Hard
A.Reduced training costs paired with increased skill variety
B.Improved autonomy offset by declining productivity
C.Higher short-term efficiency at the expense of boredom, absenteeism, and turnover from over-specialisation
D.Lower efficiency accompanied by higher intrinsic motivation
Correct Answer: Higher short-term efficiency at the expense of boredom, absenteeism, and turnover from over-specialisation
Explanation:
The mechanistic approach maximises efficiency through narrow, repetitive, specialised tasks. Its well-documented cost is monotony, leading to disengagement, absenteeism and turnover over time.
Incorrect! Try again.
59A design team wants to redesign a call-centre role to satisfy the psychological state of 'experienced responsibility for outcomes'. Which single intervention most directly targets that state?
Job Design and its approaches
Hard
A.Emphasising how the role affects customers' wellbeing
B.Adding client feedback surveys shown to agents after each call
C.Increasing autonomy so agents make decisions on how to resolve calls
D.Combining several fragmented tasks into one whole unit of work
Correct Answer: Increasing autonomy so agents make decisions on how to resolve calls
Explanation:
In the JCM, autonomy is the job characteristic that produces 'experienced responsibility for outcomes'. Feedback drives 'knowledge of results', while identity and significance drive 'experienced meaningfulness'.
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60An organisation implements self-managed autonomous work teams as part of a socio-technical systems approach. Which condition is most essential for this design to outperform traditional individual job design?
Job Design and its approaches
Hard
A.Standardising every task so team members are interchangeable
B.Eliminating all supervisory feedback to enforce full autonomy
C.Joint optimisation of both the social system and the technical system rather than either alone
D.Maximising technical efficiency first and adjusting the social system afterwards
Correct Answer: Joint optimisation of both the social system and the technical system rather than either alone
Explanation:
The socio-technical systems approach rests on jointly optimising the technical and social subsystems. Optimising one at the expense of the other undermines the very interdependence that makes autonomous teams effective.
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