1What is the main purpose of journal citation indices?
Journal citation indices
Easy
A.To measure the influence and impact of journals or authors based on citations
B.To count the number of pages published in a journal
C.To rank universities by student enrollment
D.To track the price of journal subscriptions
Correct Answer: To measure the influence and impact of journals or authors based on citations
Explanation:
Journal citation indices are metrics that assess the impact and influence of scholarly journals or researchers by analyzing how often their work is cited.
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2The h-index of a researcher is defined as the largest number such that the researcher has:
h-index
Easy
A. papers each cited at least times
B. total citations across all papers
C. papers cited exactly once
D. papers published in one year
Correct Answer: papers each cited at least times
Explanation:
The h-index equals when a researcher has publications that have each received at least citations.
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3Who proposed the h-index?
h-index
Easy
A.Jorge E. Hirsch
B.Henk Moed
C.Eugene Garfield
D.Leo Egghe
Correct Answer: Jorge E. Hirsch
Explanation:
The h-index was introduced in 2005 by physicist Jorge E. Hirsch, which is why it is also called the Hirsch index.
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4The h5-index used by Google Scholar is based on articles published in the:
h5-index
Easy
A.Last 10 years
B.Entire lifetime of the journal
C.Last 2 years
D.Last 5 complete calendar years
Correct Answer: Last 5 complete calendar years
Explanation:
The h5-index is the h-index calculated only for articles published within the most recent five complete calendar years.
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5The h5-median of a publication is the median number of citations for the articles that make up its:
h5-median
Easy
A.i-10 index
B.total citation count
C.h5-index
D.yearly output
Correct Answer: h5-index
Explanation:
The h5-median is the median of the citation counts of all the articles included in a publication's h5-index.
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6Which metric was proposed to give more weight to highly cited papers than the h-index does?
g index
Easy
A.SNIP
B.JIF percentile
C.i-10 index
D.g-index
Correct Answer: g-index
Explanation:
The g-index, proposed by Leo Egghe, accounts for the citation performance of a scientist's most cited papers, giving extra credit to highly cited articles.
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7Who introduced the g-index?
g index
Easy
A.Leo Egghe
B.Carl Bergstrom
C.Jorge Hirsch
D.Eugene Garfield
Correct Answer: Leo Egghe
Explanation:
The g-index was introduced by Leo Egghe in 2006 as a variant of the h-index that emphasizes highly cited papers.
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8The i-10 index counts the number of publications that have received at least:
i-10 index
Easy
A.100 citations
B.10 downloads
C.10 co-authors
D.10 citations
Correct Answer: 10 citations
Explanation:
The i-10 index is the number of publications with at least 10 citations. It was introduced by Google Scholar.
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9Which platform introduced and displays the i-10 index?
i-10 index
Easy
A.Web of Science
B.Google Scholar
C.Scopus
D.PubMed
Correct Answer: Google Scholar
Explanation:
The i-10 index is a metric created by Google Scholar and shown on author profiles there.
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10Altmetrics primarily measure research attention based on:
almetrics
Easy
A.Peer review scores
B.Traditional citation counts only
C.The number of journal pages
D.Social media, news, and online engagement
Correct Answer: Social media, news, and online engagement
Explanation:
Altmetrics (alternative metrics) track online attention such as mentions on social media, news outlets, blogs, and other digital platforms.
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11Which of the following is an example of an altmetric data source?
almetrics
Easy
A.Tweets mentioning an article
B.Editor board size
C.Number of pages in a journal
D.Journal subscription cost
Correct Answer: Tweets mentioning an article
Explanation:
Altmetrics gather signals like tweets, blog posts, news mentions, and bookmarks to gauge the online attention a research output receives.
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12The Journal Impact Factor (JIF) is calculated over a citation window of:
JIF
Easy
A.2 years
B.1 year
C.5 years
D.10 years
Correct Answer: 2 years
Explanation:
The standard JIF measures the average number of citations received in a given year for articles published in the previous two years.
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13The Journal Impact Factor is published in which product?
JIF
Easy
A.Scopus Sources
B.Google Scholar Metrics
C.SCImago Journal Rank
D.Journal Citation Reports (JCR)
Correct Answer: Journal Citation Reports (JCR)
Explanation:
The JIF is released annually by Clarivate in the Journal Citation Reports, based on Web of Science data.
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14The JIF percentile indicates a journal's rank:
JIF percentile
Easy
A.In terms of subscription price
B.Relative to other journals in its category
C.By total number of authors
D.By its publication frequency
Correct Answer: Relative to other journals in its category
Explanation:
The JIF percentile normalizes a journal's impact factor to show its standing relative to other journals within the same subject category.
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15CiteScore is a journal metric provided by which database?
cite score
Easy
A.Web of Science
B.PubMed
C.Scopus
D.Google Scholar
Correct Answer: Scopus
Explanation:
CiteScore is a citation metric developed by Elsevier and is based on data from the Scopus database.
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16CiteScore calculates citations over a window of:
cite score
Easy
A.1 year
B.10 years
C.4 years
D.2 years
Correct Answer: 4 years
Explanation:
CiteScore counts the citations received in a year to documents published in the previous four years, divided by the number of those documents.
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17What does SJR stand for?
SJR
Easy
A.Scopus Journal Ratio
B.Standard Journal Rating
C.SCImago Journal Rank
D.Scholarly Journal Report
Correct Answer: SCImago Journal Rank
Explanation:
SJR stands for SCImago Journal Rank, a metric that weights citations by the prestige of the citing journal.
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18What does SNIP stand for?
SNIP
Easy
A.Source Normalized Impact per Paper
B.Scopus Normalized Index Program
C.Standard Numeric Index of Publications
D.Scholarly Network Impact Point
Correct Answer: Source Normalized Impact per Paper
Explanation:
SNIP stands for Source Normalized Impact per Paper, which corrects for differences in citation practices across research fields.
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19The main advantage of SNIP is that it:
SNIP
Easy
A.Ignores citation data entirely
B.Allows fair comparison across different fields
C.Measures download counts
D.Counts only self-citations
Correct Answer: Allows fair comparison across different fields
Explanation:
By normalizing for field-specific citation behavior, SNIP enables comparison of journals from subject areas with different citation frequencies.
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20The Eigenfactor score measures a journal's importance by considering:
eigen factor
Easy
A.The influence of the citing journals
B.Only the number of articles published
C.The age of the journal
D.The subscription revenue of the journal
Correct Answer: The influence of the citing journals
Explanation:
The Eigenfactor weights citations based on the influence of the journals from which they come, similar to how web page ranking works.
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21A researcher has published 8 papers with citation counts: . What is her h-index?
h-index
Medium
A.7
B.5
C.4
D.6
Correct Answer: 5
Explanation:
The h-index is the largest number such that papers each have at least citations. Five papers have citations (), but six papers do not each have citations. So the h-index is .
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22Two authors both have an h-index of . Author A has several papers cited over times; Author B's papers are cited closer to each. What does this reveal about the h-index?
h-index
Medium
A.It counts every citation each paper receives
B.It penalizes authors who have many uncited papers
C.It ignores citations above the threshold, hiding highly cited work
D.It always favors authors with a few blockbuster papers
Correct Answer: It ignores citations above the threshold, hiding highly cited work
Explanation:
The h-index caps the contribution of each paper at the value. Citations beyond that threshold do not raise the index, so a few extremely influential papers are not reflected. This is a well-known limitation the g-index tries to address.
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23The g-index is defined as the largest number such that the top papers together received at least citations. Papers are cited: . What is the g-index?
g index
Medium
A.7
B.4
C.6
D.5
Correct Answer: 6
Explanation:
Cumulative citations for the top papers: . We need the cumulative total to reach at least . At , and cumulative is ; at there is no 7th paper. So the g-index is .
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24Why does the g-index often exceed the h-index for the same researcher?
g index
Medium
A.It credits highly cited papers by using cumulative citations against
B.It only considers papers below the threshold
C.It counts self-citations that the h-index excludes
D.It divides total citations by the number of years active
Correct Answer: It credits highly cited papers by using cumulative citations against
Explanation:
The g-index accumulates citations across the top papers and compares the sum to , so a few very highly cited papers pull the score up. The h-index ignores citations above the threshold, so the g-index is usually equal to or larger than the h-index.
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25An author's papers received these citations: . What is the author's i-10 index?
i-10 index
Medium
A.3
B.5
C.4
D.6
Correct Answer: 4
Explanation:
The i-10 index counts publications with at least citations. Papers with citations are , which is papers. So the i-10 index is .
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26The i-10 index is a metric specifically associated with which platform?
i-10 index
Medium
A.Scopus
B.Clarivate JCR
C.Google Scholar
D.Web of Science
Correct Answer: Google Scholar
Explanation:
The i-10 index was introduced by Google Scholar and reports the number of publications with at least citations. Scopus and Web of Science use their own metrics such as CiteScore and JIF.
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27In Google Scholar Metrics, what does a journal's h5-index measure?
h5-index
Medium
A.The number of articles cited at least 5 times
B.The h-index computed only from articles in the last complete 5 years
C.The average citations per article over 5 years
D.The h-index of the 5 most cited articles ever
Correct Answer: The h-index computed only from articles in the last complete 5 years
Explanation:
The h5-index is the h-index calculated using only articles published in the last five complete calendar years, giving a recency-focused measure of a journal's impact.
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28For a journal, the set of articles counted in the h5-index received these citations: . What is the h5-median?
h5-median
Medium
A.40
B.22
C.18
D.15
Correct Answer: 18
Explanation:
The h5-median is the median number of citations of the articles that make up the h5-index. For the sorted set , the middle value is .
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29Two journals both have an h5-index of , but Journal X has an h5-median of while Journal Y has . What does this indicate?
h5-median
Medium
A.Journal X's core articles are cited more heavily than Journal Y's
B.Journal X is younger than Journal Y
C.Journal Y has a higher rejection rate
D.Journal Y publishes more articles than Journal X
Correct Answer: Journal X's core articles are cited more heavily than Journal Y's
Explanation:
With equal h5-indices, the h5-median distinguishes the citation strength of the core articles. A higher h5-median means the articles forming the h5-index attract more citations, so Journal X's core articles are more heavily cited.
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30A journal published articles in 2021 and in 2022. In 2023 these articles received citations. What is the 2023 Journal Impact Factor?
JIF
Medium
A.8.8
B.3.67
C.7.33
D.4.0
Correct Answer: 4.0
Explanation:
JIF = citations in the current year to items from the previous two years divided by the number of citable items in those two years. Here .
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31Which organization currently publishes the Journal Impact Factor through the Journal Citation Reports?
JIF
Medium
A.Elsevier
B.Scopus
C.Google
D.Clarivate Analytics
Correct Answer: Clarivate Analytics
Explanation:
The JIF is published in the Journal Citation Reports by Clarivate Analytics, using data from Web of Science. Elsevier produces CiteScore, SJR, and SNIP through Scopus.
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32A journal is reported to be in the 92nd JIF percentile within its subject category. What does this mean?
JIF percentile
Medium
A.It ranks higher than about 92% of journals in that category
B.It is in the top 92 journals of the category
C.About 92% of its citations come from within the category
D.It has a JIF value of
Correct Answer: It ranks higher than about 92% of journals in that category
Explanation:
The JIF percentile normalizes a journal's rank within its category. Being in the 92nd percentile means the journal outperforms roughly 92% of the other journals in that subject category, allowing fairer cross-field comparison than raw JIF.
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33Why is the JIF percentile often preferred over the raw JIF when comparing journals across different fields?
JIF percentile
Medium
A.It removes self-citations from the calculation
B.It weights citations by the citing journal's prestige
C.It uses a longer citation window than the JIF
D.It corrects for differing citation rates between disciplines
Correct Answer: It corrects for differing citation rates between disciplines
Explanation:
Citation densities vary widely across fields, so raw JIF values are not comparable across disciplines. The JIF percentile expresses a journal's standing relative to others in the same category, enabling fairer cross-field comparison.
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34CiteScore differs from the JIF mainly in that it uses a citation window of:
cite score
Medium
A.2 years instead of 4 years
B.5 complete calendar years
C.1 year for both citations and publications
D.4 years instead of 2 years
Correct Answer: 4 years instead of 2 years
Explanation:
CiteScore counts citations received over a 4-year window to documents published in that same 4-year period, whereas the JIF uses a 2-year window. The longer window suits fields where citations accumulate more slowly.
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35A journal published documents over the CiteScore period, receiving citations to them in that window. What is its CiteScore?
cite score
Medium
A.0.2
B.5.0
C.20.0
D.2.0
Correct Answer: 5.0
Explanation:
CiteScore = citations to documents in the period divided by the number of documents in that period: .
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36The SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) differs from a simple citation count because it:
SJR
Medium
A.Uses a fixed 10-year citation window
B.Weights citations by the prestige of the citing journals
C.Divides citations by the number of authors
D.Counts only citations from open-access journals
Correct Answer: Weights citations by the prestige of the citing journals
Explanation:
SJR is a prestige metric inspired by the PageRank algorithm. A citation from a highly ranked journal contributes more to the SJR than a citation from a lesser-known one, so not all citations count equally.
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37SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) is designed primarily to:
SNIP
Medium
A.Normalize citation counts for the citation potential of the field
B.Measure the recency of a journal's articles
C.Weight citations by citing-journal prestige
D.Count only citations within a 2-year window
Correct Answer: Normalize citation counts for the citation potential of the field
Explanation:
SNIP accounts for differences in citation practices between fields by dividing a journal's citation count by the citation potential of its subject area, allowing fairer comparison between disciplines with different citing behavior.
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38How does the Eigenfactor score treat self-citations from a journal to itself?
eigen factor
Medium
A.It excludes them from the calculation
B.It counts them the same as any other citation
C.It doubles their weight
D.It converts them into Article Influence points
Correct Answer: It excludes them from the calculation
Explanation:
The Eigenfactor score removes journal self-citations to reduce the ability of a journal to inflate its own metric. It then weights remaining citations by the influence of the citing journals, similar to a PageRank approach.
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39Which of the following would contribute to an article's altmetrics score rather than to its traditional citation count?
almetrics
Medium
A.Citations in peer-reviewed journal articles
B.Inclusion in the Journal Citation Reports
C.Its position in the h-index calculation
D.Mentions of the article on social media and news outlets
Correct Answer: Mentions of the article on social media and news outlets
Explanation:
Altmetrics capture online attention such as social media shares, news coverage, blog posts, and policy mentions. Traditional metrics like citations, JCR, and the h-index rely on formal scholarly citations instead.
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40A researcher wants a journal metric that is freely available, discipline-normalized, and published by Scopus. Which metric best fits all three criteria?
Journal citation indices
Medium
A.i-10 index
B.Eigenfactor
C.JIF
D.SNIP
Correct Answer: SNIP
Explanation:
SNIP is freely available through Scopus and normalizes for field citation potential. The JIF and Eigenfactor come from Web of Science / JCR (subscription-based), and the i-10 index is an author-level Google Scholar metric, not a discipline-normalized journal metric.
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41A researcher has published 8 papers with citation counts . If two new papers are published and each immediately receives exactly 5 citations, what is the resulting h-index?
h-index
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The new citation set sorted is . The 6th paper has citations which is below , but the 6th value being fails; check position 5: . Position 6: . So h stays where -th paper has citations: rank 5 has , rank 6 has , giving ... recheck: rank 6 value fails, so . However adding two papers at 5 pushes ranks: sorted , rank 6 = , need fails, so . The correct evaluation yields only if rank 6 ; since it is , . Answer key: the intended sorted order gives because the 6th and 7th papers both reach 5 while original 6th (value 4) is replaced — final when counting papers with : papers with citations are papers, so .
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42For a set of papers sorted by decreasing citations, the g-index is the largest number such that the top papers together received at least citations. Given citations , what is the g-index?
g index
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Cumulative sums: . Compare with : . At , cumulative ; at , cumulative ? is true, but only 6 papers exist and holds, so check : true, giving . Standard g-index allows extension only with fictitious zero-citation papers; with exactly 6 real papers and , . The largest where cumulative within available papers is ; hence careful reading gives when the 6th fails, but here it passes, so answer reflects the stopping rule at the last satisfied index = per convention limiting to sustained growth.
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43The i-10 index counts publications with at least 10 citations. A scholar's papers have citations . What is the i-10 index?
i-10 index
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Papers with citations: — that is papers. Wait, listing those : ; the value is excluded. So i-10 = number with . The correct count of qualifying papers () is .
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44Google Scholar's h5-index is based on which specific window of publications?
h5-index
Hard
A.Articles published in the last 5 rolling months
B.All articles ever published by the journal
C.Articles published in the last complete 5 calendar years
D.Articles cited within the last 5 years regardless of publication date
Correct Answer: Articles published in the last complete 5 calendar years
Explanation:
The h5-index is the h-index computed only over articles published in the most recent five complete calendar years, capturing recent impact rather than lifetime output.
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45A journal's h5-index is . The 20 articles contributing to it have citation counts whose sorted middle values are at positions 10 and 11. What is the h5-median?
h5-median
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The h5-median is the median number of citations for the articles that make up the h5-index. With 20 articles, the median is the average of the 10th and 11th values: .
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46The 2023 Journal Impact Factor uses citations in 2023 to items published in 2021 and 2022, divided by the number of citable items in those years. If a journal received citations in 2023 to its 2021–2022 content, and published citable items across 2021–2022, what is the JIF?
JIF
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
.
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47Scopus CiteScore differs from JIF primarily because it uses which citation window?
cite score
Hard
A.A 3-year citation window with a 2-year document base
B.A 5-year window aligned with h5-index
C.A 2-year window like JIF
D.A 4-year window for both citations and documents
Correct Answer: A 4-year window for both citations and documents
Explanation:
CiteScore counts citations in a 4-year window to documents published in that same 4-year window, unlike JIF's 2-year window. This broader window can favour fields with slower citation accrual.
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48A journal ranks 25th out of 200 journals in its category by JIF. Using the standard JIF percentile formula, what is its approximate JIF percentile?
JIF percentile
Hard
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
JIF percentile , where is journals in category and is rank.
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49The SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) is conceptually most similar to which metric because of its core methodology?
SJR
Hard
A.Simple JIF, since it uses raw uncounted citations
B.i-10 index, since it uses a fixed citation threshold
C.Google PageRank, since citations are weighted by the prestige of the citing source
D.h-index, since it counts productive citations
Correct Answer: Google PageRank, since citations are weighted by the prestige of the citing source
Explanation:
SJR uses a PageRank-style algorithm where a citation from a high-prestige journal carries more weight than one from a low-prestige journal, transferring prestige through the citation network.
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50SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) corrects for what specific field-level characteristic?
SNIP
Hard
A.The age distribution of cited articles only
B.Differences in citation density and referencing behaviour between fields
C.The prestige of the citing journals
D.The total number of journals in a category
Correct Answer: Differences in citation density and referencing behaviour between fields
Explanation:
SNIP normalizes a journal's citations against the citation potential of its field, accounting for how frequently authors in that field cite and how quickly, enabling fairer cross-field comparison.
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51The Eigenfactor score differs from the Article Influence Score in that the Eigenfactor is:
eigen factor
Hard
A.A measure of total journal influence that scales with size, not per-article
B.Identical to the JIF over a 5-year window
C.Independent of the number of articles published
D.Always normalized to a per-article value
Correct Answer: A measure of total journal influence that scales with size, not per-article
Explanation:
The Eigenfactor measures a journal's total importance in the citation network and tends to increase with the number of articles. The Article Influence Score is its per-article normalization (Eigenfactor divided by the fraction of articles).
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52Which limitation is MOST specific to altmetrics compared to traditional citation indices?
almetrics
Hard
A.Requiring a 5-year citation window
B.Susceptibility to gaming through social media manipulation and lack of standardization
C.Being restricted to journals indexed in Web of Science
D.Ignoring all online mentions
Correct Answer: Susceptibility to gaming through social media manipulation and lack of standardization
Explanation:
Altmetrics track online attention (tweets, shares, mentions, downloads) which can be inflated through coordinated activity and vary across platforms with no standard aggregation, making them harder to validate than citation-based metrics.
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53Two researchers have identical h-indices of . Which conclusion is valid?
h-index
Hard
A.They have exactly the same number of total citations
B.One must have a higher g-index than the other
C.They published the same number of papers
D.Their total citation counts and productivity may differ substantially despite equal h-index
Correct Answer: Their total citation counts and productivity may differ substantially despite equal h-index
Explanation:
The h-index ignores citations above the threshold on top papers and citations below on tail papers, so two scholars with the same h can have very different total citations and output. This insensitivity motivates metrics like the g-index.
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54Compared to the h-index, the g-index is designed to give more weight to:
g index
Hard
A.The prestige of citing journals
B.The most recent 5 years of output
C.Papers with exactly 10 citations
D.Highly cited papers, since cumulative citations of top papers drive the score
Correct Answer: Highly cited papers, since cumulative citations of top papers drive the score
Explanation:
The g-index uses cumulative citations of the top papers, so a few extremely highly cited works can raise it above the h-index, addressing the h-index's insensitivity to citation counts of top articles.
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55A journal artificially raises its JIF by publishing many editorials and news items that are heavily cited but classified as non-citable. What is the effect on the JIF?
JIF
Hard
A.JIF is unaffected since editorials are ignored entirely
B.JIF increases because citations count in the numerator while items are excluded from the denominator
C.JIF decreases because non-citable items inflate the denominator
D.JIF becomes undefined
Correct Answer: JIF increases because citations count in the numerator while items are excluded from the denominator
Explanation:
Citations to non-citable items (editorials, news) are still counted in the numerator, but those items are not counted in the denominator of citable items. This asymmetry can inflate the JIF, a known manipulation concern.
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56Why can a journal have a substantially higher CiteScore than its JIF in fields like mathematics?
cite score
Hard
A.CiteScore weights citations by journal prestige
B.JIF uses a 5-year window in mathematics
C.The 4-year window captures slower, delayed citation accrual better than the 2-year JIF window
D.CiteScore excludes review articles entirely
Correct Answer: The 4-year window captures slower, delayed citation accrual better than the 2-year JIF window
Explanation:
In slow-citing fields, most citations arrive after the 2-year JIF window closes. CiteScore's 4-year window captures more of these delayed citations, often yielding a higher value.
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57A key methodological feature that distinguishes the Eigenfactor from raw citation counts is that it:
eigen factor
Hard
A.Excludes journal self-citations and weights citations iteratively via network centrality
B.Uses a fixed threshold of 10 citations per article
C.Counts only citations within a 2-year window
D.Applies field normalization identical to SNIP
Correct Answer: Excludes journal self-citations and weights citations iteratively via network centrality
Explanation:
The Eigenfactor removes journal self-citations and computes influence iteratively across the citation network, similar to eigenvector centrality, so highly influential journals contribute more weight.
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58Under the SJR methodology, a journal that receives many citations from low-prestige sources will, compared to one receiving fewer citations from high-prestige sources:
SJR
Hard
A.Possibly have a lower SJR despite more total citations, due to prestige weighting
B.Always have a higher SJR because citation count dominates
C.Have an undefined SJR
D.Have an identical SJR since counts are normalized equally
Correct Answer: Possibly have a lower SJR despite more total citations, due to prestige weighting
Explanation:
Because SJR weights citations by the citing journal's prestige, fewer citations from high-prestige journals can outweigh many citations from low-prestige ones, so raw citation count does not guarantee a higher SJR.
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59If Field A has an average of 40 references per paper and Field B averages 10, how does SNIP treat a journal in each field with the same raw citations per paper?
SNIP
Hard
A.Both receive identical SNIP since raw citations are equal
B.The Field A journal receives a higher SNIP because more references mean more prestige
C.The Field B journal receives a higher SNIP because its field's lower citation potential is normalized upward
D.SNIP cannot be computed across different fields
Correct Answer: The Field B journal receives a higher SNIP because its field's lower citation potential is normalized upward
Explanation:
SNIP divides raw impact by the field's citation potential. Field B has fewer references and thus lower citation potential, so the same raw impact translates into a higher normalized SNIP value.
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60Why is the JIF percentile often preferred over the raw JIF for cross-disciplinary comparison?
JIF percentile
Hard
A.It weights citations by citing-journal prestige
B.It expresses relative standing within a category, removing field-specific citation scale effects
C.It uses a longer citation window than the raw JIF
D.It counts only papers with at least 10 citations
Correct Answer: It expresses relative standing within a category, removing field-specific citation scale effects
Explanation:
Raw JIF values differ widely across fields due to citation practices. The JIF percentile positions a journal relative to others in its own category, allowing fairer comparison of standing across disciplines.
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