Learners understand values more effectively when educators practice and model ethical conduct.
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20The broad goal of a holistic human order is:
Holistic human order and pedagogies for value education
Easy
A.Unlimited economic competition
B.Control by a single group
C.Peaceful and prosperous co-existence
D.Growth without social responsibility
Correct Answer: Peaceful and prosperous co-existence
Explanation:
A holistic human order seeks peace, prosperity, justice, and harmony for all.
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21A student feels disturbed because personal ambitions conflict with concern for others. Which understanding best reflects the idea of a human being as co-existence?
Human being as co-existence
Medium
A.Individual goals should be balanced with mutual well-being
B.Personal success should always come first
C.Social expectations should replace personal choices
D.Material achievement determines human fulfillment
Correct Answer: Individual goals should be balanced with mutual well-being
Explanation:
A human being exists in relationship with the self, other people, and nature. Fulfillment involves coordinating personal aspirations with mutual well-being.
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22A manager improves team performance by recognizing both individual needs and shared responsibilities. Which principle is being applied?
Human being as co-existence
Medium
A.Co-existence as the basis of relationships
B.Isolation as the basis of efficiency
C.Competition as the basis of cooperation
D.Authority as the basis of coordination
Correct Answer: Co-existence as the basis of relationships
Explanation:
Co-existence recognizes that people are interconnected. Cooperation becomes stronger when individual and collective needs are addressed together.
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23An employee repeatedly accepts tasks that conflict with personal values and later feels stressed. Which action would most directly restore harmony with the self?
Harmony with self, body, family, society, and nature
Medium
A.Seek approval from every colleague
B.Compare performance with other employees
C.Ignore the discomfort and work faster
D.Examine personal values before making choices
Correct Answer: Examine personal values before making choices
Explanation:
Harmony with the self requires clarity about one's values and choices. Decisions consistent with this clarity reduce inner conflict.
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24A person works late every night, skips meals, and becomes irritable. Which response best demonstrates harmony between the self and the body?
Harmony with self, body, family, society, and nature
Medium
A.Organize work while meeting bodily needs
B.Treat physical signals as irrelevant
C.Use stimulants to maintain the schedule
D.Increase work hours to finish sooner
Correct Answer: Organize work while meeting bodily needs
Explanation:
The body requires proper food, rest, and activity. Harmony involves using the body responsibly while pursuing meaningful goals.
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25Two family members disagree about household responsibilities. Which approach is most consistent with harmony in the family?
Harmony with self, body, family, society, and nature
Medium
A.Allow the older member to decide alone
B.Discuss needs and distribute duties fairly
C.Avoid discussing the disagreement
D.Assign blame until one person agrees
Correct Answer: Discuss needs and distribute duties fairly
Explanation:
Family harmony is supported by trust, respect, dialogue, and fair responsibility-sharing rather than domination or avoidance.
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26A company introduces accessible facilities after consulting employees with disabilities. Which form of harmony is most clearly strengthened?
Harmony with self, body, family, society, and nature
Medium
A.Harmony through centralized control
B.Harmony through reduced communication
C.Harmony through social inclusion
D.Harmony through increased competition
Correct Answer: Harmony through social inclusion
Explanation:
Social harmony develops when institutions recognize equal dignity and remove barriers that prevent participation.
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27A factory reduces water use, treats wastewater, and reuses materials. What understanding of harmony with nature does this reflect?
Harmony with self, body, family, society, and nature
Medium
A.Human activity should respect natural cycles
B.Nature exists only as a source of profit
C.Technology can eliminate every ecological limit
D.Environmental protection is separate from production
Correct Answer: Human activity should respect natural cycles
Explanation:
Harmony with nature means using resources responsibly and ensuring that human production does not disrupt ecological balance.
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28A student buys items only to match classmates, although the purchases create financial stress. Which distinction would help the student regain harmony?
Harmony with self, body, family, society, and nature
Medium
A.Borrowing money for future purchases
B.Increasing consumption to gain acceptance
C.Replacing one brand with a cheaper brand
D.Distinguishing needs from socially driven desires
Correct Answer: Distinguishing needs from socially driven desires
Explanation:
Understanding the difference between genuine needs and unnecessary desires supports responsible consumption and inner balance.
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29A supervisor discovers that a reporting error benefits the department financially. What action best demonstrates ethical human conduct?
Universal human values and ethical human conduct
Medium
A.Share the benefit with the reporting team
B.Blame the employee who entered the data
C.Hide the error until the audit ends
D.Correct the report and inform stakeholders
Correct Answer: Correct the report and inform stakeholders
Explanation:
Ethical conduct requires honesty, accountability, and concern for all affected stakeholders, even when correction creates short-term difficulty.
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30A supplier offers a manager a personal gift before a contract decision. Which response is most consistent with fairness and integrity?
Universal human values and ethical human conduct
Medium
A.Give gifts to competing suppliers as well
B.Decline it and follow procurement rules
C.Accept it if the gift is inexpensive
D.Accept it and disclose it after selection
Correct Answer: Decline it and follow procurement rules
Explanation:
Declining the gift avoids a conflict of interest and protects impartial decision-making.
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31An employee notices that a colleague is being excluded from an important project because of a personal bias. Which value should guide the employee's response?
Universal human values and ethical human conduct
Medium
A.Loyalty to the majority group
B.Preference for the most influential colleague
C.Silence to preserve workplace comfort
D.Equality and respect for human dignity
Correct Answer: Equality and respect for human dignity
Explanation:
Universal human values require treating people fairly and recognizing their dignity, regardless of personal identity or group membership.
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32A marketing team plans to hide important limitations of a product in order to increase sales. Which principle should prevent this decision?
Universal human values and ethical human conduct
Medium
A.Short-term growth above customer welfare
B.Transparency toward customers
C.Confidentiality of all product information
D.Maximum persuasion in every situation
Correct Answer: Transparency toward customers
Explanation:
Ethical communication provides relevant information honestly so that customers can make informed decisions.
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33A team resolves a conflict by listening to each person's concerns and agreeing on a solution acceptable to all. Which ethical quality is most evident?
Universal human values and ethical human conduct
Medium
A.Victory of the stronger argument
B.Mutual respect in decision-making
C.Avoidance of responsibility
D.Unquestioned obedience to authority
Correct Answer: Mutual respect in decision-making
Explanation:
Listening and seeking an acceptable solution express respect, dialogue, and concern for the well-being of all participants.
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34A business chooses a slightly less profitable production method because it protects workers from unsafe conditions. How should this decision be understood?
Universal human values and ethical human conduct
Medium
A.As responsible conduct toward stakeholders
B.As a conflict between ethics and all success
C.As a failure to prioritize shareholder interests
D.As an unnecessary loss of competitiveness
Correct Answer: As responsible conduct toward stakeholders
Explanation:
Ethical business decisions consider the safety and dignity of workers along with financial outcomes.
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35A value-education course asks learners to observe their reactions, discuss real cases, and evaluate their choices. Which pedagogy is being used?
Holistic human order and pedagogies for value education
Medium
A.One-way transmission of fixed opinions
B.Punishment-based moral instruction
C.Experiential reflection and dialogue
D.Memorization without personal examination
Correct Answer: Experiential reflection and dialogue
Explanation:
Value education becomes meaningful when learners examine experience, reflect on it, and discuss its implications.
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36A university integrates ethics into engineering design, laboratory work, and community projects rather than teaching it only in one course. What is the main advantage?
Holistic human order and pedagogies for value education
Medium
A.Students connect values with practical decisions
B.Technical subjects become less important
C.Values remain limited to theoretical definitions
D.Assessment becomes independent of student behavior
Correct Answer: Students connect values with practical decisions
Explanation:
Integrating values across learning helps students apply ethical understanding in real professional and social situations.
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37A local community creates systems for education, health, production, and justice that support cooperation and shared well-being. Which idea does this best illustrate?
Holistic human order and pedagogies for value education
Medium
A.Holistic human order
B.Centralized personal authority
C.Unrestricted market competition
D.Individual self-sufficiency
Correct Answer: Holistic human order
Explanation:
A holistic human order coordinates social systems so that individual development, relationships, justice, and material needs support one another.
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38Which classroom activity would most effectively help students understand ethical conduct in business?
Holistic human order and pedagogies for value education
Medium
A.Reading a textbook without group discussion
B.Analyzing a case and defending different decisions
C.Copying definitions of values repeatedly
D.Memorizing a list of professional rules
Correct Answer: Analyzing a case and defending different decisions
Explanation:
Case analysis requires students to apply values, consider consequences, and justify decisions in realistic situations.
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39A company measures success through profit, employee well-being, customer trust, and environmental impact. Which approach does this represent?
Holistic human order and pedagogies for value education
Medium
A.A narrow financial approach
B.A holistic approach to organizational well-being
C.A method that rejects measurable performance
D.A strategy based only on public image
Correct Answer: A holistic approach to organizational well-being
Explanation:
Holistic evaluation considers economic, human, social, and ecological dimensions rather than relying only on profit.
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40Students jointly plan a community service project, review its effects, and revise their methods after receiving feedback. Which learning process is most evident?
Holistic human order and pedagogies for value education
Medium
A.Competitive learning through individual ranking
B.Passive reception of moral instructions
C.Participatory learning through reflection
D.Formal learning without practical application
Correct Answer: Participatory learning through reflection
Explanation:
Participation, practical engagement, feedback, and revision help learners develop values through action and reflection.
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41A person claims that human freedom requires complete independence from family, society, and nature. Which interpretation best challenges this claim within the co-existence perspective?
Human being as co-existence
Hard
A.Freedom means rejecting all relationships and obligations
B.Freedom means choosing without considering consequences
C.Freedom means participating responsibly within interdependent relationships
D.Freedom means subordinating personal choices to collective authority
Correct Answer: Freedom means participating responsibly within interdependent relationships
Explanation:
Co-existence views the human being as relational and mutually dependent. Freedom is meaningful when exercised with understanding and responsibility, rather than as isolation or blind conformity.
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42A company increases production by exhausting groundwater used by nearby communities. Which judgment most accurately applies the idea of human beings as co-existing with nature and society?
Human being as co-existence
Hard
A.The decision is acceptable if the company follows current law
B.The decision is ethical if consumers receive lower prices
C.The decision is incomplete because economic benefit ignores mutual well-being
D.The decision is justified because private ownership permits resource use
Correct Answer: The decision is incomplete because economic benefit ignores mutual well-being
Explanation:
Co-existence requires recognizing relationships among people, institutions, and nature. Legal permission or economic benefit alone cannot establish ethical harmony when shared well-being is damaged.
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43An executive experiences success but remains anxious, compares herself constantly with colleagues, and neglects sleep. Which diagnosis best reflects disharmony across the levels of human living?
Harmony with self, body, family, society, and nature
Hard
A.Her ambition is healthy, but her colleagues create unnecessary pressure
B.Her desires, thoughts, bodily needs, and relationships lack integrated understanding
C.Her problem is primarily a shortage of professional recognition
D.Her anxiety will disappear automatically after achieving a higher position
Correct Answer: Her desires, thoughts, bodily needs, and relationships lack integrated understanding
Explanation:
Harmony involves alignment among the self, the body, relationships, and responsible participation in society. External achievement cannot compensate for persistent internal and bodily conflict.
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44Which situation most clearly distinguishes a need of the body from an aspiration of the self?
Harmony with self, body, family, society, and nature
Hard
A.A desire for friendship compared with a desire for physical exercise
B.A desire for justice compared with a desire for medical treatment
C.A desire for nutritious food compared with a desire for lasting respect
D.A desire for knowledge compared with a desire for adequate sleep
Correct Answer: A desire for nutritious food compared with a desire for lasting respect
Explanation:
Nutritious food is a bodily requirement, while lasting respect concerns the self and relationships. Confusing material needs with self-related aspirations can produce either deprivation or endless accumulation.
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45A manager gives an employee a promotion mainly to secure personal loyalty, although another employee is more qualified. Which value conflict is most directly present?
Harmony with self, body, family, society, and nature
Hard
A.Privacy conflicts with transparency
B.Justice conflicts with partiality
C.Discipline conflicts with flexibility
D.Efficiency conflicts with creativity
Correct Answer: Justice conflicts with partiality
Explanation:
Allocating an opportunity according to personal loyalty rather than relevant merit violates fairness. The central conflict is between impartial justice and favoritism.
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46During a family disagreement, one member accurately identifies the practical issue but refuses to acknowledge others' concerns. Why does the disagreement remain unresolved?
Harmony with self, body, family, society, and nature
Hard
A.Family harmony depends mainly on allowing the oldest person to decide
B.Practical reasoning is always weaker than emotional expression
C.Agreement requires suppressing differences in personal perspective
D.Understanding the issue is insufficient without mutual respect and dialogue
Correct Answer: Understanding the issue is insufficient without mutual respect and dialogue
Explanation:
Harmony in family relationships requires both clarity about the issue and recognition of each person's dignity and feelings. Correct analysis alone does not create trust or mutual acceptance.
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47A firm introduces biodegradable packaging but doubles production volume and increases total material consumption. Which conclusion is most consistent with harmony with nature?
Harmony with self, body, family, society, and nature
Hard
A.The firm is ethical because production growth always improves welfare
B.The firm has improved one input while leaving total resource pressure unresolved
C.The firm is sustainable because biodegradable material has no impact
D.The firm has achieved harmony because waste disposal is no longer relevant
Correct Answer: The firm has improved one input while leaving total resource pressure unresolved
Explanation:
Harmony with nature requires examining the whole cycle and overall ecological load. A better material does not automatically offset excessive extraction, production, or consumption.
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48An employee rejects a profitable assignment because it requires misleading vulnerable customers. Which explanation best reflects integrated harmony?
Harmony with self, body, family, society, and nature
Hard
A.The employee is prioritizing reputation over organizational performance
B.The employee is aligning livelihood, conscience, social welfare, and responsible conduct
C.The employee is treating every commercial activity as morally doubtful
D.The employee is avoiding all conflict with supervisors
Correct Answer: The employee is aligning livelihood, conscience, social welfare, and responsible conduct
Explanation:
Integrated harmony connects inner clarity, ethical work, relationships, and social well-being. Refusing deception is not rejection of commerce; it is rejection of harmful conduct.
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49A value can be considered universal in human conduct when it is best described as:
Universal human values and ethical human conduct
Hard
A.A rule enforced identically by every government
B.A principle that supports mutual fulfillment across relevant contexts
C.A tradition preserved unchanged by a particular community
D.A preference shared by the majority of a culture
Correct Answer: A principle that supports mutual fulfillment across relevant contexts
Explanation:
Universal human values are not merely legal rules, majority preferences, or local customs. They are principles that can support human well-being and harmonious relationships broadly.
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50A salesperson discloses a product defect even though disclosure will reduce the chance of closing the deal. Which feature makes the conduct ethical rather than merely compliant?
Universal human values and ethical human conduct
Hard
A.The disclosure protects the salesperson from every possible lawsuit
B.The disclosure preserves the customer's informed choice and trust
C.The disclosure increases the firm's short-term administrative workload
D.The disclosure guarantees that the customer will reject the product
Correct Answer: The disclosure preserves the customer's informed choice and trust
Explanation:
Ethical conduct respects the other person's ability to decide with relevant information. Honesty protects trust and mutual benefit, whether or not it produces an immediate sale.
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51A policy treats everyone identically but predictably disadvantages people with disabilities. Which assessment is most defensible?
Universal human values and ethical human conduct
Hard
A.It is ethical because unequal outcomes are never relevant
B.It is automatically just because identical treatment is always fair
C.It is unethical only if the disadvantaged group forms a majority
D.It may lack justice because fairness can require addressing relevant differences
Correct Answer: It may lack justice because fairness can require addressing relevant differences
Explanation:
Justice is not always achieved through identical treatment. When relevant differences create unequal access, fair conduct may require reasonable accommodation or corrective measures.
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52A leader publicly supports transparency but privately withholds information that would expose her own error. Which ethical failure is most central?
Universal human values and ethical human conduct
Hard
A.Insufficient innovation in organizational communication
B.Excessive concern for preserving institutional hierarchy
C.Failure to distinguish personal matters from professional matters
D.Inconsistency between professed value and actual conduct
Correct Answer: Inconsistency between professed value and actual conduct
Explanation:
Ethical human conduct requires integrity, meaning coherence between understanding, expressed values, and behavior. Selective transparency for personal protection violates that coherence.
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53A compliance officer discovers that a technically legal algorithm systematically excludes qualified applicants from a minority group. What should guide the officer's response?
Universal human values and ethical human conduct
Hard
A.Legality alone, because ethical evaluation ends at statutory compliance
B.Justice and non-harm, because legal compliance may not ensure ethical conduct
C.Popularity alone, because public approval determines whether conduct is right
D.Profitability alone, because selection systems serve organizational goals
Correct Answer: Justice and non-harm, because legal compliance may not ensure ethical conduct
Explanation:
Ethical conduct can demand more than minimum legal compliance. Systematic exclusion raises concerns of justice, dignity, and harm even when no statute is clearly violated.
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54Which response best demonstrates responsible ethical conduct when two duties appear to conflict?
Universal human values and ethical human conduct
Hard
A.Follow the duty that produces the greatest personal advantage
B.Avoid deciding until the conflict disappears through external events
C.Clarify the underlying values, affected relationships, and foreseeable harm
D.Choose the duty supported by the most powerful stakeholder
Correct Answer: Clarify the underlying values, affected relationships, and foreseeable harm
Explanation:
Complex ethical decisions require examining intentions, consequences, relationships, and governing values. Power or personal advantage is not a sufficient ethical criterion.
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55A value-education course asks students to memorize definitions of honesty but never examine their own decisions or institutional practices. What is its principal limitation?
Holistic human order and pedagogies for value education
Hard
A.It focuses excessively on real-life application
B.It gives too much importance to academic assessment
C.It encourages students to compare different ethical traditions
D.It treats values as information rather than as verified understanding and practice
Correct Answer: It treats values as information rather than as verified understanding and practice
Explanation:
Value education should support self-exploration, reflection, understanding, and consistent conduct. Memorization alone does not establish internal acceptance or ethical competence.
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56Which classroom activity most effectively supports self-exploration in value education?
Holistic human order and pedagogies for value education
Hard
A.Repeating the instructor's preferred answer until the class agrees
B.Examining a dilemma, identifying one's assumptions, and testing them in experience
C.Ranking classmates according to their conformity with a moral rule
D.Memorizing a list of virtues without discussing their application
Correct Answer: Examining a dilemma, identifying one's assumptions, and testing them in experience
Explanation:
Self-exploration involves examining assumptions and verifying them through reflection and living. It is participatory and inquiry-based rather than imposed or purely memorized.
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57A university claims to teach holistic human order while rewarding only individual competition and ignoring ecological consequences. Which criticism is strongest?
Holistic human order and pedagogies for value education
Hard
A.The university confuses institutional success with harmony across human relationships and nature
B.The university gives students too many opportunities for independent achievement
C.The university should teach only environmental science instead of ethics
D.The university should replace all examinations with group activities
Correct Answer: The university confuses institutional success with harmony across human relationships and nature
Explanation:
Holistic human order includes well-being at the individual, family, social, and natural levels. A narrow competitive metric cannot represent that broader harmony.
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58Which institutional arrangement most closely reflects a holistic human order?
Holistic human order and pedagogies for value education
Hard
A.Centralized control, unlimited consumption, and performance-based status
B.Uniform behavior, strict hierarchy, and obedience to inherited customs
C.Unrestricted markets, private gain, and minimal social responsibility
D.Mutual prosperity, justice, responsible production, and participatory relationships
Correct Answer: Mutual prosperity, justice, responsible production, and participatory relationships
Explanation:
Holistic human order aims at mutual fulfillment among individuals, families, society, and nature. It combines justice, prosperity, responsible use of resources, and cooperative participation.
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59A school evaluates ethics only through written examinations, yet students routinely observe teachers rewarding favoritism. What does this reveal about the pedagogy?
Holistic human order and pedagogies for value education
Hard
A.Favoritism is irrelevant if the examination questions assess justice
B.Written examinations are sufficient when ethical concepts are clearly defined
C.Students learn values mainly through institutional practice and role modeling
D.Ethical learning requires removing all authority figures from education
Correct Answer: Students learn values mainly through institutional practice and role modeling
Explanation:
Value education is shaped by lived relationships and institutional conduct as well as formal content. Contradictory role modeling weakens the credibility of classroom instruction.
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60A business-training program teaches negotiation techniques but excludes reflection on trust, justice, ecological impact, and stakeholder well-being. Which redesign is most holistic?
Holistic human order and pedagogies for value education
Hard
A.Add more techniques for maximizing bargaining power
B.Replace negotiation training with compulsory community service
C.Limit negotiation exercises to cases where no moral disagreement exists
D.Integrate skill development with ethical reflection and consequences for all stakeholders
Correct Answer: Integrate skill development with ethical reflection and consequences for all stakeholders
Explanation:
Holistic pedagogy connects competence with values and real consequences. Technical skill becomes ethically meaningful when guided by trust, justice, responsibility, and mutual well-being.
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