1Which of the following measurement scales assigns numbers purely for identification or classification purposes, lacking order, distance, or a unique origin?
A.Ratio Scale
B.Nominal Scale
C.Ordinal Scale
D.Interval Scale
Correct Answer: Nominal Scale
Explanation:
A nominal scale classifies data into distinct categories in which no ranking is implied. The numbers act merely as labels (e.g., Jersey numbers, Gender).
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2In which measurement scale is the order of values significant, but the difference between each value is not necessarily equal?
A.Ratio Scale
B.Interval Scale
C.Ordinal Scale
D.Nominal Scale
Correct Answer: Ordinal Scale
Explanation:
An ordinal scale depicts the order of variables (ranking), but the difference (interval) between the variables is not known or consistent (e.g., Satisfaction ratings: Happy, Neutral, Sad).
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3The Celsius temperature scale is a classic example of which type of measurement scale?
A.Interval Scale
B.Nominal Scale
C.Ordinal Scale
D.Ratio Scale
Correct Answer: Interval Scale
Explanation:
The Celsius scale is an Interval scale because it has an ordered scale with equal intervals, but the zero point () is arbitrary and does not represent the total absence of heat.
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4Which scale possesses a true, absolute zero point, allowing for statements like 'A is twice as long as B'?
A.Ordinal Scale
B.Ratio Scale
C.Interval Scale
D.Nominal Scale
Correct Answer: Ratio Scale
Explanation:
A ratio scale has all the properties of interval scales plus a defined absolute zero point (e.g., Weight, Height, Income), allowing for the calculation of ratios.
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5Which of the following statistical measures is NOT appropriate for data collected on a Nominal Scale?
A.Mode
B.Mean
C.Chi-Square
D.Frequency Percentage
Correct Answer: Mean
Explanation:
The mean cannot be calculated for nominal data because the values represent categories, not quantities. One cannot calculate the 'average' of Gender or Zip Codes.
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6In a Paired Comparison Scaling technique, if there are brands to be compared, how many pairs will the respondent evaluate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
In paired comparison, every object is paired with every other object. The number of pairs is calculated using the combination formula , which simplifies to .
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7Which scaling technique requires respondents to allocate a fixed number of units (e.g., 100 points) among a set of stimulus objects based on some criterion?
A.Likert Scaling
B.Constant Sum Scaling
C.Rank Order Scaling
D.Paired Comparison Scaling
Correct Answer: Constant Sum Scaling
Explanation:
Constant Sum Scaling is a comparative scaling technique where respondents are required to allocate a constant sum of units, such as 100 points, to attributes of a product to reflect their importance.
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8A scale with bipolar labels (e.g., 'Good — Bad', 'Clean — Dirty') placed at the ends of a 7-point scale is known as:
A.Semantic Differential Scale
B.Likert Scale
C.Q-Sort Scale
D.Stapel Scale
Correct Answer: Semantic Differential Scale
Explanation:
The Semantic Differential scale measures the psychological meaning of an object to an individual using bipolar adjectives at the endpoints of the scale.
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9Which of the following is an example of a Non-Comparative Scale?
A.Likert Scale
B.Rank Order
C.Constant Sum
D.Paired Comparison
Correct Answer: Likert Scale
Explanation:
The Likert Scale is a non-comparative (monadic) scale where respondents evaluate only one object at a time without direct reference to another object.
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10The Stapel Scale is characterized by which of the following layouts?
A.A single adjective in the center with values from -5 to +5
B.Two bipolar adjectives at ends
C.Ranking items from 1 to 10
D.Distributing 100 points
Correct Answer: A single adjective in the center with values from -5 to +5
Explanation:
The Stapel scale is a unipolar rating scale with ten categories numbered from -5 to +5, without a neutral point (zero), presenting a single adjective in the middle.
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11Data that has been collected by the researcher specifically for the problem at hand is called:
A.Internal Data
B.Secondary Data
C.Syndicated Data
D.Primary Data
Correct Answer: Primary Data
Explanation:
Primary data is originated by a researcher for the specific purpose of addressing the problem at hand (e.g., surveys, focus groups).
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12Which of the following is a major advantage of using Secondary Data?
A.It guarantees 100% accuracy
B.It is highly confidential
C.It saves time and cost
D.It is always specific to the researcher's needs
Correct Answer: It saves time and cost
Explanation:
Secondary data is already collected and available, making it faster and less expensive to access compared to conducting a new primary data study.
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13Government census reports, trade association publications, and company annual reports are examples of:
A.Secondary Data Sources
B.Primary Data Sources
C.Experimental Data
D.Observational Data
Correct Answer: Secondary Data Sources
Explanation:
These are documents containing data that was collected by someone else for a different purpose, classifying them as secondary data.
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14In questionnaire design, a 'Double-Barreled' question is one that:
A.Asks two questions in one, causing confusion
B.Is placed at the beginning and end of the survey
C.Is repeated twice to check consistency
D.Has only two options (Yes/No)
Correct Answer: Asks two questions in one, causing confusion
Explanation:
A double-barreled question touches upon more than one issue, yet allows for only one answer (e.g., 'Do you like the taste and price of this coffee?'). This invalidates the results.
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15The 'Funnel Approach' in questionnaire ordering refers to:
A.Asking difficult questions first
B.Randomizing the question order
C.Asking general questions first, then moving to specific ones
D.Asking specific questions first, then general ones
Correct Answer: Asking general questions first, then moving to specific ones
Explanation:
The funnel approach starts with broad, general questions to put the respondent at ease before narrowing down to specific, detailed questions.
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16The process of assigning numerical codes to the various responses in a questionnaire to facilitate data analysis is called:
A.Tabulation
B.Editing
C.Coding
D.Validation
Correct Answer: Coding
Explanation:
Coding involves assigning numbers or other symbols to answers so that responses can be grouped into a limited number of categories for analysis.
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17Which process involves checking the collected data for omissions, legibility, and consistency?
A.Editing
B.Transcription
C.Correlation
D.Coding
Correct Answer: Editing
Explanation:
Editing is the review of the questionnaires with the objective of increasing accuracy and precision. It involves screening for incomplete or inconsistent answers.
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18A question that offers the respondent a fixed set of choices is known as a:
A.Closed-ended question
B.Open-ended question
C.Unstructured question
D.Projective question
Correct Answer: Closed-ended question
Explanation:
Closed-ended (or structured) questions provide specific options for the respondent to choose from, such as Multiple Choice or Dichotomous questions.
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19Pilot testing (or Pre-testing) a questionnaire helps to:
A.Increase the sample size artificially
B.Identify flaws and ambiguity in the questions
C.Eliminate the need for secondary data
D.Calculate the final statistical results
Correct Answer: Identify flaws and ambiguity in the questions
Explanation:
Pilot testing involves administering the questionnaire to a small sample to identify potential problems, confusion, or errors in the design before the full-scale launch.
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20Which of the following is considered a measure of Central Tendency?
A.Standard Deviation
B.Median
C.Range
D.Variance
Correct Answer: Median
Explanation:
Measures of central tendency identify the center of a distribution. The main three are Mean, Median, and Mode. The others listed are measures of dispersion.
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21The mathematical formula for the arithmetic mean () of un-grouped data is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The arithmetic mean is calculated by summing all the observations () and dividing by the total number of observations ().
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22Which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme values (outliers)?
A.Mean
B.Quartiles
C.Median
D.Mode
Correct Answer: Mean
Explanation:
The mean takes every value into account. Therefore, an extremely high or low value can pull the mean toward it, unlike the median or mode which are positional.
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23The value that divides a sorted data set into two equal parts is called the:
A.Range
B.Mode
C.Median
D.Mean
Correct Answer: Median
Explanation:
The median is the middle value in an ordered dataset. 50% of the data lies below it and 50% lies above it.
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24Calculate the median of the following dataset: $5, 8, 12, 4, 6$.
A.5
B.8
C.7
D.6
Correct Answer: 6
Explanation:
First, arrange in ascending order: $4, 5, 6, 8, 12$. Since (odd), the median is the middle term: $6$.
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25The observation which occurs with the highest frequency in a data set is known as:
A.Mean
B.Mode
C.Weighted Mean
D.Median
Correct Answer: Mode
Explanation:
The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set.
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26What is the mode of the series: $2, 4, 4, 6, 7, 4, 8, 2$?
A.6
B.2
C.4
D.8
Correct Answer: 4
Explanation:
The number 4 appears three times, which is more frequent than any other number in the set.
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27For a symmetrical distribution, the relationship between Mean, Median, and Mode is:
A.Mean > Median > Mode
B.Mean = Median = Mode
C.Mode = 3Median - 2Mean
D.Mean < Median < Mode
Correct Answer: Mean = Median = Mode
Explanation:
In a perfectly symmetrical (normal) distribution, the Mean, Median, and Mode all coincide at the center of the curve.
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28The algebraic sum of deviations of a set of values from their arithmetic mean is always:
A.One
B.Zero
C.Positive
D.Negative
Correct Answer: Zero
Explanation:
Property of the Mean: . The positive and negative deviations from the mean cancel each other out.
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29Which average is best suited for open-ended classification (e.g., 'Income > $100,000')?
A.Harmonic Mean
B.Geometric Mean
C.Arithmetic Mean
D.Median
Correct Answer: Median
Explanation:
The median is a positional average and does not depend on the specific values of the extremes. Therefore, it can be calculated even if the end intervals are open.
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30The empirical relationship between Mean, Median, and Mode for a moderately skewed distribution is given by:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Karl Pearson's empirical formula states that for moderately skewed distributions, .
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31Which of the following is an example of a Continuous Rating Scale?
A.Stapel Scale
B.Graphic Rating Scale
C.Semantic Differential
D.Likert Scale
Correct Answer: Graphic Rating Scale
Explanation:
A Continuous (or Graphic) Rating Scale allows respondents to place a mark anywhere along a line running from one extreme to the other, rather than selecting from discrete categories.
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32If you are measuring the rate of speed or efficiency, which mean is theoretically most appropriate?
A.Arithmetic Mean
B.Weighted Mean
C.Geometric Mean
D.Harmonic Mean
Correct Answer: Harmonic Mean
Explanation:
The Harmonic Mean is specifically used for averaging rates, speeds, and ratios.
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33What is the Geometric Mean of the numbers 2 and 8?
A.6
B.4
C.16
D.5
Correct Answer: 4
Explanation:
The Geometric Mean of numbers is the -th root of their product. .
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34When data contains varying importance for different items, which mean should be used?
A.Mode
B.Simple Arithmetic Mean
C.Median
D.Weighted Arithmetic Mean
Correct Answer: Weighted Arithmetic Mean
Explanation:
The weighted mean assigns weights () to values () based on their relative importance. Formula: .
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35Find the mean of the first 5 natural numbers.
A.2.5
B.3.5
C.2
D.3
Correct Answer: 3
Explanation:
The numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Sum = 15. Mean = .
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36In the context of reliability, which method involves administering the same test to the same respondents at two different times?
A.Alternative forms method
B.Internal consistency method
C.Split-half method
D.Test-Retest method
Correct Answer: Test-Retest method
Explanation:
Test-Retest reliability measures consistency by administering the same instrument twice to the same group over a time interval.
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37Which of the following is a disadvantage of the 'Observation' method of primary data collection?
A.It is independent of respondent's willingness
B.It captures current behavior
C.It cannot observe underlying motivations or attitudes
D.Subjective bias is eliminated
Correct Answer: It cannot observe underlying motivations or attitudes
Explanation:
Observation can record what people do, but it cannot explain why they do it (internal thoughts, feelings, or motivations).
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38If a dataset has an even number of observations, how is the Median calculated?
A.Take the arithmetic mean of the two middle values
B.Take the middle value directly
C.It cannot be calculated
D.Take the mode of the dataset
Correct Answer: Take the arithmetic mean of the two middle values
Explanation:
If is even, there is no single middle number. The median is the average of the two middle terms: .
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39Which scale allows for the calculation of the Coefficient of Variation?
A.Ordinal
B.Nominal
C.Ratio
D.Interval
Correct Answer: Ratio
Explanation:
Coefficient of Variation requires the Mean and Standard Deviation. Since ratio scales support all statistical operations including meaningful ratios, it is the appropriate scale.
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40What is the formula for the Weighted Mean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The weighted mean is the sum of the products of weights and values, divided by the sum of the weights.
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41In a histogram, the highest bar represents the class interval containing the:
A.Median
B.Standard Deviation
C.Mode
D.Mean
Correct Answer: Mode
Explanation:
The mode corresponds to the highest frequency density. In a histogram, the tallest bar indicates the modal class.
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42A distribution with two peaks is called:
A.Uniform
B.Bimodal
C.Unimodal
D.Normal
Correct Answer: Bimodal
Explanation:
A bimodal distribution has two distinct modes (peaks) in the data frequency.
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43Which of the following is a 'Projective Technique' used in qualitative research (often yielding primary data)?
A.Temperature Reading
B.Census Analysis
C.Word Association Test
D.Likert Scale Survey
Correct Answer: Word Association Test
Explanation:
Projective techniques (like Word Association or Rorschach tests) are unstructured, indirect forms of questioning that encourage respondents to project their underlying motivations.
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44When preparing data, 'Outliers' refer to:
A.The average values
B.The coding labels
C.Data that is missing
D.Values that are extremely high or low compared to the rest of the data
Correct Answer: Values that are extremely high or low compared to the rest of the data
Explanation:
Outliers are observation points that are distant from other observations, often indicating variability or experimental errors.
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45If the mean is 20 and the median is 20 in a dataset, what is the likely value of the mode?
A.20
B.30
C.10
D.0
Correct Answer: 20
Explanation:
Since Mean = Median, the distribution is likely symmetrical. In a symmetrical distribution, Mean = Median = Mode. Thus, the Mode is 20.
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46Which measurement scale involves ranking data but the intervals between ranks are unknown (e.g., Horse race finishing order)?
A.Interval
B.Ordinal
C.Ratio
D.Nominal
Correct Answer: Ordinal
Explanation:
Finishing positions (1st, 2nd, 3rd) indicate order, but the distance (time gap) between 1st and 2nd might differ from that between 2nd and 3rd.
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47Which step follows 'Coding' in the data preparation process?
A.Questionnaire Design
B.Data Collection
C.Problem Definition
D.Data Entry (Transcription)
Correct Answer: Data Entry (Transcription)
Explanation:
Once data is coded (assigned numbers), it is typically entered into a computer system (transcribed) for analysis.
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48If every item in a data set is increased by 5, the new Arithmetic Mean will:
A.Increase by 5 times
B.Increase by 5
C.Remain the same
D.Decrease by 5
Correct Answer: Increase by 5
Explanation:
The arithmetic mean is affected by the change of origin. If a constant is added to every observation, the mean increases by .
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49Which of the following is a requirement for a good questionnaire?
A.It should move from complex to simple questions
B.It should use complex technical jargon
C.It should be reliable and valid
D.It should be as long as possible
Correct Answer: It should be reliable and valid
Explanation:
A good questionnaire must consistently measure what it intends to measure (Reliability) and accurately measure what it claims to measure (Validity).
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50In grouped data, the class mark (mid-point) is calculated as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The class mark or mid-point is the average of the upper and lower class limits of a class interval.