1In which year was the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) enacted?
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Easy
A.2020
B.2019
C.1973
D.2023
Correct Answer: 2023
Explanation:
The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita was enacted in 2023 to replace the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
Incorrect! Try again.
2The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 replaces which of the following older laws?
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Easy
A.Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973
B.Indian Penal Code, 1860
C.Indian Evidence Act, 1872
D.Indian Contract Act, 1872
Correct Answer: Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973
Explanation:
BNSS 2023 replaces the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, which governed criminal procedure in India.
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3Under BNSS 2023, forensic investigation is made mandatory for offences punishable with imprisonment of how many years or more?
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Easy
A.1 year or more
B.3 years or more
C.10 years or more
D.7 years or more
Correct Answer: 7 years or more
Explanation:
BNSS 2023 mandates forensic investigation at the crime scene for offences punishable with imprisonment of 7 years or more.
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4Which technology does BNSS 2023 promote for recording search, seizure, and crime scene proceedings?
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Easy
A.Audio-video electronic recording
B.Photographic film cameras only
C.Telegraph communication
D.Handwritten registers only
Correct Answer: Audio-video electronic recording
Explanation:
BNSS 2023 emphasizes audio-video electronic recording of searches, seizures, and crime scene activities to ensure transparency.
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5A key difference introduced by BNSS 2023 compared to CrPC 1973 is the emphasis on which of the following?
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Easy
A.Mandatory use of forensic evidence and technology
B.Abolition of all courts
C.Removal of the police force
D.Eliminating written statements entirely
Correct Answer: Mandatory use of forensic evidence and technology
Explanation:
Unlike CrPC 1973, BNSS 2023 makes forensic evidence collection and use of technology a mandatory part of investigation for serious crimes.
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6The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) 2023 deals primarily with which aspect of law?
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Easy
A.Property registration
B.Rules of evidence
C.Tax collection
D.Traffic regulations
Correct Answer: Rules of evidence
Explanation:
The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 governs the rules of evidence in Indian courts, replacing the Indian Evidence Act.
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7The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 replaces which of the following laws?
Comparison of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 to IEA
Easy
A.Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
B.Indian Penal Code, 1860
C.Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
D.Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Correct Answer: Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Explanation:
BSA 2023 replaces the Indian Evidence Act (IEA), 1872, which had governed evidence law in India for over 150 years.
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8Under BSA 2023, electronic and digital records are given what status?
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Easy
A.They are admissible as documentary evidence
B.They require no verification at all
C.They are completely inadmissible
D.They can only be used as oral evidence
Correct Answer: They are admissible as documentary evidence
Explanation:
BSA 2023 recognizes electronic and digital records as admissible documentary evidence, reflecting modern forensic practices.
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9What does BNSS 2023 require forensic experts to do at crime scenes of serious offences?
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Easy
A.Arrest the accused directly
B.Only file the FIR
C.Collect forensic evidence and record the process
D.Only interview witnesses
Correct Answer: Collect forensic evidence and record the process
Explanation:
BNSS 2023 requires forensic experts to visit crime scenes of serious offences to collect evidence and record the process, often via audio-video means.
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10Compared to CrPC 1973, BNSS 2023 introduces stricter timelines for which activity?
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Easy
A.Issuing passports
B.Registration of vehicles
C.Completion of investigation and trials
D.Payment of court fees
Correct Answer: Completion of investigation and trials
Explanation:
BNSS 2023 introduces defined timelines to speed up investigations and trials, a reform over the older CrPC 1973 framework.
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11In the year 1872, which law relating to evidence was originally enacted before being replaced by BSA 2023?
Comparison of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 to IEA
Easy
A.Indian Evidence Act
B.Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita
C.Code of Criminal Procedure
D.Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
Correct Answer: Indian Evidence Act
Explanation:
The Indian Evidence Act was enacted in 1872 and remained in force until the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 replaced it.
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12Which type of expert opinion is recognized as relevant evidence under BSA 2023?
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Easy
A.Opinion of the police officer alone
B.Opinion of the accused only
C.Opinion of any random bystander
D.Opinion of forensic and scientific experts
Correct Answer: Opinion of forensic and scientific experts
Explanation:
BSA 2023 recognizes the opinions of forensic and scientific experts as relevant evidence to assist courts in decision-making.
Incorrect! Try again.
13BNSS 2023 encourages the use of Forensic Science Laboratories (FSLs) primarily to improve what?
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Easy
A.Distribution of ration cards
B.Number of new roads built
C.Speed of tax refunds
D.Quality and reliability of criminal investigations
Correct Answer: Quality and reliability of criminal investigations
Explanation:
BNSS 2023 promotes greater use of Forensic Science Laboratories to enhance the quality, accuracy, and reliability of criminal investigations.
Incorrect! Try again.
14Which of the following is a major modernization feature of BNSS 2023 not emphasized in CrPC 1973?
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Easy
A.Use of horse-drawn carriages
B.Ban on written records
C.Digital and electronic processes in investigation
D.Abolition of forensic labs
Correct Answer: Digital and electronic processes in investigation
Explanation:
BNSS 2023 emphasizes digital and electronic processes such as e-records and video recording, which were not a focus of the older CrPC 1973.
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15Under BSA 2023, evidence is broadly divided into which two main categories?
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Easy
A.Old evidence and new evidence
B.Oral evidence and documentary evidence
C.True evidence and false evidence
D.Written evidence and spoken lies
Correct Answer: Oral evidence and documentary evidence
Explanation:
Like the earlier law, BSA 2023 classifies evidence into oral evidence and documentary evidence, with documentary evidence now including electronic records.
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16A key improvement of BSA 2023 over the Indian Evidence Act 1872 is the clearer treatment of what kind of evidence?
Comparison of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 to IEA
Easy
A.Evidence that cannot be verified
B.Ancient handwritten scrolls
C.Electronic and digital evidence
D.Only verbal gossip
Correct Answer: Electronic and digital evidence
Explanation:
BSA 2023 provides clearer and more comprehensive provisions for electronic and digital evidence compared to the IEA 1872.
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17What is the main purpose of mandating forensic visits under BNSS 2023?
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Easy
A.To eliminate witness testimony
B.To increase court holidays
C.To reduce the number of judges
D.To strengthen scientific evidence collection
Correct Answer: To strengthen scientific evidence collection
Explanation:
Mandatory forensic visits under BNSS 2023 aim to strengthen scientific and objective evidence collection in serious criminal cases.
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18Which of these statements about BNSS 2023 and CrPC 1973 is correct?
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Easy
A.BNSS 2023 is the newer law that replaced CrPC 1973
B.CrPC 1973 replaced BNSS 2023
C.Both are the same law with different names in the same year
D.BNSS 2023 deals only with civil disputes
Correct Answer: BNSS 2023 is the newer law that replaced CrPC 1973
Explanation:
BNSS 2023 is the newer criminal procedure law enacted to replace and modernize the older CrPC 1973.
Incorrect! Try again.
19Which document is commonly required when forensic or expert evidence is submitted in court under BSA 2023?
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Easy
A.A travel ticket
B.A shopping receipt
C.An expert report/certificate
D.A birthday card
Correct Answer: An expert report/certificate
Explanation:
Under BSA 2023, forensic evidence is generally accompanied by an expert report or certificate to support its admissibility and reliability.
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20The three new criminal laws of 2023 include BNS, BNSS, and which one related to evidence?
Comparison of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 to IEA
Easy
A.Indian Penal Code
B.Indian Evidence Act
C.Code of Criminal Procedure
D.Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam
Correct Answer: Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam
Explanation:
The three new criminal laws of 2023 are the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), the latter dealing with evidence.
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21Under BNSS 2023, Section 176(3), forensic investigation and collection of evidence by a forensic expert at the crime scene is made mandatory for offences punishable with imprisonment of:
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Medium
A.3 years or more
B.10 years or more
C.5 years or more
D.7 years or more
Correct Answer: 7 years or more
Explanation:
Section 176(3) of BNSS mandates that for offences punishable with 7 years or more, a forensic expert must visit the crime scene to collect evidence and record the process.
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22A police officer conducts a search of a suspect's premises. Under BNSS 2023, which requirement now applies to the search and seizure process to strengthen evidentiary value?
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Medium
A.Written summary submitted after 30 days
B.Audio-video recording of the search and seizure, preferably on a mobile phone
C.Verbal confirmation by two witnesses only
D.Photographic record submitted to court within a year
Correct Answer: Audio-video recording of the search and seizure, preferably on a mobile phone
Explanation:
BNSS Section 105 requires that search and seizure be recorded through audio-video electronic means, preferably a mobile phone, to enhance transparency and evidentiary reliability.
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23Under BNSS 2023, Section 349, a Magistrate is empowered to order a person to give specimen signatures, handwriting, finger impressions, or voice samples. What is the notable change regarding who can be ordered?
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Medium
A.Samples require the consent of the accused
B.Samples can only be ordered from convicted persons
C.Samples can only be taken after trial begins
D.Samples can be ordered even from a person who has not been arrested
Correct Answer: Samples can be ordered even from a person who has not been arrested
Explanation:
Section 349 of BNSS expands the earlier provision by allowing a Magistrate to order samples from any person, including one who has not been arrested, aiding forensic comparison.
Incorrect! Try again.
24For offences involving forensic examination, BNSS 2023 emphasises the use of forensic facilities. To meet the mandatory forensic requirement, States lacking facilities are expected to:
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Medium
A.Wait until a local facility is built
B.Skip forensic collection for such offences
C.Send evidence abroad for analysis
D.Utilise the forensic facility of another State
Correct Answer: Utilise the forensic facility of another State
Explanation:
Where a State does not have its own forensic facility, BNSS permits utilising the facilities of another State to comply with the mandatory forensic investigation requirement.
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25Under BNSS 2023, the report of a government forensic/scientific expert (formerly CrPC Section 293) can be used as evidence. Which section of BNSS deals with such expert reports?
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Medium
A.Section 293
B.Section 329
C.Section 176
D.Section 45
Correct Answer: Section 329
Explanation:
The provision corresponding to CrPC Section 293, allowing government scientific experts' reports as evidence without personal appearance, is found in BNSS Section 329.
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26In a medical examination of a rape victim under BNSS 2023, the registered medical practitioner must forward the report to the investigating officer within what time frame?
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Medium
A.48 hours
B.24 hours
C.30 days
D.7 days
Correct Answer: 7 days
Explanation:
BNSS requires the medical practitioner examining a rape victim to forward the examination report to the investigating officer within 7 days, ensuring timely forensic documentation.
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27A key difference between BNSS 2023 and CrPC 1973 regarding crime scene forensics is that BNSS:
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Medium
A.Removes the need for forensic experts entirely
B.Only applies forensic rules to economic offences
C.Makes forensic expert visits mandatory for serious offences, which CrPC did not require
D.Keeps forensic collection purely optional as before
Correct Answer: Makes forensic expert visits mandatory for serious offences, which CrPC did not require
Explanation:
Unlike CrPC 1973, which had no mandatory forensic visit provision, BNSS Section 176(3) makes forensic expert visits compulsory for offences punishable with 7 years or more.
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28Regarding the recording of search and seizure, how does BNSS 2023 differ from CrPC 1973?
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Medium
A.Both mandate audio-video recording identically
B.BNSS mandates audio-video recording, whereas CrPC had no such requirement
C.CrPC mandated video recording but BNSS removed it
D.Neither addresses recording of searches
Correct Answer: BNSS mandates audio-video recording, whereas CrPC had no such requirement
Explanation:
BNSS introduces mandatory audio-video recording of search and seizure (Section 105), a provision absent in CrPC 1973, improving evidentiary transparency.
Incorrect! Try again.
29Under CrPC 1973, Section 311A allowed a Magistrate to order specimen signatures or handwriting. How does the corresponding BNSS provision (Section 349) expand this power?
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Medium
A.It adds finger impressions and voice samples to the samples that can be ordered
B.It removes the Magistrate's power entirely
C.It requires the High Court's approval each time
D.It restricts sampling to handwriting only
Correct Answer: It adds finger impressions and voice samples to the samples that can be ordered
Explanation:
While CrPC 311A covered specimen signatures and handwriting, BNSS Section 349 expands this to include finger impressions and voice samples, and can apply to un-arrested persons.
Incorrect! Try again.
30A significant procedural addition in BNSS 2023 not present in CrPC 1973 is the provision for:
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Medium
A.Mandatory in-person FIR only
B.FIR being filed only by the victim
C.Filing an FIR through electronic means (e-FIR) and Zero FIR being codified
D.Abolition of the FIR system
Correct Answer: Filing an FIR through electronic means (e-FIR) and Zero FIR being codified
Explanation:
BNSS formally codifies electronic filing of FIRs and Zero FIR provisions, enabling registration regardless of jurisdiction — features not explicitly present in CrPC 1973.
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31How does BNSS 2023 change the timeline for completing investigation compared to the general approach under CrPC 1973 for certain offences?
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Medium
A.It sets specific time limits, e.g., completing investigation in rape cases within 2 months
B.It doubles the earlier timelines
C.It leaves timelines entirely to police discretion
D.It removes all investigation timelines
Correct Answer: It sets specific time limits, e.g., completing investigation in rape cases within 2 months
Explanation:
BNSS introduces stricter, defined timelines such as completing investigation in rape cases within two months, promoting speedier justice compared to CrPC's looser framework.
Incorrect! Try again.
32Which statement correctly describes the numbering relationship between CrPC 1973 and BNSS 2023?
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Medium
A.BNSS retains the exact same section numbers as CrPC
B.BNSS uses only Roman numerals for sections
C.BNSS has no section numbering at all
D.BNSS re-numbers sections, so equivalent provisions often carry different section numbers
Correct Answer: BNSS re-numbers sections, so equivalent provisions often carry different section numbers
Explanation:
BNSS reorganises and renumbers provisions; hence a CrPC section (e.g., 293) maps to a differently numbered BNSS section (e.g., 329).
Incorrect! Try again.
33Under BSA 2023, the opinion of an expert in a relevant field (such as forensic science, handwriting, or fingerprints) is dealt with primarily under which section?
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Medium
A.Section 45
B.Section 65B
C.Section 39
D.Section 293
Correct Answer: Section 39
Explanation:
BSA Section 39 governs the admissibility of expert opinion, corresponding to Section 45 of the erstwhile Indian Evidence Act.
Incorrect! Try again.
34The BSA 2023 treats electronic and digital records as which type of evidence?
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Medium
A.Primary/documentary evidence, giving them the same legal status as documents
B.Inadmissible unless printed
C.Only oral evidence
D.Circumstantial evidence only
Correct Answer: Primary/documentary evidence, giving them the same legal status as documents
Explanation:
BSA explicitly recognises electronic and digital records as documentary evidence with legal standing equal to paper documents, reflecting modern forensic needs.
Incorrect! Try again.
35Admissibility of electronic records, along with the requirement of a certificate, is provided under which section of BSA 2023?
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Medium
A.Section 45A
B.Section 39
C.Section 65B
D.Section 63
Correct Answer: Section 63
Explanation:
BSA Section 63 covers the admissibility of electronic records and the accompanying certificate requirement, corresponding to Section 65B of the old IEA.
Incorrect! Try again.
36Under BSA 2023, the opinion of the Examiner of Electronic Evidence is made relevant and admissible. This reflects the provision found under:
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Medium
A.Section 63 only
B.Section 45 of IEA unchanged
C.Section 176 of BNSS
D.Section 39(2)
Correct Answer: Section 39(2)
Explanation:
BSA Section 39(2) makes the opinion of the Examiner of Electronic Evidence a relevant fact, mirroring the earlier IEA Section 45A but now integrated into the expert-opinion section.
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37When a certificate accompanying an electronic record is required under BSA 2023, who among the following is appropriate to sign it?
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Medium
A.Any bystander witness
B.Only the trial judge
C.The accused person
D.A person in charge of the device and an expert (Examiner of Electronic Evidence)
Correct Answer: A person in charge of the device and an expert (Examiner of Electronic Evidence)
Explanation:
BSA requires the electronic-record certificate to be signed by the person responsible for the device and, as strengthened, an expert such as the Examiner of Electronic Evidence to ensure authenticity.
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38The provision for expert opinion under Indian Evidence Act Section 45 corresponds to which section under BSA 2023?
Comparison of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 to IEA
Medium
A.Section 65B
B.Section 63
C.Section 45
D.Section 39
Correct Answer: Section 39
Explanation:
IEA Section 45 (expert opinion) is renumbered as BSA Section 39, retaining the substance while renumbering the provision.
Incorrect! Try again.
39A major forensic-relevant change in BSA 2023 compared to the IEA 1872 concerning electronic evidence is that BSA:
Comparison of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 to IEA
Medium
A.Removes electronic records from being evidence
B.Requires electronic records to be printed to be valid
C.Treats electronic records only as oral testimony
D.Grants electronic records the status of primary documentary evidence with expanded admissibility
Correct Answer: Grants electronic records the status of primary documentary evidence with expanded admissibility
Explanation:
Compared to IEA, BSA broadens and clarifies the admissibility of electronic records, treating them as primary documentary evidence — a significant modernisation.
Incorrect! Try again.
40IEA Section 65B (admissibility of electronic records) maps to which BSA 2023 section, and what is a notable difference?
Comparison of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 to IEA
Medium
A.Section 176, now dealing with FIRs
B.Section 45A, unchanged in every way
C.Section 39, with no certificate needed
D.Section 63, with a strengthened certificate requirement including expert involvement
Correct Answer: Section 63, with a strengthened certificate requirement including expert involvement
Explanation:
IEA Section 65B corresponds to BSA Section 63; BSA strengthens the certificate requirement and clarifies the roles involved, including expert verification of electronic records.
Incorrect! Try again.
41Under BNSS 2023, mandatory forensic investigation (visit of a forensic expert to the crime scene and collection of forensic evidence) is triggered for offences punishable with imprisonment of:
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Hard
A.3 years or more
B.7 years or more
C.10 years or more
D.5 years or more
Correct Answer: 7 years or more
Explanation:
Section 176(3) BNSS makes it compulsory for a forensic expert to visit the crime scene and collect forensic evidence for offences punishable with imprisonment of 7 years or more, a provision absent in CrPC 1973.
Incorrect! Try again.
42A Magistrate under Section 349 BNSS orders a person who has not been arrested to furnish voice samples. Which statement about this power is correct?
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Hard
A.It is valid, as Section 349 expressly permits ordering specimens including voice samples even from persons not arrested
B.It is valid only if the person consents in writing
C.It is invalid, as samples can only be taken from arrested persons
D.It is invalid, as voice samples are not mentioned in the section
Correct Answer: It is valid, as Section 349 expressly permits ordering specimens including voice samples even from persons not arrested
Explanation:
Section 349 BNSS empowers a Magistrate to order any person (including one not arrested) to give specimen signatures, handwriting, finger impressions, or voice samples, explicitly widening the earlier Section 311A CrPC which did not include voice samples.
Incorrect! Try again.
43Which of the following was NOT expressly provided for in CrPC 1973 but is expressly incorporated in BNSS 2023?
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Hard
A.Examination of the victim of rape by a medical practitioner
B.Medical examination of an arrested accused
C.Report of a government scientific expert being admissible without examination
D.Voice sample collection by order of a Magistrate
Correct Answer: Voice sample collection by order of a Magistrate
Explanation:
CrPC 311A allowed specimen signatures/handwriting but not voice samples. BNSS Section 349 expressly adds voice samples. Medical examination (53/53A CrPC) and scientific expert reports (293 CrPC) already existed in CrPC.
Incorrect! Try again.
44Section 105 BNSS introduces a forensic safeguard absent in CrPC 1973. It mandates:
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Hard
A.Digital signing of all case diaries
B.Compulsory polygraph testing of accused
C.Audio-video recording of the process of search and seizure
D.DNA profiling of every arrested person
Correct Answer: Audio-video recording of the process of search and seizure
Explanation:
Section 105 BNSS requires that search and seizure, including preparation of the seizure list, be recorded through audio-video electronic means (preferably mobile phone), strengthening the evidentiary integrity of collected material — a requirement not present in CrPC 1973.
Incorrect! Try again.
45Under BSA 2023, the admissibility of electronic records as documentary evidence is governed principally by:
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Hard
A.Section 65B
B.Section 293
C.Section 45A
D.Section 63
Correct Answer: Section 63
Explanation:
Section 63 BSA 2023 governs admissibility of electronic records (analogous to the erstwhile Section 65B IEA), including the requirement of a certificate. Section 65B and 45A belong to the Indian Evidence Act numbering.
Incorrect! Try again.
46The provision on the opinion of an 'Examiner of Electronic Evidence' which was Section 45A in the Indian Evidence Act is located in the BSA 2023 under:
Comparison of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 to IEA
Hard
A.Section 45(2)
B.Section 39(2)
C.Section 63(4)
D.Section 79A
Correct Answer: Section 39(2)
Explanation:
Expert opinion under IEA Section 45 corresponds to BSA Section 39. The examiner of electronic evidence provision (IEA 45A) is retained as Section 39(2) BSA 2023.
Incorrect! Try again.
47Under BSA 2023, the certificate accompanying electronic records under Section 63 must be signed by:
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Hard
A.The person in charge of the computer/communication device and an expert
B.A judicial magistrate
C.The investigating officer alone
D.Only the person in charge of the device
Correct Answer: The person in charge of the computer/communication device and an expert
Explanation:
BSA Section 63(4) requires the certificate to be given by the person in charge of the computer or communication device and also by an expert, adding an expert's attestation compared to the earlier single certificate under Section 65B IEA.
Incorrect! Try again.
48How does BSA 2023 treat electronic records in relation to the definition of 'document' compared with the IEA?
Comparison of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 to IEA
Hard
A.Electronic and digital records are expressly included within the definition of 'document'
B.Electronic records are excluded from the definition of 'document'
C.Electronic records are treated only as oral evidence
D.Electronic records are treated only as secondary evidence and never as documents
Correct Answer: Electronic and digital records are expressly included within the definition of 'document'
Explanation:
BSA 2023 expressly includes electronic and digital records within the definition of 'document', giving them the same evidentiary status as traditional documents, thereby resolving ambiguities that existed in the IEA framework.
Incorrect! Try again.
49A State lacks its own Forensic Science Laboratory to comply with mandatory forensic investigation under BNSS Section 176(3). What does the law envisage as the transitional solution?
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Hard
A.Private laboratories automatically acquire statutory status
B.The State may utilise the facility of a Forensic Science Laboratory of another State
C.The offence is downgraded so forensic investigation is not required
D.The requirement is waived until the State builds a laboratory
Correct Answer: The State may utilise the facility of a Forensic Science Laboratory of another State
Explanation:
Section 176(3) BNSS provides that where a State has no forensic facility for a specified offence, it shall utilise the facility of another State until it develops its own, ensuring the mandatory forensic requirement is not defeated by lack of infrastructure.
Incorrect! Try again.
50Regarding time-bound submission of a medical examination report of a rape victim, BNSS differs from CrPC in that it:
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Hard
A.Requires submission within 24 hours only
B.Requires submission within 30 days only
C.Removes any time limit for submission
D.Requires the report to be forwarded within seven days
Correct Answer: Requires the report to be forwarded within seven days
Explanation:
BNSS mandates that the registered medical practitioner forward the examination report of a rape victim to the investigating officer within seven days, tightening the earlier position under CrPC which lacked a firm statutory deadline.
Incorrect! Try again.
51An investigator submits a digitally stored CCTV clip without the Section 63 certificate. Under BSA 2023 the most accurate consequence is:
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Hard
A.It is admissible as oral evidence of the operator
B.It is automatically admissible as primary evidence
C.It becomes admissible if merely produced in original hard disk
D.The electronic record is inadmissible as secondary evidence unless the mandatory certificate conditions are met
Correct Answer: The electronic record is inadmissible as secondary evidence unless the mandatory certificate conditions are met
Explanation:
Under Section 63 BSA, electronic records tendered as secondary evidence require the statutory certificate. Absent compliance, the record is generally inadmissible, mirroring the strict approach developed for Section 65B IEA.
Incorrect! Try again.
52Which correctly maps the expert-opinion provision between the two statutes?
Comparison of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 to IEA
Hard
A.IEA Section 45 corresponds to BSA Section 39
B.IEA Section 45 corresponds to BSA Section 79
C.IEA Section 45 corresponds to BSA Section 27
D.IEA Section 45 corresponds to BSA Section 63
Correct Answer: IEA Section 45 corresponds to BSA Section 39
Explanation:
The general provision on opinions of experts, Section 45 IEA, is re-enacted as Section 39 BSA 2023, with the examiner of electronic evidence sub-provision retained under Section 39(2).
Incorrect! Try again.
53Under BNSS, the report of a Government scientific expert (such as a chemical examiner or DNA analyst) can be used as evidence in an inquiry, trial or proceeding. Which is correct about the expert's personal attendance?
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Hard
A.The court may summon the expert to be examined, but a subordinate who conducted the analysis may depose on the expert's behalf
B.Personal attendance of the named expert is always mandatory
C.Only the head of the laboratory can ever depose
D.The report can never be admitted without the expert's oral testimony
Correct Answer: The court may summon the expert to be examined, but a subordinate who conducted the analysis may depose on the expert's behalf
Explanation:
BNSS (successor to Section 293 CrPC) allows the government scientific expert's report to be used as evidence and permits the court to summon the expert; it also allows a responsible officer/subordinate who actually carried out the examination to depose, easing practical difficulties.
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54Which new investigative-forensic feature in BNSS most directly aims to reduce tampering allegations in seizure of physical evidence, compared with CrPC 1973?
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Hard
A.Automatic bail for forensic delay
B.Compulsory narco-analysis of suspects
C.Mandatory audio-video recording of search and seizure
D.Mandatory second post-mortem in all cases
Correct Answer: Mandatory audio-video recording of search and seizure
Explanation:
Section 105 BNSS's mandate to record search and seizure via audio-video means creates a contemporaneous digital record of chain-of-custody events, directly addressing tampering allegations — a safeguard absent in CrPC 1973.
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55In BSA 2023, primary evidence of an electronic record stored in multiple files or produced simultaneously is addressed by provisions clarifying that:
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Hard
A.Electronic records cannot be primary evidence
B.All copies are secondary evidence regardless of origin
C.Only the first file created is primary evidence
D.Each such file/output is treated as primary evidence
Correct Answer: Each such file/output is treated as primary evidence
Explanation:
BSA 2023's explanations to the primary evidence provision (Section 57) clarify that where an electronic record is stored in multiple files or produced/created simultaneously, each is treated as primary evidence, a clarification that was ambiguous under the IEA.
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56A key structural change of BSA 2023 over the IEA regarding scientific/forensic proof is that it:
Comparison of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 to IEA
Hard
A.Abolishes expert opinion evidence entirely
B.Bars all secondary evidence of documents
C.Removes electronic records from admissible evidence
D.Places electronic and digital records on par with documentary evidence and expands admissibility conditions
Correct Answer: Places electronic and digital records on par with documentary evidence and expands admissibility conditions
Explanation:
BSA 2023 modernises the IEA framework by expressly equating electronic/digital records with documents and refining admissibility (certificate, expert attestation), reflecting the growing role of digital forensics in trials.
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57Under BNSS, when an accused is examined and a medical practitioner finds material relevant to forensic analysis, the report must include the:
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 laws related to forensic science
Hard
A.Only the final opinion without reasoning
B.Only a list of samples without findings
C.Precise reasons for each conclusion arrived at
D.Only the practitioner's registration number
Correct Answer: Precise reasons for each conclusion arrived at
Explanation:
BNSS (continuing the scheme of Sections 53/53A CrPC) requires the medical examination report to state the precise reasons for each conclusion, ensuring the forensic findings are transparent and testable in court.
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58Which statement about the scope of specimen collection best captures the change from CrPC 1973 to BNSS 2023?
Comparison of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 to CrPC 1973
Hard
A.BNSS expands specimen collection to include finger impressions, handwriting, signatures and voice samples
B.BNSS restricts specimen collection to only signatures
C.BNSS retains exactly the same categories as CrPC without change
D.BNSS abolishes the Magistrate's power to order specimens
Correct Answer: BNSS expands specimen collection to include finger impressions, handwriting, signatures and voice samples
Explanation:
Section 349 BNSS widens the CrPC 311A scheme by expressly covering finger impressions and, crucially, voice samples in addition to signatures and handwriting, addressing a long-standing evidentiary gap.
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59For an electronic record to be admitted under BSA 2023, the certificate must, among other things, identify:
Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 laws related to forensic science
Hard
A.Only the date of the crime
B.The judge who will hear the case
C.The electronic record and the manner of its production, and particulars of the device involved
D.Only the name of the accused
Correct Answer: The electronic record and the manner of its production, and particulars of the device involved
Explanation:
The Section 63 certificate must identify the electronic record, describe the manner of its production, and give particulars of the device involved to establish authenticity and integrity of the digital evidence.
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60A defence counsel argues that under BSA 2023 the certificate for electronic evidence is weaker than under IEA Section 65B. The most accurate rebuttal is:
Comparison of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023 to IEA
Hard
A.BSA removes the certificate requirement altogether
B.BSA actually strengthens it by additionally requiring an expert's signature on the certificate
C.BSA replaces the certificate with an oral statement only
D.BSA makes the certificate optional at the court's discretion
Correct Answer: BSA actually strengthens it by additionally requiring an expert's signature on the certificate
Explanation:
Contrary to the argument, BSA Section 63 enhances the safeguard by requiring the certificate to be signed by both the person in charge of the device and an expert, making authentication more robust than the single-certificate model under Section 65B IEA.
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