Correct Answer: The ability to store and use information
Explanation:
Memory is the mental ability to encode, store, and retrieve information.
Incorrect! Try again.
2Which activity mainly involves memory?
Meaning and definition of memory
Easy
A.Remembering a telephone number
B.Digesting a meal
C.Blinking when light is bright
D.Breathing during sleep
Correct Answer: Remembering a telephone number
Explanation:
Remembering a telephone number requires information to be stored and recalled.
Incorrect! Try again.
3Memory allows people to do which of the following?
Meaning and definition of memory
Easy
A.Avoid all emotions
B.Control the weather
C.Increase their height instantly
D.Recall past experiences
Correct Answer: Recall past experiences
Explanation:
One important function of memory is recalling information and past experiences.
Incorrect! Try again.
4Which memory process involves putting information into memory?
Memory processes
Easy
A.Retrieval
B.Recognition
C.Encoding
D.Forgetting
Correct Answer: Encoding
Explanation:
Encoding is the process of changing information into a form that can be stored in memory.
Incorrect! Try again.
5Which process involves keeping information over time?
Memory processes
Easy
A.Storage
B.Encoding
C.Attention
D.Retrieval
Correct Answer: Storage
Explanation:
Storage is the process of retaining information in memory.
Incorrect! Try again.
6What is retrieval in memory?
Memory processes
Easy
A.Bringing stored information to mind
B.Repeating information without understanding
C.Removing information from the senses
D.Changing information into a code
Correct Answer: Bringing stored information to mind
Explanation:
Retrieval means accessing information that has already been stored in memory.
Incorrect! Try again.
7Recognizing a familiar face is an example of which process?
Memory processes
Easy
A.Motivation
B.Encoding
C.Retrieval
D.Storage
Correct Answer: Retrieval
Explanation:
Recognizing a face requires retrieving previously stored information.
Incorrect! Try again.
8Which process usually comes first when learning new information?
Memory processes
Easy
A.Forgetting
B.Reconstruction
C.Retrieval
D.Encoding
Correct Answer: Encoding
Explanation:
Information must first be encoded before it can be stored and later retrieved.
Incorrect! Try again.
9Which model describes memory as sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory?
Models of memory
Easy
A.Levels-of-processing model
B.Behaviorist learning model
C.Working-memory model
D.Atkinson–Shiffrin model
Correct Answer: Atkinson–Shiffrin model
Explanation:
The Atkinson–Shiffrin model explains memory using sensory, short-term, and long-term stores.
Incorrect! Try again.
10Which memory store briefly holds information received through the senses?
Models of memory
Easy
A.Procedural memory
B.Sensory memory
C.Long-term memory
D.Short-term memory
Correct Answer: Sensory memory
Explanation:
Sensory memory holds sensory information for a very brief period.
Incorrect! Try again.
11Which memory store holds information for a short period and has limited capacity?
Models of memory
Easy
A.Semantic memory
B.Sensory memory
C.Short-term memory
D.Long-term memory
Correct Answer: Short-term memory
Explanation:
Short-term memory temporarily holds a limited amount of information.
Incorrect! Try again.
12Which type of memory can store information for a long time?
Models of memory
Easy
A.Echoic memory
B.Immediate memory
C.Long-term memory
D.Sensory memory
Correct Answer: Long-term memory
Explanation:
Long-term memory stores information for extended periods, sometimes throughout life.
Incorrect! Try again.
13Working memory is mainly used for what purpose?
Models of memory
Easy
A.Recording every sensory detail
B.Holding and using information briefly
C.Removing unwanted memories
D.Storing all experiences permanently
Correct Answer: Holding and using information briefly
Explanation:
Working memory temporarily holds and manipulates information during mental tasks.
Incorrect! Try again.
14Which technique involves reviewing information at increasing time intervals?
Techniques to improve memory
Easy
A.Sensory adaptation
B.Spaced practice
C.Massed practice
D.Free association
Correct Answer: Spaced practice
Explanation:
Spaced practice improves learning by distributing study sessions over time.
Incorrect! Try again.
15What is a mnemonic?
Techniques to improve memory
Easy
A.A treatment for vision problems
B.A test of physical strength
C.A condition that causes sleep
D.A method that aids remembering
Correct Answer: A method that aids remembering
Explanation:
A mnemonic is a strategy, such as an acronym, that helps people remember information.
Incorrect! Try again.
16Which study method involves explaining information in your own words?
Techniques to improve memory
Easy
A.Random guessing
B.Visual masking
C.Passive listening
D.Elaborative rehearsal
Correct Answer: Elaborative rehearsal
Explanation:
Elaborative rehearsal connects new information with meaning and existing knowledge.
Incorrect! Try again.
17Why can grouping items into categories improve memory?
Techniques to improve memory
Easy
A.It removes the need for attention
B.It prevents information from being encoded
C.It makes every memory permanent
D.It makes information easier to organize
Correct Answer: It makes information easier to organize
Explanation:
Organizing information into meaningful groups makes it easier to encode and retrieve.
Incorrect! Try again.
18What is forgetting?
Causes of forgetting
Easy
A.The ability to store new information
B.The act of repeating information aloud
C.The inability to retrieve stored information
D.The process of improving concentration
Correct Answer: The inability to retrieve stored information
Explanation:
Forgetting occurs when stored information cannot be accessed or retrieved.
Incorrect! Try again.
19Which factor can cause forgetting by competing with other memories?
Causes of forgetting
Easy
A.Attention
B.Motivation
C.Rehearsal
D.Interference
Correct Answer: Interference
Explanation:
Interference occurs when other information makes it difficult to remember the target information.
Incorrect! Try again.
20Forgetting information because it was never properly learned is most closely related to what?
Causes of forgetting
Easy
A.Poor encoding
B.Successful retrieval
C.Deep processing
D.Repeated rehearsal
Correct Answer: Poor encoding
Explanation:
If information is not properly encoded, it may not enter memory clearly enough to be remembered.
Incorrect! Try again.
21A student remembers how to operate a familiar bicycle even after not riding for several months. Which aspect of memory is best illustrated?
Meaning and definition of memory
Medium
A.The loss of information through interference
B.The ability to store and later use information
C.The temporary registration of sensory input
D.The conscious rehearsal of every movement
Correct Answer: The ability to store and later use information
Explanation:
Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information or skills over time.
Incorrect! Try again.
22When a person recognizes a song but cannot recall where they first heard it, which memory function is operating most clearly?
Meaning and definition of memory
Medium
A.Recognition of previously encountered information
B.Permanent storage of every surrounding detail
C.Complete reconstruction of an original event
D.Removal of unrelated information from awareness
Correct Answer: Recognition of previously encountered information
Explanation:
Recognition occurs when a person identifies information as familiar, even when its original context is unavailable.
Incorrect! Try again.
23A learner connects a new psychology concept to an example from daily life. Which memory process is being used most directly?
Memory processes
Medium
A.Decay
B.Encoding
C.Storage
D.Retrieval
Correct Answer: Encoding
Explanation:
Encoding transforms incoming information into a form that can be stored and later accessed.
Incorrect! Try again.
24During an examination, a student brings previously studied definitions into conscious awareness. This is an example of:
Memory processes
Medium
A.Memory consolidation
B.Sensory registration
C.Stimulus generalization
D.Memory retrieval
Correct Answer: Memory retrieval
Explanation:
Retrieval is the process of accessing information that has previously been encoded and stored.
Incorrect! Try again.
25A student studies vocabulary shortly before sleeping and remembers it better the next day. Which process most likely contributed to this improvement?
Memory processes
Medium
A.Consolidation of newly learned information
B.Replacement of old memories by new ones
C.Conversion of explicit memories into reflexes
D.Reduction of attention during learning
Correct Answer: Consolidation of newly learned information
Explanation:
Consolidation stabilizes and strengthens new memories, and sleep can support this process.
Incorrect! Try again.
26A witness initially remembers a red car but later reports it as blue after discussing the event with others. Which process best explains this change?
Memory processes
Medium
A.Memory reconstruction influenced by later information
B.Improved encoding caused by repeated questioning
C.Automatic transfer from sensory to short-term memory
D.Complete elimination of the original memory trace
Correct Answer: Memory reconstruction influenced by later information
Explanation:
Recall is reconstructive, so post-event information can alter how an earlier event is remembered.
Incorrect! Try again.
27In the multistore model, information about a flashing light is briefly registered before attention determines whether it enters short-term memory. Which sequence is correct?
The multistore model proposes a flow from sensory memory to short-term memory and then, with rehearsal, to long-term memory.
Incorrect! Try again.
28A person repeats a telephone number silently while searching for a pen. In Baddeley and Hitch's working-memory model, which component is most directly involved?
Models of memory
Medium
A.Phonological loop
B.Episodic buffer
C.Visuospatial sketchpad
D.Central executive
Correct Answer: Phonological loop
Explanation:
The phonological loop temporarily maintains and rehearses speech-based or auditory information.
Incorrect! Try again.
29While following a map, a traveler mentally rotates streets and remembers their locations. Which working-memory component is primarily being used?
Models of memory
Medium
A.Central executive
B.Episodic buffer
C.Phonological loop
D.Visuospatial sketchpad
Correct Answer: Visuospatial sketchpad
Explanation:
The visuospatial sketchpad temporarily holds and manipulates visual and spatial information.
Incorrect! Try again.
30A learner combines facts from a lecture with personal experiences to understand a new story. Which working-memory component best integrates these sources?
Models of memory
Medium
A.Sensory register
B.Phonological loop
C.Episodic buffer
D.Visuospatial sketchpad
Correct Answer: Episodic buffer
Explanation:
The episodic buffer integrates information from different systems with material from long-term memory.
Incorrect! Try again.
31A person plans a complex route while shifting attention between a map, traffic signs, and time limits. Which working-memory component coordinates these activities?
Models of memory
Medium
A.Phonological loop
B.Sensory register
C.Procedural memory
D.Central executive
Correct Answer: Central executive
Explanation:
The central executive allocates attention and coordinates the activities of working-memory systems.
Incorrect! Try again.
32A pianist can perform a familiar sequence smoothly but has difficulty explaining each finger movement. This performance mainly depends on:
Models of memory
Medium
A.Sensory memory
B.Semantic memory
C.Procedural memory
D.Episodic memory
Correct Answer: Procedural memory
Explanation:
Procedural memory stores learned skills and actions that can often be performed without conscious verbal recall.
Incorrect! Try again.
33Remembering the date of a historical event differs from remembering a personal birthday celebration because the first is primarily semantic and the second is primarily:
34A student reviews material over several short sessions instead of studying for one long session. Which technique is being applied?
Techniques to improve memory
Medium
A.Response suppression
B.Free association
C.Massed practice
D.Spacing
Correct Answer: Spacing
Explanation:
Spacing distributes learning across time and generally produces better long-term retention than cramming.
Incorrect! Try again.
35After reading a chapter, a student closes the book and writes everything remembered before checking the text. Which technique is this?
Techniques to improve memory
Medium
A.Retrieval practice
B.Passive rereading
C.Progressive relaxation
D.Sensory adaptation
Correct Answer: Retrieval practice
Explanation:
Retrieval practice strengthens memory by requiring information to be actively recalled rather than merely reread.
Incorrect! Try again.
36To remember the order of operations, a learner creates a meaningful sentence using the initial letters of the steps. This strategy is called:
Techniques to improve memory
Medium
A.Habituation
B.Acronym-based mnemonics
C.Retroactive inhibition
D.Chunking
Correct Answer: Acronym-based mnemonics
Explanation:
An acronym mnemonic uses initial letters or a memorable phrase to make ordered information easier to retrieve.
Incorrect! Try again.
37A learner groups a ten-digit telephone number into three meaningful sections. Which memory technique is illustrated?
Techniques to improve memory
Medium
A.State-dependent learning
B.Elaborative rehearsal
C.Chunking
D.Directed forgetting
Correct Answer: Chunking
Explanation:
Chunking combines individual items into meaningful units, reducing the number of separate units held in working memory.
Incorrect! Try again.
38After learning a new password, a person can no longer remember the old password. Which explanation best fits this example?
Causes of forgetting
Medium
A.Context-dependent retrieval
B.Proactive interference
C.Retroactive interference
D.Sensory decay
Correct Answer: Retroactive interference
Explanation:
Retroactive interference occurs when newer learning disrupts recall of previously learned information.
Incorrect! Try again.
39A student continues to type an old computer shortcut after learning a new shortcut for the same function. Which cause of forgetting is most likely?
Causes of forgetting
Medium
A.Decay of sensory memory
B.Retroactive interference
C.Proactive interference
D.Motivated forgetting
Correct Answer: Proactive interference
Explanation:
Proactive interference occurs when older information interferes with learning or recalling newer information.
Incorrect! Try again.
40A student knows the answer to a question but recalls it only after returning to the classroom where it was studied. Which explanation is most appropriate?
Causes of forgetting
Medium
A.Context-dependent retrieval
B.Complete memory erasure
C.Overlearning without encoding
D.Retroactive interference
Correct Answer: Context-dependent retrieval
Explanation:
Environmental cues present during learning can help retrieve information when the person returns to a similar context.
Incorrect! Try again.
41A student recalls a childhood event, but later evidence shows that some details were suggested by family members. Which conclusion best reflects the psychological definition of memory?
Meaning and definition of memory
Hard
A.Memory is a reconstructed process influenced by encoding and retrieval
B.Memory is accurate whenever confidence is high
C.Memory is limited to information stored consciously
D.Memory is a permanent recording of experienced events
Correct Answer: Memory is a reconstructed process influenced by encoding and retrieval
Explanation:
Memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval, but retrieved information can be reconstructed and altered by later suggestions.
Incorrect! Try again.
42A learner studies a concept by connecting it to prior knowledge, later recalls it without prompts, and then applies it to a new problem. Which sequence best identifies the dominant processes involved?
Memory processes
Hard
A.Storage, recognition, and rehearsal
B.Elaborative encoding, retrieval, and transfer
C.Chunking, implicit learning, and relearning
D.Sensory registration, maintenance rehearsal, and recognition
Correct Answer: Elaborative encoding, retrieval, and transfer
Explanation:
Connecting new material to existing knowledge supports elaborative encoding; recalling it involves retrieval, and using it in a novel context demonstrates transfer.
Incorrect! Try again.
43A person can repeat a seven-digit number immediately but remembers little of a competing conversation heard at the same time. Which interpretation most directly follows from working-memory theory?
Models of memory
Hard
A.Working memory uses limited-capacity systems for active processing
B.Sensory memory stores verbal information for several minutes
C.Long-term memory prevents all unattended information from fading
D.Short-term memory stores unlimited information briefly
Correct Answer: Working memory uses limited-capacity systems for active processing
Explanation:
Working memory temporarily maintains and manipulates information through limited-capacity components, including systems specialized for verbal and visuospatial material.
Incorrect! Try again.
44Which study plan would most likely produce the strongest long-term retention of unfamiliar concepts?
Techniques to improve memory
Hard
A.Reread the chapter repeatedly in one sitting
B.Memorize isolated terms immediately before the examination
C.Highlight definitions and review them once before testing
D.Use spaced retrieval with explanations and varied examples
Correct Answer: Use spaced retrieval with explanations and varied examples
Explanation:
Spacing, active retrieval, elaboration, and varied application strengthen durable learning more effectively than massed rereading or last-minute memorization.
Incorrect! Try again.
45Students learn List A, then List B, and later recall fewer words from List A than students who studied no second list. This result most strongly demonstrates:
Causes of forgetting
Hard
A.Retroactive interference from List B
B.Decay caused by sensory register limits
C.Proactive interference from List A
D.State-dependent forgetting during retrieval
Correct Answer: Retroactive interference from List B
Explanation:
Newly learned List B interferes with later retrieval of previously learned List A, which is retroactive interference.
Incorrect! Try again.
46A witness initially reports a red jacket, but after hearing repeated descriptions of a blue jacket, later remembers seeing blue. Which process best explains the change?
Memory processes
Hard
A.Post-event memory updating
B.Procedural consolidation
C.Maintenance rehearsal
D.Encoding specificity
Correct Answer: Post-event memory updating
Explanation:
Information encountered after an event can become integrated into or alter the original memory representation, producing misinformation effects.
Incorrect! Try again.
47A patient can improve at mirror tracing without consciously recalling previous practice sessions. Which distinction is most clearly illustrated?
Models of memory
Hard
A.Prospective memory versus prospective rehearsal
B.Sensory memory versus short-term memory
C.Episodic memory versus semantic memory
D.Implicit memory versus explicit memory
Correct Answer: Implicit memory versus explicit memory
Explanation:
Improved performance without conscious recollection reflects implicit procedural memory, whereas deliberate recollection would involve explicit memory.
Incorrect! Try again.
48Why can a person recognize a familiar face yet be unable to recall the person’s name?
Meaning and definition of memory
Hard
A.Recognition provides cues that recall may lack
B.Recall is always less accurate than recognition
C.Names are stored only in sensory memory
D.Recognition and recall rely on identical retrieval demands
Correct Answer: Recognition provides cues that recall may lack
Explanation:
Recognition supplies the target as a retrieval cue, while recall requires generating the information with fewer external supports.
Incorrect! Try again.
49A researcher finds that participants remember a word better when tested in the same room where they studied it. Which model-based principle does this finding support?
Models of memory
Hard
A.Levels of processing
B.Encoding specificity
C.Serial-position effect
D.Working-memory displacement
Correct Answer: Encoding specificity
Explanation:
Encoding specificity predicts better retrieval when contextual cues present during encoding are reinstated during testing.
Incorrect! Try again.
50A student answers practice questions without looking at notes, checks errors, and repeats the test several days later. Why is this method superior to rereading alone?
Techniques to improve memory
Hard
A.Rereading prevents any information from entering long-term memory
B.Repeated questioning converts all facts into procedural memories
C.Retrieval practice strengthens access pathways and reveals gaps
D.Testing eliminates interference by removing older memories
Correct Answer: Retrieval practice strengthens access pathways and reveals gaps
Explanation:
Actively retrieving information improves later accessibility and provides feedback about what still requires study.
Incorrect! Try again.
51A learner knows a fact during practice but cannot recall it during an exam held after unusually poor sleep. Which explanation is most defensible?
Causes of forgetting
Hard
A.The fact moved from long-term to sensory memory
B.Sleep loss guarantees retroactive interference
C.The fact was permanently erased during sleep loss
D.Reduced attention and retrieval efficiency impaired access
Correct Answer: Reduced attention and retrieval efficiency impaired access
Explanation:
Poor sleep can disrupt encoding, consolidation, attention, and retrieval without implying that the memory trace has been permanently erased.
Incorrect! Try again.
52During studying, a learner organizes terms into categories, links each category to a vivid image, and later reconstructs the list from those links. Which process is most central?
Memory processes
Hard
A.Meaningless repetition
B.Automatic proceduralization
C.Elaborative organization
D.Sensory habituation
Correct Answer: Elaborative organization
Explanation:
Categorizing and connecting material to meaningful imagery creates organized retrieval structures and deeper encoding.
Incorrect! Try again.
53A participant recalls the first and last items of a list better than middle items. If the final items are tested after a delay, their advantage disappears. Which account best explains the pattern?
Models of memory
Hard
A.Both effects result exclusively from semantic similarity
Early items often receive more rehearsal and enter long-term memory, while late items benefit from short-term accessibility that declines after a delay.
Incorrect! Try again.
54A medical student studies symptoms by explaining why each symptom follows from a physiological mechanism rather than memorizing symptom lists. Which principle is being applied?
Techniques to improve memory
Hard
A.Semantic elaboration
B.Simple maintenance rehearsal
C.Uncued recognition training
D.Shallow structural encoding
Correct Answer: Semantic elaboration
Explanation:
Explaining causal relationships adds meaning and connections, producing deeper semantic encoding than repetition of isolated lists.
Incorrect! Try again.
55A person repeatedly fails to recall a rarely used password but recognizes it immediately when shown several alternatives. Which explanation best fits this pattern?
Causes of forgetting
Hard
A.The password was never encoded because recognition is easier
B.The password was converted into procedural memory
C.Recognition proves that forgetting was caused by decay alone
D.Retrieval failure occurred because available cues were insufficient
Correct Answer: Retrieval failure occurred because available cues were insufficient
Explanation:
The information may remain stored but inaccessible during free recall; alternatives provide cues that support recognition.
Incorrect! Try again.
56Two people experience the same lecture but later remember different examples because they focused on different details. What does this demonstrate about memory?
Meaning and definition of memory
Hard
A.Memory depends partly on selective attention during encoding
B.Memory preserves every experienced detail equally
C.Memory is independent of personal interpretation
D.Memory differences occur only after retrieval begins
Correct Answer: Memory depends partly on selective attention during encoding
Explanation:
Attention determines which aspects of an event receive sufficient processing to become more accessible in later memory.
Incorrect! Try again.
57A learner studies material while mildly anxious and recalls it better when experiencing similar anxiety, although performance is poorer in both conditions than when calm. Which conclusion is most appropriate?
Memory processes
Hard
A.Emotional states affect only sensory memory
B.Matching states guarantee accurate recollection
C.State-dependent cues can aid retrieval without improving learning quality
D.Anxiety always improves both encoding and retrieval
Correct Answer: State-dependent cues can aid retrieval without improving learning quality
Explanation:
Matching internal states can provide retrieval cues, but a matching state does not necessarily make the original encoding more effective or accurate.
Incorrect! Try again.
58A person can hold a phone number in mind while simultaneously calculating a tip, but performance declines when both tasks require verbal information. Which model best predicts this result?
Models of memory
Hard
A.A long-term system in which capacity is unlimited
B.A sensory register that stores all inputs indefinitely
C.A working-memory system with partially distinct resources
D.A unitary short-term store with no specialized components
Correct Answer: A working-memory system with partially distinct resources
Explanation:
Tasks competing for the same working-memory subsystem interfere more than tasks using different representational resources.
Incorrect! Try again.
59Which revision strategy best balances desirable difficulty with protection against ineffective struggle?
Techniques to improve memory
Hard
A.Avoid testing until every detail feels familiar
B.Practice only in the exact format used on the exam
C.Reread difficult sections continuously without interruption
D.Use increasingly delayed retrieval with feedback after attempts
Correct Answer: Use increasingly delayed retrieval with feedback after attempts
Explanation:
Delayed retrieval strengthens memory, while feedback corrects errors and prevents repeated practice of misconceptions.
Incorrect! Try again.
60A student learns Spanish vocabulary and later finds that earlier French vocabulary disrupts recall of Spanish translations. This is an example of:
Causes of forgetting
Hard
A.Retroactive interference
B.Encoding failure
C.Context reinstatement
D.Proactive interference
Correct Answer: Proactive interference
Explanation:
Earlier learning interferes with the acquisition or retrieval of newer information, which defines proactive interference.
Incorrect! Try again.
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