Unit 2: The evolutionary perspective - Practice Quiz

PBA112 — Elements Of Public Administration 60 Questions
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1 Which stage is commonly associated with the early study of public administration?

stages in the evolution Easy
A. New Public Management
B. Classical approach
C. Behavioral approach
D. Public choice approach

2 Which approach focused strongly on formal organization and administrative principles?

stages in the evolution Easy
A. New Public Administration
B. Classical approach
C. Public choice approach
D. Human relations approach

3 Which stage emphasized the importance of human behavior in organizations?

stages in the evolution Easy
A. Public choice approach
B. Legal approach
C. Classical approach
D. Human relations approach

4 The behavioral approach in public administration mainly studies which factor?

stages in the evolution Easy
A. Human behavior
B. Physical buildings
C. Court procedures
D. Budget totals

5 Which approach gave greater attention to administrative efficiency and measurable results?

stages in the evolution Easy
A. Human relations approach
B. New Public Management
C. Traditional legal approach
D. Classical approach

6 What is a major concern of New Public Administration?

new public administration Easy
A. Social equity
B. Religious authority
C. Private profit
D. Military expansion

7 New Public Administration developed partly in response to concerns about which issue?

new public administration Easy
A. Office decoration
B. Industrial design
C. Social inequality
D. Foreign exchange

8 Which value is closely linked with New Public Administration?

new public administration Easy
A. Secrecy
B. Monopoly
C. Responsiveness
D. Impersonal growth

9 New Public Administration views public administrators as having a responsibility to promote what?

new public administration Easy
A. Organizational secrecy
B. Political inheritance
C. Justice
D. Market dominance

10 Which statement best describes New Public Administration?

new public administration Easy
A. It supports profit as the main goal.
B. It focuses only on formal rules.
C. It rejects all public services.
D. It links administration with social values.

11 What is the main focus of New Public Management?

new public management Easy
A. Efficiency and performance
B. Removal of all targets
C. Ceremonial administration
D. Complete secrecy

12 New Public Management often applies ideas from which sector to government?

new public management Easy
A. Religious sector
B. Private sector
C. Military sector
D. Agricultural sector

13 Which practice is associated with New Public Management?

new public management Easy
A. Performance measurement
B. Unlimited procedures
C. Permanent secrecy
D. Removal of accountability

14 In New Public Management, citizens are often viewed as what?

new public management Easy
A. Employees
B. Shareholders
C. Customers
D. Judges

15 Which method may be used in New Public Management to deliver public services?

new public management Easy
A. Banning evaluation
B. Ending all services
C. Ignoring service quality
D. Contracting out

16 The public choice approach applies economic reasoning to the study of what?

public choice approach Easy
A. Literary styles
B. Weather patterns
C. Political and administrative decisions
D. Historical monuments

17 According to the public choice approach, public officials are generally assumed to be motivated by what?

public choice approach Easy
A. Natural forces
B. Cultural symbols
C. Random behavior
D. Self-interest

18 Which institution does the public choice approach often compare with a market?

public choice approach Easy
A. Family
B. Museum
C. Government
D. School

19 What problem does the public choice approach often associate with government monopolies?

public choice approach Easy
A. Greater rainfall
B. Faster population growth
C. Improved artistic quality
D. Lower efficiency

20 Which idea is supported by the public choice approach as a way to improve public services?

public choice approach Easy
A. Competition
B. Secrecy
C. Centralization only
D. Unlimited regulation

21 A government department is organized around clear functions, formal rules, and a strict hierarchy. Which stage in the evolution of public administration does this arrangement most closely reflect?

stages in the evolution Medium
A. Public choice approach
B. Participatory governance approach
C. New public management approach
D. Classical administrative approach

22 An administrator improves productivity by studying employee motivation, group relationships, and informal communication. Which intellectual development is being applied?

stages in the evolution Medium
A. Legal-institutional approach
B. Scientific management approach
C. Human relations approach
D. Public choice approach

23 A policy team examines how political, economic, and social factors interact before recommending an administrative reform. This reflects which perspective?

stages in the evolution Medium
A. Purely legal approach
B. Mechanistic approach
C. Classical approach
D. Ecological approach

24 A reform program treats an agency as a set of interdependent units whose activities affect one another and the external environment. Which perspective is most relevant?

stages in the evolution Medium
A. Individual-choice approach
B. Traditional legal approach
C. Systems approach
D. Scientific management approach

25 Which change best illustrates the movement from traditional public administration toward more contemporary approaches?

stages in the evolution Medium
A. From public service to private profit
B. From accountability to administrative secrecy
C. From rule compliance to performance results
D. From citizen needs to organizational isolation

26 A public agency gives priority to services for disadvantaged communities, even when those services are more difficult and costly to deliver. Which principle of new public administration is most clearly demonstrated?

new public administration Medium
A. Profit maximization
B. Organizational centralization
C. Administrative neutrality
D. Social equity

27 A city changes its housing policy after discovering that a formally equal rule disproportionately harms low-income residents. This action best reflects the concern of new public administration with:

new public administration Medium
A. Maximum managerial autonomy
B. Reduced political involvement
C. Strict procedural uniformity
D. Unequal policy effects

28 Which administrative decision is most consistent with the value-oriented character of new public administration?

new public administration Medium
A. Avoiding all value judgments in administration
B. Including marginalized groups in policy design
C. Selecting programs solely by operating cost
D. Restricting participation to senior officials

29 An agency evaluates a program by asking whether it improves living conditions for vulnerable citizens rather than only whether it follows established procedures. This illustrates:

new public administration Medium
A. A return to rigid hierarchy
B. A concern with relevance
C. A focus on internal discipline
D. A rejection of accountability

30 A public administrator openly supports a reform intended to reduce discrimination in access to government services. Which view of administration does this action represent?

new public administration Medium
A. Administration as completely value-free
B. Administration as commercially competitive
C. Administration as socially responsible
D. Administration as exclusively technical

31 A ministry allows managers to choose how to achieve targets but evaluates them using measurable service indicators. Which feature of new public management is illustrated?

new public management Medium
A. Political direction without service targets
B. Managerial autonomy with performance control
C. Centralized rules with no evaluation
D. Lifetime administration without measurement

32 A government contracts a private firm to collect household waste and compares its results with those of a municipal provider. Which NPM instrument is being used?

new public management Medium
A. Legislative oversight
B. Administrative integration
C. Competitive contracting
D. Bureaucratic standardization

33 A public hospital receives funding partly according to the number and quality of treatments it provides. This arrangement most directly reflects:

new public management Medium
A. Input-based budgeting
B. Seniority-based allocation
C. Uniform procedural financing
D. Output-based budgeting

34 A government agency separates policy formulation from service delivery and gives the delivery unit a formal service agreement. Which NPM practice does this represent?

new public management Medium
A. Agencification
B. Organizational merger
C. Community self-governance
D. Administrative politicization

35 A manager meets all numerical targets by reducing service quality and excluding difficult cases. What limitation of NPM does this example reveal?

new public management Medium
A. Customer focus removes all accountability
B. Delegation prevents managerial responsibility
C. Competition always eliminates efficiency
D. Performance measures can distort behavior

36 A public choice analyst predicts that elected officials may support a highly visible project because it increases their chances of reelection. Which assumption supports this prediction?

public choice approach Medium
A. Voters ignore visible policy benefits
B. Bureaucrats avoid all discretionary choices
C. Officials always maximize social welfare
D. Political actors pursue self-interest

37 A public choice explanation of bureaucratic expansion would most likely argue that agencies grow because:

public choice approach Medium
A. Managers reject additional authority
B. Citizens always demand smaller government
C. Legislatures prevent organizational growth
D. Bureaucrats seek larger budgets and influence

38 Several agencies offer similar services, and a reform permits citizens to choose among them using service vouchers. The reform is based mainly on the public choice idea that:

public choice approach Medium
A. Choice increases administrative secrecy
B. Monopoly guarantees better innovation
C. Central control eliminates all inefficiency
D. Competition can improve service responsiveness

39 A narrowly organized interest group obtains a subsidy whose cost is spread across millions of taxpayers. Which public choice concept best explains why the subsidy may persist?

public choice approach Medium
A. Universal benefits and concentrated costs
B. Concentrated benefits and dispersed costs
C. Administrative neutrality
D. Complete voter information

40 A citizen has little incentive to learn the details of a complex budget because the cost of gaining information exceeds the likely personal benefit. This situation illustrates:

public choice approach Medium
A. Rational ignorance
B. Social equity
C. Organizational learning
D. Managerial autonomy

41 Which sequence most accurately represents the broad intellectual movement in public administration from classical to contemporary approaches?

stages in the evolution Hard
A. Administrative principles, human relations, public choice, and constitutionalism
B. Scientific management, comparative administration, New Public Management, and administrative ecology
C. Politics-administration dichotomy, classical administration, behavioralism, and digital governance
D. Classical administration, behavioral and human-relations approaches, New Public Administration, New Public Management, and governance-oriented approaches

42 An agency introduces standardized procedures but later grants frontline workers discretion after discovering that identical rules produce unequal outcomes across communities. Which evolutionary transition does this best illustrate?

stages in the evolution Hard
A. A shift from administrative neutrality to administrative ecology
B. A return from democratic administration to the politics-administration dichotomy
C. A replacement of New Public Management by scientific management
D. A movement from classical principles toward behavioral and situational analysis

43 Why did the politics-administration dichotomy become increasingly difficult to sustain as a complete description of administrative work?

stages in the evolution Hard
A. Administrative agencies became entirely independent of elected officials
B. Political institutions stopped influencing budgets and organizational design
C. Administrators began to replace legislatures as constitutional authorities
D. Administrative decisions increasingly involved value choices, implementation discretion, and policy interpretation

44 A reform program combines hierarchy, professional expertise, citizen participation, performance measurement, and interorganizational networks. What is the most defensible interpretation of this arrangement?

stages in the evolution Hard
A. It is a pure example of the politics-administration dichotomy
B. It demonstrates that bureaucracy is incompatible with democratic participation
C. It proves that one evolutionary stage has completely displaced all earlier stages
D. It represents institutional layering, in which newer reforms coexist with inherited administrative forms

45 Which observation most strongly supports the claim that administrative evolution is context-dependent rather than universally sequential?

stages in the evolution Hard
A. A country introduces performance contracts while retaining highly centralized personnel rules
B. New administrative theories eliminate the relevance of earlier organizational principles
C. Every administrative system moves from hierarchy to markets without reversal
D. All countries adopt identical reforms after the same economic crisis

46 A welfare agency meets its aggregate service targets but systematically underserves remote and minority communities. From a New Public Administration perspective, the central criticism is that the agency has neglected:

new public administration Hard
A. Budgetary authorization
B. Administrative neutrality
C. Organizational hierarchy
D. Social equity

47 Which policy design best reflects the New Public Administration principle that administrators should be responsive to marginalized citizens?

new public administration Hard
A. Restricting participation to formally recognized professional associations
B. Allocating additional outreach resources to communities facing documented access barriers
C. Using a uniform service model to minimize political influence
D. Rewarding offices solely according to the number of cases closed

48 An administrator must choose between a cheaper policy that preserves existing disparities and a costlier policy that substantially improves access for excluded groups. Which justification is most consistent with New Public Administration?

new public administration Hard
A. Choose the costlier policy because equity is an independent administrative value
B. Choose either policy because administrators should avoid all value judgments
C. Choose the cheaper policy unless a legislature specifies every affected group
D. Choose the cheaper policy because efficiency always overrides distribution

49 Which tension is most characteristic of New Public Administration rather than a simple efficiency-centered model?

new public administration Hard
A. Whether agencies should maintain records in paper or digital form
B. Whether administrative responsiveness may require discretion that complicates uniform treatment
C. Whether a rule should be written in formal or informal language
D. Whether organizational charts should display departments vertically or horizontally

50 A department creates participatory forums, but officials use them only to ratify decisions already made and exclude low-income residents through inconvenient meeting times. What is the strongest New Public Administration assessment?

new public administration Hard
A. The department has implemented market competition through public deliberation
B. The department has achieved participation because consultation occurred
C. The department has improved neutrality by preventing citizen influence
D. The department has created symbolic participation without meaningful responsiveness or equity

51 A ministry pays schools according to graduation rates, after which schools exclude difficult students and inflate completion records. Which New Public Management problem is most directly illustrated?

new public management Hard
A. The constitutional separation of powers
B. Administrative federalism
C. The elimination of managerial discretion
D. Goal displacement and gaming caused by poorly designed performance measures

52 Which contractual arrangement best addresses the risk that a private contractor will reduce service quality in dimensions that are difficult to observe?

new public management Hard
A. Let the contractor define all performance criteria after delivery
B. Use only a fixed payment and prohibit all monitoring
C. Use outcome measures, independent audits, complaint mechanisms, and carefully specified quality standards
D. Award the contract solely to the lowest initial bidder

53 A public hospital is granted managerial autonomy and told to compete for patients, but its emergency-care obligations remain universal and unprofitable. Which criticism of New Public Management is most relevant?

new public management Hard
A. Managerial autonomy necessarily prevents all innovation in public organizations
B. Market mechanisms always produce higher costs than traditional hierarchy
C. Universal obligations are incompatible with any form of performance measurement
D. Competition may undermine universal obligations when revenue incentives conflict with equity and public-service duties

54 Which combination most clearly distinguishes New Public Management from traditional bureaucratic administration?

new public management Hard
A. Informal norms, kinship networks, personal loyalty, and administrative secrecy
B. Managerial autonomy, competition, explicit performance standards, and output-oriented accountability
C. Input controls, tenure, uniform procedures, and centralized authorization
D. Citizen assemblies, distributive justice, deliberation, and constitutional review

55 An agency improves its measured processing speed by rejecting complex applications more frequently. Which redesign would most directly reduce this adverse incentive?

new public management Hard
A. Allow each office to select whichever indicator produces the best ranking
B. Increase the weight of speed while removing all qualitative review
C. Replace all performance information with seniority-based promotion
D. Use a balanced indicator set that includes accuracy, accessibility, complexity, and long-term outcomes

56 In the public choice approach, why might a program persist even when its aggregate social benefits are lower than its costs?

public choice approach Hard
A. Public officials are assumed to maximize social welfare perfectly
B. Bureaucrats cannot influence policy after legislation is enacted
C. Competition automatically eliminates programs with negative net benefits
D. Concentrated beneficiaries may organize effectively while diffuse taxpayers face weak incentives to oppose it

57 A regulatory agency receives detailed technical information from the industry it regulates, while consumers lack comparable expertise and organization. Which public choice concern is most applicable?

public choice approach Hard
A. The irrelevance of organized interests to administrative outcomes
B. The automatic correction of government failure through hierarchy
C. The complete absence of bureaucratic discretion
D. Regulatory capture supported by information asymmetry

58 Which institutional reform is most consistent with the public choice response to bureaucratic budget maximization?

public choice approach Hard
A. Grant agencies indefinite budgets with no comparative evaluation
B. Introduce competition, sunset reviews, transparent cost information, and limits on discretionary expansion
C. Increase organizational secrecy to protect administrative expertise
D. Centralize every operational decision in the agency's senior office

59 A city allows residents to choose among nearby providers of publicly funded services, but all providers must meet common standards. Which public choice logic is being applied?

public choice approach Hard
A. Replace collective decisions entirely with administrative hierarchy
B. Treat public services as rights that cannot involve institutional comparison
C. Use exit and competition to discipline providers while preserving public financing
D. Eliminate consumer choice to prevent all forms of opportunism

60 Which scenario most clearly illustrates a collective-action problem rather than a simple lack of public information?

public choice approach Hard
A. Citizens oppose a policy after receiving incorrect statistical data
B. A small group obtains a costly subsidy while each taxpayer bears a negligible individual cost of opposition
C. An agency publishes complete budget data in an inaccessible format
D. A minister changes policy after receiving conflicting expert forecasts