1Which of the following is a primary merit of sexual propagation?
A.Shorter juvenile phase
B.Development of new varieties through hybridization
C.Production of true-to-type plants
D.Avoidance of viral transmission
Correct Answer: Development of new varieties through hybridization
Explanation:
Sexual propagation involves meiosis and fertilization, creating genetic variation which offers a chance to develop new varieties (hybrids) with desirable traits.
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2Plants raised from seeds usually have a longer juvenile phase compared to vegetatively propagated plants. This is a known:
A.Merit of sexual propagation
B.Demerit of asexual propagation
C.Demerit of sexual propagation
D.Merit of asexual propagation
Correct Answer: Demerit of sexual propagation
Explanation:
Seedling plants take a longer time to reach reproductive maturity (flowering and fruiting) compared to cloned plants, which is considered a disadvantage (demerit) in commercial fruit production.
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3Which type of dormancy is caused by an impermeable or hard seed coat?
A.Double dormancy
B.Physical dormancy
C.Morphological dormancy
D.Physiological dormancy
Correct Answer: Physical dormancy
Explanation:
Physical dormancy (exogenous) is caused by hard seed coats that prevent water uptake or gas exchange. It is common in legumes.
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4The process of mechanically or chemically altering a hard seed coat to make it permeable to water is called:
A.Stratification
B.Vernalization
C.Hardening
D.Scarification
Correct Answer: Scarification
Explanation:
Scarification involves scratching, breaking, or chemically etching the seed coat to overcome physical dormancy.
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5Moist-chilling treatment given to seeds to overcome physiological dormancy is known as:
A.Stratification
B.Scarification
C.Pasteurization
D.Fumigation
Correct Answer: Stratification
Explanation:
Stratification mimics winter conditions by exposing seeds to moisture and low temperatures ( to ) to break internal physiological dormancy.
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6In which type of germination do the cotyledons remain below the soil surface?
A.Precocious germination
B.Epigeal germination
C.Viviparous germination
D.Hypogeal germination
Correct Answer: Hypogeal germination
Explanation:
In hypogeal germination, the epicotyl elongates, and the cotyledons remain underground (e.g., Pea, Mango).
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7Which plant hormone is most commonly used to induce rooting in stem cuttings?
A.Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA)
B.Abscisic Acid (ABA)
C.Cytokinin
D.Gibberellic Acid ()
Correct Answer: Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA)
Explanation:
IBA is a synthetic auxin that is highly effective and stable for promoting adventitious root formation in cuttings.
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8What is the primary function of a Mist Chamber in propagation?
A.To provide carbon dioxide
B.To reduce light intensity
C.To increase temperature
D.To maintain high humidity and reduce transpiration
Correct Answer: To maintain high humidity and reduce transpiration
Explanation:
Mist chambers spray fine water droplets to keep the leaf surface cool and humid, preventing softwood cuttings from drying out before roots form.
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9Which propagation method involves removing a ring of bark from a branch while it is still attached to the parent plant and wrapping it with moist media?
A.Trench Layering
B.Tip Layering
C.Air Layering (Gootee)
D.Mound Layering
Correct Answer: Air Layering (Gootee)
Explanation:
Air layering (also known as Marcottage or Gootee) involves rooting a branch while it is in the air, attached to the parent, using moss and plastic wrapping.
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10The alignment of which tissue is most critical for a successful graft union?
A.Cortex
B.Vascular Cambium
C.Epidermis
D.Pith
Correct Answer: Vascular Cambium
Explanation:
The vascular cambium of the stock and scion must make intimate contact to produce new callus tissue that forms the bridge for water and nutrient transport.
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11Which of the following is a potential demerit of asexual (vegetative) propagation?
A.Plants tend to be larger and more vigorous
B.It is slower than sexual propagation
C.It creates genetic diversity
D.Systemic viral infections can be transmitted to the progeny
Correct Answer: Systemic viral infections can be transmitted to the progeny
Explanation:
Since asexual propagation is clonal, viruses present in the mother plant are passed directly to the offspring, unlike in seed propagation where many viruses are not seed-transmitted.
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12Polyembryony, where a single seed produces multiple seedlings, is commonly observed in:
A.Banana
B.Citrus
C.Apple
D.Grape
Correct Answer: Citrus
Explanation:
Citrus seeds are often polyembryonic, producing one sexual seedling and several nucellar (asexual/clonal) seedlings from the same seed.
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13Which chemical is primarily used for the Tetrazolium (TTC) test?
The TTC test determines seed viability. Living tissues stain red due to the reduction of TTC by dehydrogenase enzymes in respiration.
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14A seed that cannot withstand drying and low temperatures, and must be planted immediately after extraction, is called:
A.Orthodox seed
B.Quiescent seed
C.Recalcitrant seed
D.Dormant seed
Correct Answer: Recalcitrant seed
Explanation:
Recalcitrant seeds (e.g., Mango, Avocado) lose viability if dried below a critical moisture content or stored at low temperatures.
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15What is the term for the plant part that provides the root system in grafting?
A.Cambium
B.Interstock
C.Scion
D.Stock (Rootstock)
Correct Answer: Stock (Rootstock)
Explanation:
The stock or rootstock is the lower portion of the graft that develops into the root system.
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16Which grafting method is typically used to repair trees that have been damaged at the base (e.g., by rodents)?
A.Bridge grafting
B.Veneer grafting
C.Cleft grafting
D.Whip grafting
Correct Answer: Bridge grafting
Explanation:
Bridge grafting establishes a new vascular connection across a damaged area of the trunk to save the tree.
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17Stooling or Mound Layering is the commercial method of propagation for:
A.Guava
B.Mango
C.Banana
D.Papaya
Correct Answer: Guava
Explanation:
Stooling involves cutting the plant back to the ground and covering the new shoots with soil to induce rooting; it is standard for Guava and some Apple rootstocks.
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18In the context of propagation media, Vermiculite is best known for:
A.High cation exchange capacity and water retention
B.Providing nutrients
C.Improving drainage only
D.Low pH
Correct Answer: High cation exchange capacity and water retention
Explanation:
Vermiculite is an expanded mica mineral that holds water and nutrients well due to its high cation exchange capacity.
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19What is Top Working?
A.Applying fertilizer to the soil surface
B.Grafting a new cultivar onto the branches of an established tree
C.Pruning the top of the tree
D.Harvesting fruit from the top branches
Correct Answer: Grafting a new cultivar onto the branches of an established tree
Explanation:
Top working is used to change the variety of an existing tree by grafting scions of a new variety onto the limbs of the old tree.
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20Which type of budding is most successful when the bark 'slips' easily (i.e., active growth)?
A.Cleft grafting
B.Chip budding
C.Whip grafting
D.T-budding (Shield budding)
Correct Answer: T-budding (Shield budding)
Explanation:
T-budding requires the bark of the rootstock to separate easily from the wood ('slipping') to insert the bud shield.
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21When a scion overgrows the rootstock or vice versa, resulting in a distinct difference in diameter at the union, it is often a sign of:
A.Successful perfect union
B.Nutrient deficiency
C.Localized incompatibility
D.Pathogen attack
Correct Answer: Localized incompatibility
Explanation:
While some overgrowth can be normal, pronounced differences often indicate localized incompatibility or specific stock-scion growth rate differences.
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22The use of an Interstock is primarily to:
A.Increase fruit size
B.Overcome incompatibility between stock and scion
C.Speed up the grafting process
D.Save scion material
Correct Answer: Overcome incompatibility between stock and scion
Explanation:
An interstock is a piece of stem inserted between the rootstock and scion to bridge two incompatible varieties.
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23Which of the following is a characteristic of plants grown from seeds (sexual propagation)?
A.Identical to the parent
B.Shallow adventitious root system
C.Deep taproot system
D.High risk of viral transmission
Correct Answer: Deep taproot system
Explanation:
Seedlings develop a primary taproot derived from the radicle, which provides better anchorage compared to the adventitious roots of vegetative propagules.
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24What is the primary role of Perlite in a propagation mix?
A.pH buffering
B.Water retention
C.Nutrient supply
D.Aeration and drainage
Correct Answer: Aeration and drainage
Explanation:
Perlite is a volcanic glass that is expanded by heat; it is lightweight and provides excellent aeration and drainage.
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25Which substance is often responsible for chemical inhibition in seeds (Physiological dormancy)?
A.Cytokinins
B.Gibberellins
C.Abscisic Acid (ABA)
D.Auxins
Correct Answer: Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Explanation:
High levels of Abscisic Acid (ABA) in the seed coat or embryo often induce and maintain dormancy.
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26The 'East Malling' (e.g., M9) series of apple rootstocks became famous for introducing what characteristic to the scion?
A.Gigantism
B.Red fruit color
C.Dwarfing
D.Thornlessness
Correct Answer: Dwarfing
Explanation:
The East Malling rootstocks are standardized clonal rootstocks selected primarily for their ability to control tree size (dwarfing effect).
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27Which method of layering involves bending a branch to the ground and covering a portion of it with soil while the tip remains exposed?
A.Serpentine layering
B.Trench layering
C.Simple layering
D.Air layering
Correct Answer: Simple layering
Explanation:
Simple layering consists of bending a low-growing branch to the ground, pinning it, and covering a section with soil to induce rooting.
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28In micropropagation (tissue culture), the explant is sterilized and placed on a nutrient medium in conditions that are:
A.High temperature ()
B.Aseptic (Sterile)
C.Septic
D.Anaerobic
Correct Answer: Aseptic (Sterile)
Explanation:
Micropropagation requires strictly aseptic conditions to prevent bacterial or fungal contamination of the nutrient-rich medium.
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29Which of the following describes Epigeal Germination?
A.Cotyledons remain below ground
B.Seed germinates inside the fruit
C.Cotyledons are pushed above the soil surface
D.Radicle fails to emerge
Correct Answer: Cotyledons are pushed above the soil surface
Explanation:
In epigeal germination (e.g., Bean), the hypocotyl elongates and pulls the cotyledons above the soil surface.
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30Which grafting technique is also known as 'Tongue Grafting' due to the interlocking cut?
A.Splice grafting
B.Approach grafting
C.Whip and Tongue grafting
D.Saddle grafting
Correct Answer: Whip and Tongue grafting
Explanation:
A second 'tongue' cut is made in both the stock and scion to lock them together, providing stability and more cambial contact.
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31The gradual process of transitioning tissue-cultured or greenhouse plants to outdoor environmental conditions is called:
A.Etiolation
B.Vernalization
C.Hardening off
D.Stratification
Correct Answer: Hardening off
Explanation:
Hardening off involves gradually exposing plants to drier air, higher light, and temperature fluctuations to prepare them for field survival.
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32What is the phenomenon called when the stock and scion fail to form a successful union or the tree dies prematurely?
A.Chimera
B.Graft Incompatibility
C.Graft Compatibility
D.Stock-Scion Synergy
Correct Answer: Graft Incompatibility
Explanation:
Graft incompatibility is the inability of two different plant parts grafted together to produce a successful union and develop into a composite plant.
A hot bed is a low structure with a glass top where heat is provided, traditionally by fermenting manure, to aid seed germination or rooting.
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34In Approach Grafting, what is the unique requirement compared to other methods?
A.Both stock and scion remain on their own roots during the union process
B.It must be done in winter
C.The scion is detached before grafting
D.It requires no binding material
Correct Answer: Both stock and scion remain on their own roots during the union process
Explanation:
In approach grafting (Inarching), two independent plants are grafted together, and the scion is only severed from its parent after the union is successful.
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35A Lath House is primarily used for:
A.Micropropagation
B.Protecting plants from frost
C.Providing shade to young plants
D.Increasing temperature
Correct Answer: Providing shade to young plants
Explanation:
Lath houses are structures made of wood strips (laths) or shade nets that reduce light intensity to protect nursery stock from scorching sun.
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36The breaking of the graft union due to strong wind several years after grafting is a symptom of:
A.Improper wrapping
B.Delayed incompatibility
C.Virus infection
D.Nitrogen excess
Correct Answer: Delayed incompatibility
Explanation:
Delayed incompatibility ('Blackline' in walnuts is an example) can result in a clean break at the graft union years after the tree was planted.
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37Which of the following is a structural modification of a stem used for natural propagation?
A.Runner (Stolon)
B.Taproot
C.Anther
D.Petiole
Correct Answer: Runner (Stolon)
Explanation:
Runners (e.g., Strawberry) are specialized stems that grow along the ground and form new plantlets at nodes.
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38In cutting propagation, Bottom Heat is applied to:
A.Kill pathogens in the soil
B.Increase photosynthesis
C.Stimulate bud break
D.Stimulate root formation
Correct Answer: Stimulate root formation
Explanation:
Applying heat to the base of cuttings (usually to higher than air temp) accelerates metabolic activity for root initiation.
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39The ability of a single plant cell to regenerate into a whole plant is known as:
A.Pluripotency
B.Multipotency
C.Viability
D.Totipotency
Correct Answer: Totipotency
Explanation:
Totipotency is the genetic potential of a plant cell to produce the entire plant, which is the basis of tissue culture.
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40Chip Budding is often preferred over T-budding when:
A.The rootstock is very thick
B.High humidity is unavailable
C.The bark is not slipping (dormant season)
D.The scion has flowers
Correct Answer: The bark is not slipping (dormant season)
Explanation:
Chip budding involves removing a chip of wood with the bud and does not require the bark to lift (slip), so it can be done when T-budding is impossible.
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41Which seed viability test involves floating seeds in water?
A.Floatation Test
B.Excised Embryo Test
C.X-ray analysis
D.TTC Test
Correct Answer: Floatation Test
Explanation:
The floatation test is a simple physical test where empty or non-viable seeds often float, while sound, dense seeds sink.
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42What is the effect of the scion on the rootstock?
A.It changes the genetic makeup of the roots
B.It has no effect
C.It prevents root diseases
D.It can influence the vigor and root development of the stock
Correct Answer: It can influence the vigor and root development of the stock
Explanation:
While the rootstock's effect on the scion is more discussed, the scion provides photosynthates and hormones that regulate the growth and morphology of the root system.
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43Which propagation structure is specifically designed to trap solar radiation to create a warmer environment (Greenhouse effect)?
A.Lath house
B.Shade net house
C.Open nursery
D.Greenhouse / Polyhouse
Correct Answer: Greenhouse / Polyhouse
Explanation:
Greenhouses use transparent cladding to trap shortwave solar radiation, heating the interior for off-season or protected cultivation.
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44Serpentine Layering is a modification of simple layering suitable for plants with:
A.No leaves
B.Long, flexible vines
C.Short, stiff branches
D.Thick bark
Correct Answer: Long, flexible vines
Explanation:
Serpentine (compound) layering involves burying a long branch at multiple intervals (nodes) to produce several new plants from one branch (e.g., Pothos, Clematis).
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45The time required for a seed to germinate is heavily influenced by temperature. The specific temperature range at which the highest percentage of seeds germinate in the shortest time is called:
A.Maximum temperature
B.Cardinal temperature
C.Minimum temperature
D.Optimum temperature
Correct Answer: Optimum temperature
Explanation:
The optimum temperature ensures the maximum germination rate and speed.
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46Which of the following is an example of Translocated Incompatibility?
A.Mechanical breakage at the union
B.Different growth rates
C.Phloem degeneration leading to a brown line at the union
D.Suckering of the rootstock
Correct Answer: Phloem degeneration leading to a brown line at the union
Explanation:
Translocated incompatibility involves the movement of toxic biochemicals (or lack of movement of carbs) causing degeneration, often visible as a brown line, and cannot be cured by an interstock.
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47When collecting scion wood for grafting, it is generally recommended to use wood that is:
A.Several years old
B.Dormant and one year old
C.Succulent and actively growing
D.Flowering
Correct Answer: Dormant and one year old
Explanation:
For most deciduous grafting, scion wood should be dormant, one-year-old growth with healthy vegetative buds.
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48Sphagnum moss is widely used in air layering because:
A.It acts as a rooting hormone
B.It is rich in nitrogen
C.It holds 10-20 times its weight in water and has antifungal properties
D.It heats up the branch
Correct Answer: It holds 10-20 times its weight in water and has antifungal properties
Explanation:
Sphagnum moss creates the perfect moist, slightly acidic, and sterile environment needed for roots to develop in air layering.
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49Polyethylene sheets used in polyhouses are primarily stabilized against:
A.Rain water
B.Insects
C.Infrared radiation
D.UV radiation
Correct Answer: UV radiation
Explanation:
Standard agricultural plastic degrades quickly in sunlight; UV-stabilized polyethylene is used to ensure the durability of the structure.
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50Rooting of cuttings is often more successful if the cuttings are taken from:
A.Mature, flowering branches
B.Old, thick trunks
C.Juvenile phase tissues
D.Branches with fruit
Correct Answer: Juvenile phase tissues
Explanation:
Juvenile tissues (often found at the base of the tree or from suckers) have higher rooting potential due to lower inhibitor levels and higher responsiveness to auxins.