1What is the standard incubation period for a chicken egg?
A.35 days
B.28 days
C.18 days
D.21 days
Correct Answer: 21 days
Explanation:
The incubation period for domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is consistently 21 days under optimal conditions.
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2In a forced-draft incubator, what is the recommended operating temperature during the setting phase (first 18 days)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Forced-draft incubators circulate air to maintain a uniform temperature, which should ideally be between and ().
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3What is the 'Physiological Zero' temperature for poultry eggs, below which embryonic development ceases?
A. ()
B. ()
C. ()
D. ()
Correct Answer: ()
Explanation:
Physiological zero is the temperature below which cell division stops. For chicken eggs, this is approximately (). Storage temperatures are kept below this to suspend development.
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4Which position is recommended for setting eggs in the incubator tray?
A.Horizontal
B.Small end up
C.Broad end up
D.Random placement
Correct Answer: Broad end up
Explanation:
Eggs should be set with the broad end up because the air cell is located there. Setting them small end up often results in the embryo's head orienting toward the small end, causing malposition and death.
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5How often should eggs be turned during the incubation period to prevent the embryo from sticking to the shell membranes?
A.Minimum 4-6 times a day (ideally hourly)
B.Twice a day
C.Once a day
D.Turning is not required
Correct Answer: Minimum 4-6 times a day (ideally hourly)
Explanation:
Eggs must be turned frequently, usually automatically every hour or manually at least 4-6 times a day, to prevent adhesion of the embryo to the shell membrane and to distribute heat and nutrients.
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6At what angle should eggs be tilted during turning in an incubator?
A. from vertical
B. from vertical
C. from vertical
D. from vertical
Correct Answer: from vertical
Explanation:
Eggs are generally tilted either way from the vertical position during incubation to ensure proper positioning of the embryo.
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7When are chicken eggs typically transferred from the setter to the hatcher?
A.19th day
B.21st day
C.18th day
D.14th day
Correct Answer: 18th day
Explanation:
Eggs are transferred to the hatcher after 18 days of incubation. At this point, turning is stopped, and humidity is increased.
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8Compared to the setting phase, the relative humidity in the hatcher (last 3 days) should be:
A.Higher
B.Zero
C.Lower
D.Exactly the same
Correct Answer: Higher
Explanation:
Humidity should be increased (approx. 70-75% RH or wet bulb) during hatching to keep shell membranes soft and prevent chicks from sticking to the shell.
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9What is the primary purpose of candling during incubation?
A.To identify infertile eggs and early embryonic mortality
B.To heat the egg
C.To disinfect the shell
D.To soften the shell for hatching
Correct Answer: To identify infertile eggs and early embryonic mortality
Explanation:
Candling involves passing light through the egg to observe contents. It identifies infertile eggs ('clears') and dead embryos so they can be removed to preserve incubator space and hygiene.
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10Which chemicals are commonly used for fumigation of incubators and eggs?
A.Bleach and Ammonia
B.Sodium Chloride and Vinegar
C.Ethanol and Iodine
D.Potassium Permanganate and Formalin
Correct Answer: Potassium Permanganate and Formalin
Explanation:
Fumigation is typically done using Potassium Permanganate () and Formalin (40% Formaldehyde) to generate formaldehyde gas, which disinfects the incubator.
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11What is the incubation period for Turkey and Duck (excluding Muscovy) eggs?
A.24 days
B.21 days
C.28 days
D.35 days
Correct Answer: 28 days
Explanation:
The standard incubation period for Turkeys and most Duck breeds (like Pekin) is 28 days.
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12What is the standard incubation period for Muscovy Duck eggs?
A.35 days
B.42 days
C.30 days
D.28 days
Correct Answer: 35 days
Explanation:
Muscovy ducks have a longer incubation period compared to other poultry species, lasting 35 days.
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13The 'Brooding Period' generally refers to which age range of chicks?
A.0 to 8 weeks
B.Before hatching
C.20 to 72 weeks
D.8 to 20 weeks
Correct Answer: 0 to 8 weeks
Explanation:
Brooding is the management of chicks from one day old up to about 8 weeks of age, during which they require supplemental heat.
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14What is the recommended starting temperature under the hover/brooder for day-old chicks?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
The standard starting temperature is () at the edge of the hover, 2 inches above the litter, for the first week.
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15What is the standard rule of thumb for reducing brooder temperature as chicks grow?
A.Increase by per week
B.Reduce by per week
C.Reduce by per week
D.Keep constant for 4 weeks
Correct Answer: Reduce by per week
Explanation:
The temperature should be reduced by per week until it reaches or ambient temperature.
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16If chicks in a brooder are huddled together directly under the heat source, what does this indicate?
A.The temperature is too low
B.They are hungry
C.There is a draft
D.The temperature is too high
Correct Answer: The temperature is too low
Explanation:
Huddling under the heat source indicates the chicks are cold. If they were hot, they would move far away from the source; if comfortable, they would be evenly distributed.
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17What is the primary function of a 'chick guard' or 'brooder guard'?
A.To automatically dispense feed
B.To keep chicks confined near the heat source and prevent floor drafts
C.To separate male and female chicks
D.To prevent predators
Correct Answer: To keep chicks confined near the heat source and prevent floor drafts
Explanation:
A brooder guard is a circular barrier used in the first week to keep chicks close to the warmth and prevent chilling drafts.
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18What is the recommended floor space per bird for broilers in a deep litter system up to marketing age?
A.2.5 sq. ft.
B.0.25 sq. ft.
C.5.0 sq. ft.
D.1.0 sq. ft.
Correct Answer: 1.0 sq. ft.
Explanation:
The general recommendation for broilers is 1.0 sq. ft. per bird to ensure adequate space for growth without overcrowding.
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19Which of the following is NOT a desirable quality of litter material used in brooding?
A.Free from molds and toxins
B.Biodegradable
C.High moisture absorption
D.High thermal conductivity
Correct Answer: High thermal conductivity
Explanation:
Litter should have low thermal conductivity to act as an insulator. High thermal conductivity would make the floor cold.
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20What is the 'Grower' stage in layer management?
A.9-20 weeks
B.0-8 weeks
C.21-72 weeks
D.72+ weeks
Correct Answer: 9-20 weeks
Explanation:
The grower stage follows the brooding stage and lasts until the birds reach sexual maturity (point of lay), typically 9-20 weeks.
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21Why is 'Restricted Feeding' practiced during the grower stage of layers?
A.To save feed cost only
B.To induce molting
C.To prevent obesity and early sexual maturity
D.To increase egg size immediately
Correct Answer: To prevent obesity and early sexual maturity
Explanation:
Restricted feeding prevents pullets from becoming too fat and laying too early, which results in small eggs and potential prolapse problems. It aims for uniform growth and larger initial eggs.
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22What is the Golden Rule of lighting for growers?
A.Keep light duration constant at 24 hours
B.Never increase light duration during the growing period
C.Always increase light duration
D.Provide no light
Correct Answer: Never increase light duration during the growing period
Explanation:
Increasing light during the grower phase stimulates early sexual maturity, which is undesirable. Light should be constant or decreasing.
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23What is the Golden Rule of lighting for layers (laying phase)?
A.Always decrease light duration
B.Never decrease light duration
C.Use only blue light
D.Provide varying light daily
Correct Answer: Never decrease light duration
Explanation:
Decreasing light during the laying phase can depress egg production and induce molting. Light should be constant or increasing.
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24What is the standard photoperiod (light duration) required for optimal egg production in layers?
A.12 hours
B.8-10 hours
C.16-17 hours
D.24 hours
Correct Answer: 16-17 hours
Explanation:
Layers generally require 16-17 hours of light per day to stimulate the pituitary gland for optimal egg production.
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25Which of the following describes 'Dubbing' in poultry?
A.Removal of the spur
B.Removal of the comb
C.Cutting the beak
D.Clipping of wings
Correct Answer: Removal of the comb
Explanation:
Dubbing is the surgical removal of the comb (and sometimes wattles), usually done in day-old chicks to prevent injury and frostbite.
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26What is 'Debeaking' or 'Beak Trimming' primarily used to prevent?
A.Cannibalism and feather pecking
B.Egg eating only
C.Loud noises
D.Feed wastage
Correct Answer: Cannibalism and feather pecking
Explanation:
Beak trimming is the most effective method to control cannibalism, feather pecking, and vent pecking in flocks.
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27The calcium content in a Layer ration should be approximately:
A.8.0 - 10.0%
B.1.0 - 1.5%
C.0.5 - 1.0%
D.3.0 - 3.5%
Correct Answer: 3.0 - 3.5%
Explanation:
Layers have a high calcium requirement for eggshell formation. Grower rations have low calcium (~1%), but layer rations need 3.0-3.5%.
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28Which of the following is a characteristic of a 'Good Layer' when examined for culling?
A.Large, moist, oval vent
B.Hard and shrunken comb
C.Yellow shanks and beak
D.Small, dry, pale vent
Correct Answer: Large, moist, oval vent
Explanation:
A laying bird has a dilated, large, oval, and moist vent. A non-layer has a small, dry, and round vent.
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29The bleaching (loss of pigmentation) in yellow-skinned layers occurs in which order?
A.Hock Comb Vent
B.Shanks Beak Vent
C.Random order
D.Vent Eye ring Beak Shanks
Correct Answer: Vent Eye ring Beak Shanks
Explanation:
Pigment fades from body parts with faster circulation first. The order is: Vent, Eye ring, Ear lobe, Beak, and finally Shanks.
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30In a cage system, what is the standard floor space requirement per layer?
A.0.6 - 0.75 sq. ft.
B.4.0 sq. ft.
C.2.0 sq. ft.
D.0.2 sq. ft.
Correct Answer: 0.6 - 0.75 sq. ft.
Explanation:
Cages allow for high stocking density. The standard recommendation is often around 0.6 to 0.75 square feet (approx 60-70 sq inches) per bird.
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31What is 'Phase Feeding' in layer management?
A.Feeding solids and liquids in different phases
B.Feeding only when birds are molting
C.Feeding only during the day phase
D.Changing feed formulation based on age and production level
Correct Answer: Changing feed formulation based on age and production level
Explanation:
Phase feeding adjusts the nutrient density (protein, calcium) of the diet to match the changing requirements of the bird as it progresses through the laying cycle.
The Haugh Unit measures the height of the thick albumen relative to the egg weight. It is the standard measure of internal egg freshness/quality.
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33Vaccination for Marek's Disease is typically administered at what age?
A.Week 3
B.Point of lay
C.Week 8
D.Day 1 (at the hatchery)
Correct Answer: Day 1 (at the hatchery)
Explanation:
Marek's disease vaccine is almost universally given to day-old chicks at the hatchery, often via subcutaneous injection.
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34The ratio of Potassium Permanganate () to Formalin for standard '1X' fumigation is:
A.20 g : 40 ml Formalin
B.100 g : 100 ml Formalin
C.40 g : 20 ml Formalin
D.10 g : 10 ml Formalin
Correct Answer: 20 g : 40 ml Formalin
Explanation:
For 100 cubic feet of space, standard concentration (1X) uses 20 g of Potassium Permanganate and 40 ml of Formalin.
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35A 'Clutch' in poultry terms refers to:
A.A disease symptom
B.A group of chicks hatched together
C.The number of eggs laid on consecutive days without a break
D.The type of feed used
Correct Answer: The number of eggs laid on consecutive days without a break
Explanation:
A clutch is the sequence of eggs laid by a hen on consecutive days before she skips a day.
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36How is Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) for layers typically calculated?
A.
B. (or Kg egg mass)
C.
D.
Correct Answer: (or Kg egg mass)
Explanation:
FCR in layers is the amount of feed required to produce a unit of output, typically calculated as Kg feed per dozen eggs or Kg feed per Kg egg mass.
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37What is the maximum recommended concentration of Ammonia in a poultry house?
A.5 ppm
B.100 ppm
C.500 ppm
D.25 ppm
Correct Answer: 25 ppm
Explanation:
Ammonia levels exceeding 25 ppm can damage the respiratory tract of birds and reduce performance. Humans can detect it by smell at around 20-25 ppm.
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38In artificial incubation, if the temperature is consistently too high, the result is likely to be:
A.Early hatching and smaller/weak chicks
B.Increased hatchability
C.Late hatching and large chicks
D.No effect
Correct Answer: Early hatching and smaller/weak chicks
Explanation:
High temperatures accelerate metabolic rate, leading to early hatching, but the chicks are often small, weak, and may have unhealed navels.
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39Which nutrient is specifically increased in 'Layer Breeder' rations compared to commercial layer rations to ensure embryo development?
A.Fiber
B.Manganese, Zinc, and Vitamins (E, B12)
C.Carbohydrates
D.Water
Correct Answer: Manganese, Zinc, and Vitamins (E, B12)
Explanation:
Breeder rations require higher levels of trace minerals (Mn, Zn) and vitamins (Riboflavin, E, B12) to ensure hatchability and chick quality, which are not critical for table egg production.
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40What is 'Trap Nesting'?
A.A nest that traps the hen to record individual egg production
B.A type of deep litter material
C.A method to catch predators
D.A cage system
Correct Answer: A nest that traps the hen to record individual egg production
Explanation:
Trap nests are used in breeding programs to determine the pedigree and exact egg production performance of individual hens.
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41The term 'Point of Lay' (POL) usually refers to the age when the flock reaches what percentage of egg production?
A.100%
B.1%
C.5%
D.50%
Correct Answer: 5%
Explanation:
Point of Lay is technically when the first egg is laid, but in flock management, it is often defined as the age when the flock reaches 5% production.
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42What is 'Induced Molting' or 'Forced Molting'?
A.A management practice to rejuvenate the flock for a second laying cycle
B.A disease symptom causing feather loss
C.Removing feathers by machine
D.The natural loss of feathers in chicks
Correct Answer: A management practice to rejuvenate the flock for a second laying cycle
Explanation:
Forced molting involves withdrawing feed/light to stop production, reset the reproductive tract, and extend the productive life of the flock.
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43In the concept of 'Sexing', what is the 'Vent Sexing' method based on?
A.Length of the primary wing feathers
B.DNA testing
C.Color of the down feathers
D.Visual examination of the rudimentary copulatory organ in the cloaca
Correct Answer: Visual examination of the rudimentary copulatory organ in the cloaca
Explanation:
Vent sexing (Japanese method) involves checking the cloaca of day-old chicks to distinguish the male copulatory eminence from the female structure.
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44Feather sexing is possible in day-old chicks if they are:
A.Sex-linked crosses (slow vs fast feathering genes)
B.Late feathering strains
C.Purebred Leghorns
D.Fed high protein diet
Correct Answer: Sex-linked crosses (slow vs fast feathering genes)
Explanation:
Feather sexing relies on sex-linked genes where females have different wing feather lengths (primary/coverts) compared to males at hatching.
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45Which of the following is a cause of 'Starve-out' in brooding?
A.High protein feed
B.Feeders placed too high or too far from heat
C.Vaccination
D.Too much light
Correct Answer: Feeders placed too high or too far from heat
Explanation:
Starve-out occurs when chicks fail to find feed and water in the first few days, often due to improper placement or lack of light near the equipment.
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46What is the standard weight of a large chicken egg?
A.58-60 g
B.75-80 g
C.30-35 g
D.40-45 g
Correct Answer: 58-60 g
Explanation:
The standard market weight for a large chicken egg is approximately 58 to 60 grams (about 2 ounces).
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47The 'Shape Index' of an egg is calculated using:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:
Shape index indicates the shape of the egg. A normal egg has a shape index of about 74.
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48Why are eggs usually gathered frequently (3-4 times a day)?
A.To wash them immediately
B.To count them faster
C.To cool them down immediately
D.To prevent broodiness and minimize dirty/cracked eggs
Correct Answer: To prevent broodiness and minimize dirty/cracked eggs
Explanation:
Frequent gathering reduces the chance of eggs getting soiled, broken by other hens, or the hens becoming broody (sitting on eggs).
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49The critical periods of embryonic mortality during incubation are:
A.Days 7-14
B.Days 10-12
C.Day 1 and Day 21
D.First 3 days and Last 3 days
Correct Answer: First 3 days and Last 3 days
Explanation:
Mortality peaks typically occur early (due to genetic/breeding issues) and late (due to incubation conditions or hatching difficulties).
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50What is the purpose of providing 'Grit' to growers and layers?
A.Source of Vitamin D
B.To treat coccidiosis
C.To color the yolk
D.To aid in grinding feed in the gizzard
Correct Answer: To aid in grinding feed in the gizzard
Explanation:
Grit (insoluble stones) accumulates in the gizzard and acts as a grinding agent to break down coarse feed particles.