1Which theory suggests that people learn violent behavior by observing and imitating others, particularly through media models?
A.Uses and Gratifications Theory
B.Social Learning Theory
C.Cultivation Theory
D.Agenda Setting Theory
Correct Answer: Social Learning Theory
Explanation:
Social Learning Theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, argues that individuals (especially children) learn behaviors, including aggression, by observing and modeling others.
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2What is the 'Mean World Syndrome'?
A.A cognitive bias where heavy TV viewers perceive the world as more dangerous than it actually is
B.The tendency to cyberbully others due to anonymity
C.The global increase in reported violent crimes
D.The rejection of globalized media content
Correct Answer: A cognitive bias where heavy TV viewers perceive the world as more dangerous than it actually is
Explanation:
Coined by George Gerbner, Mean World Syndrome is a phenomenon associated with Cultivation Theory, where heavy media consumption leads people to believe the world is more violent than reality.
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3The 'Catharsis Hypothesis' regarding media violence suggests that:
A.Viewing violence purges aggressive feelings, reducing the likelihood of violent behavior
B.Violent media has no effect on the viewer
C.Viewing violence always leads to immediate aggression
D.Media violence creates a desensitization effect
Correct Answer: Viewing violence purges aggressive feelings, reducing the likelihood of violent behavior
Explanation:
The Catharsis Hypothesis posits that watching violent content allows viewers to release aggressive energy harmlessly, though this theory is largely contested in modern sociology.
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4Which term describes the reduction in emotional responsiveness to violence due to repeated exposure to violent media?
A.Imitation
B.Stimulation
C.Sensitization
D.Desensitization
Correct Answer: Desensitization
Explanation:
Desensitization occurs when repeated exposure to a stimulus (like media violence) results in a reduced emotional or physiological response.
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5The famous 'Bobo Doll' experiment was conducted to demonstrate which concept?
A.Observational learning of aggression
B.The impact of scary movies on sleep
C.The role of advertising in consumerism
D.The effects of video games on reflexes
Correct Answer: Observational learning of aggression
Explanation:
Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment demonstrated that children who watched an adult behave aggressively toward a doll were likely to imitate that aggression.
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6Which of the following describes 'Doxing'?
A.Illegally downloading copyrighted movies
B.Creating a fake profile to date someone
C.Publicly revealing private personal information about an individual online without their consent
D.Sending spam emails
Correct Answer: Publicly revealing private personal information about an individual online without their consent
Explanation:
Doxing involves the malicious research and broadcasting of private or identifiable information about an individual.
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7What is the 'Online Disinhibition Effect'?
A.The inability to access the internet due to technical issues
B.The tendency to be more honest online than offline
C.The lack of restraint one feels when communicating online compared to in-person interactions
D.The fear of missing out on social media trends
Correct Answer: The lack of restraint one feels when communicating online compared to in-person interactions
Explanation:
The Online Disinhibition Effect refers to how people say and do things in cyberspace that they would not ordinarily say or do in face-to-face interactions, often due to anonymity.
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8In the context of media globalization, what does 'Cultural Imperialism' refer to?
A.The complete isolation of a country's media system
B.The dominance of one culture's media products and values over others, often displacing local culture
C.The equal exchange of cultural goods between nations
D.The rise of independent journalism
Correct Answer: The dominance of one culture's media products and values over others, often displacing local culture
Explanation:
Cultural Imperialism usually refers to the imposition of Western (specifically American) media and cultural values on developing nations.
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9What is 'Glocalization' in media?
A.The strict enforcement of global laws
B.The exclusive use of English in all media
C.The adaptation of global media products to fit local cultural contexts
D.The rejection of all foreign media
Correct Answer: The adaptation of global media products to fit local cultural contexts
Explanation:
Glocalization describes the practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations, such as McDonald's adapting menus or MTV adapting playlists for specific regions.
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10Which term refers to the deliberate act of posting inflammatory or off-topic messages online to provoke others?
A.Hacking
B.Phishing
C.Trolling
D.Lurking
Correct Answer: Trolling
Explanation:
Trolling involves creating discord or upset by posting inflammatory, extraneous, or off-topic messages in an online community.
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11Which of the following is an example of 'Symbolic Annihilation' in media representation?
A.The use of violent symbols in news
B.The underrepresentation or trivialization of a specific group in media
C.The destruction of physical media archives
D.Portraying a minority group as villains
Correct Answer: The underrepresentation or trivialization of a specific group in media
Explanation:
Coined by George Gerbner and Gaye Tuchman, Symbolic Annihilation refers to the absence, trivialization, or condemnation of certain groups in the media.
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12The concept of the 'Global Village' was introduced by which theorist?
A.Stuart Hall
B.Karl Marx
C.Marshall McLuhan
D.Jurgen Habermas
Correct Answer: Marshall McLuhan
Explanation:
Marshall McLuhan coined the term 'Global Village' to describe how electronic media has contracted the globe into a village by instantaneous movement of information.
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13What is 'Cyberstalking'?
A.Watching someone's public Instagram story
B.Browsing the internet for long periods
C.The use of the internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, group, or organization
D.Playing multiplayer games with strangers
Correct Answer: The use of the internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, group, or organization
Explanation:
Cyberstalking is a criminal offense involving the use of the internet to repeatedly harass or threaten someone.
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14Which theory explains that media violence triggers thoughts and memories related to aggression, making violent behavior more likely in the short term?
A.Two-Step Flow
B.Priming Theory
C.Dependency Theory
D.Spiral of Silence
Correct Answer: Priming Theory
Explanation:
Priming Theory suggests that media images stimulate related thoughts in the minds of audience members, which can trigger aggressive behavior.
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15In the context of cyber crimes, what is 'Phishing'?
A.Looking for information on the deep web
B.A fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information like usernames and passwords by disguising as a trustworthy entity
C.Creating a computer virus
D.Downloading illegal music
Correct Answer: A fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information like usernames and passwords by disguising as a trustworthy entity
Explanation:
Phishing is a social engineering attack used to steal user data, including login credentials and credit card numbers.
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16The 'Digital Divide' refers to:
A.The separation between hardware and software
B.The gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology and those that do not
C.The difference between analog and digital signals
D.The conflict between online and offline identities
Correct Answer: The gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology and those that do not
Explanation:
The Digital Divide is a sociological issue regarding economic and social inequality in the access to, use of, or impact of information and communication technologies.
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17What is 'Revenge Porn'?
A.Hacking a pornographic website
B.Pornography that features violent themes
C.The non-consensual distribution of sexually explicit images or videos of individuals
D.A movie genre about vengeance
Correct Answer: The non-consensual distribution of sexually explicit images or videos of individuals
Explanation:
Revenge porn, or non-consensual intimate imagery, is the distribution of sexually explicit material without the consent of the individual pictured.
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18Which concept refers to the media practice of placing a token member of a minority group in a show to give the appearance of inclusivity?
A.Tokenism
B.Stereotyping
C.Assimilation
D.Hybridity
Correct Answer: Tokenism
Explanation:
Tokenism is the practice of making only a perfunctory or symbolic effort to do a particular thing, especially by recruiting a small number of people from underrepresented groups to give the appearance of equality.
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19According to the 'Excitation Transfer Theory', how does media violence affect behavior?
A.Physiological arousal from watching violence can be transferred to subsequent situations, intensifying emotional reactions
B.It makes people sleepy
C.It transfers violence from the screen to the real world through magic
D.It removes all emotion from the viewer
Correct Answer: Physiological arousal from watching violence can be transferred to subsequent situations, intensifying emotional reactions
Explanation:
Dolf Zillmann's theory suggests that residual excitement from one stimulus (like a violent movie) can amplify the excitatory response to another stimulus (like a real-life argument).
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20What does 'Identity Theft' involve?
A.Forgetting who you are
B.The deliberate use of someone else's identity, usually as a method to gain a financial advantage
C.Creating a fictional character for a novel
D.Changing your name legally
Correct Answer: The deliberate use of someone else's identity, usually as a method to gain a financial advantage
Explanation:
Identity theft is a crime where someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person's personal data for fraud or deception.
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21The 'Male Gaze' theory, often applied to media representation, argues that:
A.Male actors are paid more than female actors
B.Men and women see colors differently
C.Men watch more TV than women
D.Media is created primarily for the pleasure of male viewers, objectifying women
Correct Answer: Media is created primarily for the pleasure of male viewers, objectifying women
Explanation:
Laura Mulvey's concept of the Male Gaze suggests that visual media is structured around a masculine viewer, positioning women as objects to be looked at.
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22Which of the following is considered a 'White Hat' hacker?
A.A hacker who destroys data for fun
B.A hacker who steals money from banks
C.An ethical hacker who identifies security loopholes to fix them
D.A hacker who works for a criminal organization
Correct Answer: An ethical hacker who identifies security loopholes to fix them
Explanation:
White Hat hackers use their skills for ethical purposes, such as testing security systems to help organizations improve their defenses.
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23What is 'Catfishing'?
A.Stealing credit card information
B.Sending spam emails
C.A type of fishing sport
D.Luring someone into a relationship by means of a fictional online persona
Correct Answer: Luring someone into a relationship by means of a fictional online persona
Explanation:
Catfishing involves creating a fake identity on a social networking service, usually to target a specific victim for deception or romance.
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24Which perspective on globalization suggests that media flows are not just West-to-Rest, but also include Contra-flows (e.g., Bollywood, K-Pop)?
A.Cultural Heterogeneity/Hybridity
B.Modernization Theory
C.Dependency Theory
D.Cultural Imperialism
Correct Answer: Cultural Heterogeneity/Hybridity
Explanation:
This perspective acknowledges that globalization is complex and multi-directional, allowing for reverse flows of culture from the Global South to the North.
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25The portrayal of specific groups in media using oversimplified and generalized characteristics is known as:
A.Prototyping
B.Archetyping
C.Stereotyping
D.Tokenism
Correct Answer: Stereotyping
Explanation:
Stereotyping involves reducing a group of people to a set of exaggerated, usually negative, traits.
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26Which of the following creates a 'Filter Bubble'?
A.Censorship by the government
B.Using an ad blocker
C.A physical screen filter
D.Algorithms selectively guessing what information a user would like to see based on past behavior
Correct Answer: Algorithms selectively guessing what information a user would like to see based on past behavior
Explanation:
Filter bubbles occur when algorithms isolate users in their own cultural or ideological bubbles by only showing them content that aligns with their existing views.
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27What is 'Flaming' in the context of online communication?
A.A computer overheating
B.Sending files that are too large
C.Rapidly typing on a keyboard
D.Posting insults, often laced with profanity or offensive language
Correct Answer: Posting insults, often laced with profanity or offensive language
Explanation:
Flaming refers to a hostile and insulting interaction between internet users, often involving the use of profanity.
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28Jean Baudrillard’s concept of 'Hyperreality' suggests that:
A.Media representations are more real than the reality they purport to represent
B.Violence in media is always fake
C.The internet disconnects us from reality
D.Reality TV is unscripted
Correct Answer: Media representations are more real than the reality they purport to represent
Explanation:
Hyperreality is the inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality, particularly in a media-saturated society.
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29The 'Bystander Effect' in online harassment refers to:
A.People joining in on the bullying
B.The victim ignoring the harassment
C.The tendency for observers to not intervene or report harassment because they assume others will do it
D.The platform banning the harasser
Correct Answer: The tendency for observers to not intervene or report harassment because they assume others will do it
Explanation:
Similar to the offline phenomenon, the online Bystander Effect occurs when users witness cyberbullying but fail to act, often due to diffusion of responsibility.
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30Which term describes the illegal practice of manipulating a computer system to demand payment to restore access to data?
A.Adware
B.Ransomware
C.Spyware
D.Freeware
Correct Answer: Ransomware
Explanation:
Ransomware is a type of malicious software that blocks access to a computer system until a sum of money is paid.
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31Media convergence contributes to globalization by:
A.Separating print and digital media
B.Reducing the reach of multinational corporations
C.Allowing content to flow across multiple media platforms and borders easily
D.Increasing the cost of media production
Correct Answer: Allowing content to flow across multiple media platforms and borders easily
Explanation:
Convergence allows different forms of media (text, audio, video) to be distributed across same devices and networks, facilitating rapid global dissemination.
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32What is 'Othering' in media representation?
A.Dubbing foreign films
B.Collaborating with other media companies
C.Constructing a group as fundamentally different and inferior to the dominant group
D.Treating everyone equally
Correct Answer: Constructing a group as fundamentally different and inferior to the dominant group
Explanation:
Othering is a process in which one group is seen as 'us' and another group as 'them,' often to justify subordination or exclusion.
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33The 'Copycat Effect' refers to:
A.Plagiarism in journalism
B.Repeating a meme online
C.The tendency for sensationalized media coverage of a tragedy to inspire similar acts
D.Downloading pirated movies
Correct Answer: The tendency for sensationalized media coverage of a tragedy to inspire similar acts
Explanation:
The Copycat Effect is the phenomenon where publicized violence (like school shootings or suicides) inspires imitation.
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34Which of the following is a key characteristic of 'Cyberterrorism'?
A.Stealing a personal Facebook account
B.Sending spam marketing emails
C.Online gaming addiction
D.Ideally motivated attacks on information systems to cause fear or physical harm
Correct Answer: Ideally motivated attacks on information systems to cause fear or physical harm
Explanation:
Cyberterrorism involves the use of the internet to conduct violent acts that result in, or threaten, loss of life or significant bodily harm, typically for political gains.
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35Intersectionality in media analysis looks at:
A.The relationship between hardware and software
B.How traffic flows in cities
C.The intersection of analog and digital media
D.How various social identities (race, gender, class) overlap to create unique modes of discrimination or privilege
Correct Answer: How various social identities (race, gender, class) overlap to create unique modes of discrimination or privilege
Explanation:
Intersectionality examines how different forms of stratification overlap; for example, how a black woman is represented differently than a white woman or a black man.
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36What is 'Happy Slapping'?
A.An emoji used in texting
B.A form of online applause
C.A positive social media trend
D.A cybercrime where a physical assault is recorded and posted online
Correct Answer: A cybercrime where a physical assault is recorded and posted online
Explanation:
Happy Slapping is a trend where individuals assault a victim while an accomplice records the attack to post online for entertainment.
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37Which hypothesis suggests that media violence affects some children more than others, depending on their predisposition?
A.The Differential Susceptibility Hypothesis
B.The Uniform Effects Model
C.The Spiral of Silence
D.The Magic Bullet Theory
Correct Answer: The Differential Susceptibility Hypothesis
Explanation:
This hypothesis suggests that individuals are not equally susceptible to media effects; certain factors make some children more vulnerable to violent content than others.
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38The term 'Homogenization of Culture' implies:
A.The reduction in cultural diversity through the popularization of a single global culture
B.The preservation of indigenous languages
C.Increased cultural diversity
D.Local cultures becoming more distinct
Correct Answer: The reduction in cultural diversity through the popularization of a single global culture
Explanation:
Homogenization refers to the process where local cultures are eroded and replaced by a standardized global (often Western) culture.
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39What distinguishes the 'Deep Web' from the 'Surface Web'?
A.The Deep Web consists of content not indexed by standard search engines
B.The Deep Web is only for illegal activities
C.The Deep Web is faster
D.The Surface Web requires a password
Correct Answer: The Deep Web consists of content not indexed by standard search engines
Explanation:
The Deep Web includes all parts of the internet not indexed by search engines (like medical records, banking portals), unlike the Surface Web. It is not inherently illegal, unlike the 'Dark Web' subset.
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40Which theorist is associated with the concept of 'Manufacturing Consent' regarding media manipulation?
A.Noam Chomsky
B.Albert Bandura
C.Michel Foucault
D.George Gerbner
Correct Answer: Noam Chomsky
Explanation:
Noam Chomsky (with Edward Herman) argued that mass media allows elites to 'manufacture consent' among the public for policies that favor the elite.
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41In the context of identity, what is an 'Avatar'?
A.A high-ranking hacker
B.A type of computer virus
C.A social media algorithm
D.A digital representation of a user in a virtual environment
Correct Answer: A digital representation of a user in a virtual environment
Explanation:
An avatar is an icon or figure representing a particular person in video games, internet forums, etc., allowing for identity construction and experimentation.
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42The 'General Aggression Model' (GAM) integrates which factors to explain aggression?
A.Only biological factors
B.Personal and situational variables leading to cognitive, emotional, and arousal states
C.Only situational factors
D.Economic status only
Correct Answer: Personal and situational variables leading to cognitive, emotional, and arousal states
Explanation:
GAM is a comprehensive framework that considers how person inputs (traits) and situation inputs (media cues) influence internal states to produce aggressive outcomes.
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43What is 'Queerbaiting' in media representation?
A.Banning LGBTQ+ content
B.Hinting at same-sex romance to attract an LGBTQ+ audience without ever realizing it
C.A hacking technique
D.Openly depicting LGBTQ+ relationships
Correct Answer: Hinting at same-sex romance to attract an LGBTQ+ audience without ever realizing it
Explanation:
Queerbaiting is a marketing technique where creators hint at same-sex romance to appeal to queer audiences but never make the representation canon.
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44Which term refers to the global flow of information being dominated by a few major news agencies (e.g., Reuters, AP, AFP)?
A.Information Sovereignty
B.News Monopolization
C.Media Pluralism
D.Citizen Journalism
Correct Answer: News Monopolization
Explanation:
This reflects the imbalance in global information flow, where a few Western agencies control the majority of international news distribution.
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45A 'Script' in the context of media violence (Huesmann) is:
A.A computer code for a virus
B.A legal document
C.A mental routine for behavior learned through observation that guides how to respond to events
D.The text actors read
Correct Answer: A mental routine for behavior learned through observation that guides how to respond to events
Explanation:
Cognitive scripts are mental programs for solving problems; Huesmann argues that violent media provides children with aggressive scripts for social problem-solving.
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46What is 'Typosquatting'?
A.Registering a domain name extremely similar to a popular one to capture users who make typing errors
B.Sitting in a specific posture while typing
C.Sending threats via text
D.Deleting typos in online articles
Correct Answer: Registering a domain name extremely similar to a popular one to capture users who make typing errors
Explanation:
Also known as URL hijacking, this is a form of cybercrime relying on mistakes such as 'goggle.com' instead of 'google.com'.
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47The representation of women in video games often suffers from:
A.Too much dialogue
B.Over-clothing
C.Dominant leadership roles
D.Hyper-sexualization
Correct Answer: Hyper-sexualization
Explanation:
Sociological studies of gaming often criticize the industry for designing female characters with exaggerated sexual features and scanty clothing, catering to the male gaze.
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48Which of the following describes 'Algorithmic Bias'?
A.Systematic and repeatable errors in a computer system that create unfair outcomes, such as privileging one arbitrary group of users over others
B.When a computer breaks down
C.The speed at which an algorithm works
D.The preference of users for one algorithm over another
Correct Answer: Systematic and repeatable errors in a computer system that create unfair outcomes, such as privileging one arbitrary group of users over others
Explanation:
Algorithmic bias occurs when the data used to train AI reflects existing societal prejudices (e.g., racism, sexism), leading the AI to replicate those biases.
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49The 'Bechdel Test' is a measure of:
A.Internet speed
B.The representation of women in fiction
C.The difficulty of a video game
D.Violence in movies
Correct Answer: The representation of women in fiction
Explanation:
The Bechdel Test asks whether a work features at least two women who talk to each other about something other than a man.
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50What is 'Botnet'?
A.A network of robots in a factory
B.A network of private computers infected with malicious software and controlled as a group without the owners' knowledge
C.A fishing net sold online
D.A social network for bots
Correct Answer: A network of private computers infected with malicious software and controlled as a group without the owners' knowledge
Explanation:
Botnets are often used by cybercriminals to send spam, steal data, or launch Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks.