1 $In Bash scripting, which of the following is a valid syntax for defining a function named myFunc ?$

A.

myFunc = function() { commands; }

B.

function myFunc { commands; }

C.

func myFunc() { commands }

D.

def myFunc():

2 $When writing a multi-function script, how do you define a variable that is only accessible within the function it is declared in?$

A.

const var_name

B.

restricted var_name

C.

private var_name

D.

local var_name

3 $Inside a function, how do you access the first argument passed specifically to that function?$

A.

$1

B.

$0

C.

@{1}

D.

$ARG1

4 $Which command is used to return a numeric exit status from a function to the caller?$

A.

echo

B.

back

C.

exit

D.

return

5 $To enable an interactive menu, which Bash command is commonly used to accept single-character input without requiring the user to press Enter?$

A.

read -n 1

B.

read -p

C.

input -char

D.

getch

6 $Which ANSI escape code sequence is typically used to print text in Red ?$

A.

\033[0;31m

B.

\033[0;32m

C.

\033[0;34m

D.

\color{red}

7 $When using ANSI escape codes for colors, what is the code \033[0m used for?$

A.

Reset/Normalize all attributes

B.

Set background to black

C.

Make text bold

D.

Clear the screen

8 $Which control structure is most efficient for handling multiple choices in an interactive menu script?$

A.

if-else chain

B.

case statement

C.

while loop

D.

for loop

9 $What is the primary command used to securely execute a script on a remote server?$

A.

ssh

B.

netcat

C.

ftp

D.

telnet

10 $How can you execute a local script named setup.sh on a remote server user@host without copying the file there first?$

A.

ssh user@host < setup.sh

B.

ssh user@host -s setup.sh

C.

ssh user@host exec setup.sh

D.

scp setup.sh user@host && run

11 $To perform remote execution without entering a password every time, which mechanism should be set up?$

A.

Telnet plain text

B.

Hardcoded password in script

C.

SSH Key-based Authentication

D.

Root permission

12 $Which command-line tool is specifically designed to parse, filter, and map JSON data in the terminal?$

A.

jq

B.

awk

C.

grep

D.

sed

13 $Given the JSON {"status": "active", "id": 50}, which jq filter extracts the value of the status?$

A.

jq .status

B.

jq [status]

C.

jq 'status'

D.

jq -extract status

14 $What does the jq command jq '.' do to raw JSON input?$

A.

Pretty-prints/Formats the JSON

B.

Deletes the JSON

C.

Extracts the first element

D.

Minifies the JSON

15 $Given a JSON array [{"id":1}, {"id":2}], how do you access the first object using jq ?$

A.

jq .first

B.

jq .[1]

C.

jq .array(0)

D.

jq .[0]

16 $When interacting with the Cloudflare API via curl, which HTTP header is used for authentication using an API Token?$

A.

-H "X-CF-Key: <TOKEN>"

B.

-H "Auth: <TOKEN>"

C.

-u user:<TOKEN>

D.

-H "Authorization: Bearer <TOKEN>"

17 $Which curl flag is used to send JSON data as the payload (body) of a request?$

A.

-j or --json

B.

-d or --data

C.

-b or --body

D.

-p or --payload

18 $If you need to update a DNS record via Cloudflare API, which HTTP method is appropriate?$

A.

PUT

B.

DELETE

C.

GET

D.

HEAD

19 $In an Apache access log, which command is most suitable for extracting just the IP addresses (usually the first column)?$

A.

cut -c 1-5

B.

grep '$1'

C.

awk '{print $1}'

D.

sed 'delete all'

20 $When summarizing logs, what does the command sequence sort | uniq -c do?$

A.

Sorts lines and counts the occurrences of each unique line

B.

Sorts lines and removes duplicates

C.

Uniquely sorts characters

D.

Sorts lines and deletes unique lines

21 $Which command would you use to filter an access log for only entries resulting in a '404 Not Found' error?$

A.

cat "404"

B.

find "404"

C.

grep "404"

D.

locate "404"

22 $What is the primary function of SSMTP in a scripting context?$

A.

To act as a full-featured mail server like Exchange

B.

To encrypt emails using PGP

C.

To receive emails (IMAP server)

D.

To send emails from the command line via an external SMTP server

23 $Which configuration file typically holds the credentials and server details for SSMTP?$

A.

/etc/mail/sendmail.cf

B.

/etc/ssh/sshd_config

C.

/etc/ssmtp/ssmtp.conf

D.

/var/www/html/config.php

24 $To generate a random password, which system file serves as a source of non-blocking pseudorandom data?$

A.

/dev/urandom

B.

/dev/randomness

C.

/dev/null

D.

/dev/zero

25 $In a password generator script, what does tr -dc 'A-Za-z0-9' do?$

A.

Encrypts the input

B.

Deletes all characters except the complement (alphanumeric)

C.

Translates lower case to upper case

D.

Deletes alphanumeric characters

26 $Which command allows you to cut a stream of characters to a specific length (e.g., take the first 12 characters)?$

A.

cut -d 12

B.

head -c 12

C.

grep -12

D.

tail -c 12

27 $What is the fundamental difference between a pipe | and redirection > ?$

A.

There is no difference

B.

| sends output to another command; > sends output to a file

C.

| sends output to a file; > sends output to a command

D.

> is used for errors only

28 $If you use >> instead of > when redirecting output to a file, what happens?$

A.

The output is appended to the end of the file

B.

The file is overwritten

C.

The command fails if the file exists

D.

The file is deleted

29 $How do you redirect Standard Error (stderr) to a file?$

A.

|>

B.

&>

C.

2>

D.

1>

30 $In the context of automating WordPress setup, what is the purpose of wget https://wordpress.org/latest.tar.gz ?$

A.

To update the OS

B.

To download the WordPress source files

C.

To configure the database

D.

To install Apache

31 $Which command is used to extract the .tar.gz file downloaded for WordPress?$

A.

gunzip latest.tar.gz

B.

tar -xzf latest.tar.gz

C.

unzip latest.tar.gz

D.

rar x latest.tar.gz

32 $In a LAMP stack automation script, which user usually owns the web directory (/var/www/html) for security and write access?$

A.

admin

B.

root

C.

guest

D.

www-data

33 $When automating the database setup for WordPress, which SQL command creates the database?$

A.

MAKE DATABASE wordpress;

B.

CREATE DATABASE wordpress;

C.

NEW DATABASE wordpress;

D.

INIT DATABASE wordpress;

34 $To allow WordPress to connect to the database, which file needs to be created from wp-config-sample.php ?$

A.

config.php

B.

wp-config.php

C.

wp-connect.php

D.

wp-settings.php

35 $Which sed command pattern is best for replacing a placeholder like database_name_here in a config file?$

A.

sed 'delete database_name_here' file

B.

sed -i 's/database_name_here/my_db/' file

C.

sed -r 'database_name_here -> my_db' file

D.

sed -x 'my_db' file

36 $What is the result of the logical operation cmd1 && cmd2 in a script?$

A.

cmd2 runs only if cmd1 succeeds

B.

cmd2 runs only if cmd1 fails

C.

cmd1 runs only if cmd2 succeeds

D.

Both commands run simultaneously

37 $When using curl to fetch JSON data, how do you suppress the progress meter output?$

A.

-v

B.

--verbose

C.

-P

D.

-s

38 $In a bash script, what does set -e do?$

A.

Exports all variables

B.

Enables syntax highlighting

C.

Enables debugging mode

D.

Exits the script immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status

39 $Which tool would you use to verify that a variable $JSON contains valid JSON syntax before parsing it?$

A.

echo "$JSON" | jq .

B.

cat "$JSON"

C.

echo "$JSON" | grep json

D.

validate_json "$JSON"

40 $When creating a log summarizer, which awk variable represents the number of fields (columns) in the current line?$

A.

NF

B.

$$

C.

NR

D.

FS

41 $In an interactive menu, how do you create an infinite loop that keeps the menu open until the user chooses to exit?$

A.

for i in {1..100}; do ... done

B.

repeat ... until exit

C.

while true; do ... done

D.

until false; do ... done

42 $How do you securely supply a password to mysql in a script without the prompt interrupting the automation?$

A.

Type it manually

B.

It is impossible

C.

Use telnet

D.

mysql -u user -pPASSWORD

43 $What is the purpose of ssh-copy-id user@host ?$

A.

To duplicate the server ID

B.

To copy your public key to the remote server's authorized_keys

C.

To copy the SSH daemon to a remote server

D.

To copy files securely

44 $When using grep, which flag allows you to search using Extended Regular Expressions (like | for OR)?$

A.

-i

B.

-v

C.

-x

D.

-E

45 $In an SSMTP email body, what must usually be the first line to ensure the recipient is displayed correctly in email clients?$

A.

To: recipient@example.com

B.

From: me@example.com

C.

Hello World

D.

Subject: My Subject

46 $Which of the following generates a random 16-character string using openssl ?$

A.

openssl random 16

B.

openssl genrsa 16

C.

openssl sha256

D.

openssl rand -base64 12

47 $If you want to debug a script by printing every command before it is executed, how do you run the script?$

A.

bash -x script.sh

B.

bash -d script.sh

C.

bash -e script.sh

D.

bash -v script.sh

48 $When automating the Apache service, which command ensures Apache starts automatically when the server boots?$

A.

systemctl enable apache2

B.

apache2 --init

C.

service apache2 run

D.

systemctl start apache2

49 $Which mathematical operator in a Bash arithmetic expansion a ? $b)) performs the modulo operation?$

A.

%

B.

#

C.

/

D.

*

50 $In a JSON API response, if a key contains a special character (e.g., user-name), how must it be referenced in jq ?$

A.

.user-name

B.

Both B and C

C.

."user-name"

D.

.['user-name']

Unit 4 - Practice Quiz