Unit6 - Subjective Questions

Definition:

A phrasal verb is a phrase that combines a verb with a preposition, an adverb, or both. The combination creates a meaning different from the original verb used independently.

Components:

1. Verb: The action word (e.g., give, look, put).
2. Particle: A preposition (e.g., on, in, at) or an adverb (e.g., up, down, away).

Examples:

• Give up: The verb 'give' means to offer something, but 'give up' means to quit or surrender.
  • Sentence: He decided to give up smoking.
• Look after: The verb 'look' means to see, but 'look after' means to take care of.
  • Sentence: She had to look after her younger brother.

Phrasal verbs act differently regarding object placement:

1. Separable Phrasal Verbs:

The object can be placed either after the particle or between the verb and the particle. However, if the object is a pronoun (him, it, her), it must separate the verb and the particle.

• Example: Turn on
  • Correct: Please turn on the light.
  • Correct: Please turn the light on.
  • Correct (Pronoun): Please turn it on.

2. Inseparable Phrasal Verbs:

The object must always come after the particle. You cannot split the verb and the preposition.

• Example: Run into (to meet by chance)
  • Correct: I ran into an old friend.
  • Incorrect: I ran an old friend into.

When using phrasal verbs, the verb part changes to reflect the tense, while the particle (preposition/adverb) remains unchanged.

Conjugation Rules:

1. Past Tense: Modify the main verb to its past form (add -ed or irregular form).

   • Example: Wake up I woke up late yesterday.

2. Present Continuous: Add '-ing' to the main verb.

   • Example: Look for I am looking for my keys.

3. Future Tense: Use 'will' or 'going to' before the main verb.

   • Example: Call back I will call you back tomorrow.

4. Third Person Singular (Present): Add 's' or 'es' to the main verb.

   • Example: Give up He never gives up easily.

Phrasal verbs using "Call" are commonly used in both professional and casual contexts.

1. Call off:

• Meaning: To cancel an event.
• Sentence: The manager had to call off the meeting due to the storm.

2. Call on/upon:

• Meaning: To visit someone or to ask someone to speak/participate.
• Sentence: The teacher called on Sarah to answer the question.

3. Call for:

• Meaning: To require or demand something; to deserve a specific action.
• Sentence: This celebration calls for champagne!

4. Call in:

• Meaning: To summon someone for help or to telephone a workplace.
• Sentence: They had to call in a specialist to fix the machine.

Transitive Phrasal Verbs:

These require a direct object to complete their meaning. There must be something or someone receiving the action.

• Example: Fill out
• Context: You cannot just say "I filled out." You must say, "I filled out the form."

Intransitive Phrasal Verbs:

These do not require a direct object. The action is complete within the verb phrase itself.

• Example: Grow up
• Context: You can simply say, "The children are growing up so fast." (No object is needed after 'up').

These two words are often confused because they sound similar, but they function differently grammatically.

1. Affect (Verb):

• Meaning: To influence or produce a change in something.
• Usage: It is an action word.
• Example: The bad weather will affect our travel plans.

2. Effect (Noun):

• Meaning: The result or outcome of a cause.
• Usage: It is a thing/result.
• Example: The medicine had an immediate effect on his pain.

Memory Tip: Affect is an Action; Effect is an End result.

The verb "Look" changes meaning significantly depending on the preposition following it:

1. Look after:

   • Meaning: To take care of someone or something.
   • Sentence: Can you look after my dog while I am on vacation?

2. Look forward to:

   • Meaning: To anticipate something with pleasure or excitement.
   • Sentence: I look forward to meeting you next week.

3. Look into:

   • Meaning: To investigate or examine a matter.
   • Sentence: The police promised to look into the suspicious activity.

Three-word phrasal verbs consist of a Verb + Adverb + Preposition. These are usually inseparable, meaning the object comes at the end of the phrase.

Examples:

1. Come up with:

   • Meaning: To create or invent (an idea, a solution).
   • Sentence: She came up with a brilliant plan for the project.

2. Get along with:

   • Meaning: To have a harmonious relationship with someone.
   • Sentence: I really get along with my new roommate.

3. Run out of:

   • Meaning: To deplete the supply of something.
   • Sentence: We have run out of milk; I need to go to the store.

1. Principal:

• Meaning (Noun): The head of a school or organization.
• Meaning (Adjective): Main or most important.
• Sentence (Noun): The Principal announced the holiday schedule.
• Sentence (Adjective): My principal concern is your safety.

2. Principle:

• Meaning (Noun): A fundamental truth, rule, or belief/value.
• Sentence: He resigned from the job as a matter of principle because he disagreed with their ethics.

Tip: The principal is your pal (person); a principle is a rule.

Here is a scenario using phrasal verbs with "Get":

"Rahul usually gets up (rises from bed) at 6:00 AM. After a quick breakfast, he waits for the bus to get to (arrive at) his college. He tries to get along with (have a good relationship) his classmates, even the difficult ones. Sometimes the coursework is hard, but he works hard to get through (finish/survive) the semester. After classes, he hopes to get over (recover from) his cold before the weekend so he can play football."

1. Lose (Verb):

• Pronunciation: Rhymes with "snooze" ().
• Meaning: To suffer the loss of something; to be unable to find something; failing to win.
• Sentence: I do not want to lose my keys again.
• Sentence: If we play badly, we will lose the match.

2. Loose (Adjective):

• Pronunciation: Rhymes with "goose" ().
• Meaning: Not tight; free from constraint.
• Sentence: This shirt is too loose for me.
• Sentence: The dog got loose from the yard.

There are three phrasal verbs in the sentence:

1. Fill in (for someone):

   • Meaning: To do someone's job temporarily while they are away.
   • Context: The speaker substituted for the boss.

2. Figure out:

   • Meaning: To solve a problem or understand something through thought.
   • Context: The boss could not understand the technical issue.

3. Log in:

   • Meaning: To gain access to a computer system or website by entering credentials.
   • Context: The specific action the boss couldn't perform.

These are homophones (words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings).

1. Stationary:

• Meaning: Not moving; fixed in one place.
• Spelling clue: Ends in -ary (like 'parked car').
• Sentence: The car remained stationary at the traffic light.

2. Stationery:

• Meaning: Writing materials like paper and envelopes.
• Spelling clue: Ends in -ery (like 'letter' or 'paper').
• Sentence: She went to the store to buy some stationery for the exam.

1. Check in:

   • Meaning: To register at a hotel or airport upon arrival.
   • Sentence: We need to check in two hours before the flight.

2. Take off:

   • Meaning: When an airplane leaves the ground.
   • Sentence: The plane will take off at 9:00 PM.

3. Get away:

   • Meaning: To go on a vacation or short trip to escape daily routine.
   • Sentence: We plan to get away to the mountains for the weekend.

4. Drop off:

   • Meaning: To take someone to a place and leave them there.
   • Sentence: Can you drop me off at the airport?

5. See off:

   • Meaning: To go to a station/airport to say goodbye to someone.
   • Sentence: My parents came to the station to see me off.

1. Advice (Noun):

• Pronunciation: Ends with an 's' sound (like 'ice').
• Meaning: A suggestion or recommendation offered as a guide.
• Sentence: She gave me some excellent advice regarding my career.

2. Advise (Verb):

• Pronunciation: Ends with a 'z' sound (like 'wise').
• Meaning: The act of giving suggestions or recommendations.
• Sentence: I advise you to study hard for the upcoming test.

1. Break down:

• Context A (Mechanical): When a machine or vehicle stops working.
  • Sentence: Our car broke down on the highway.
• Context B (Emotional): To lose control of one's emotions and start crying.
  • Sentence: She broke down in tears when she heard the bad news.

2. Break up:

• Context A (Relationship): To end a romantic relationship.
  • Sentence: Tom and Jerry decided to break up after three years.
• Context B (Physical): To separate into smaller pieces.
  • Sentence: The police arrived to break up the fight.

1. Accept (Verb):

• Meaning: To agree to receive something or to believe something is true.
• Sentence: I cannot accept this expensive gift.
• Sentence: Please accept my apology.

2. Except (Preposition/Conjunction):

• Meaning: Not including; excluding.
• Sentence: Everyone was present except John.
• Sentence: The store is open every day except Sunday.

1. Put off:

   • Meaning: To delay or postpone something.
   • Sentence: Do not put off until tomorrow what you can do today.

2. Put out:

   • Meaning: To extinguish a fire or cigarette.
   • Sentence: The firefighters managed to put out the blaze quickly.

3. Put up with:

   • Meaning: To tolerate or endure someone or something unpleasant.
   • Sentence: I cannot put up with his rude behavior anymore.

1. Compliment:

• Meaning: A polite expression of praise or admiration.
• Memory Aid: 'I' for I like it.
• Sentence: She gave him a compliment on his new tie.

2. Complement:

• Meaning: Something that completes or makes something else better/perfect.
• Memory Aid: 'E' for complete.
• Sentence: The red wine serves as a perfect complement to the steak dinner.

Characters: Alex and Jordan

Alex: We need to set up (arrange) the decorations for the party tonight.

Jordan: True. Did you call up (telephone) the DJ to confirm the time?

Alex: Yes, he said he'll show up at 7 PM. But we need to clean up (tidy) the living room first.

Jordan: I'll handle the cleaning. You should write down (record) the grocery list so we don't forget the snacks.

Alex: Great plan. Let's get on with (proceed with) the work!