1Which of the following functions is defined as 1 for and 0 for ?
A.Unit Impulse Function
B.Unit Ramp Function
C.Unit Step Function
D.Gate Function
Correct Answer: Unit Step Function
Explanation:The unit step function is defined as having a magnitude of 1 for all time and 0 for all time .
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2The derivative of the unit step function results in which singularity function?
A.Unit Ramp Function
B.Unit Impulse Function
C.Unit Parabolic Function
D.Gate Function
Correct Answer: Unit Impulse Function
Explanation:Mathematically, . The slope of the step is zero everywhere except at where it is infinite, representing the impulse.
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3The Laplace transform of the unit impulse function is:
A.$1$
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer: $1$
Explanation:The Laplace transform of is .
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4A shifted unit step function that starts at is denoted as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: represents a unit step function delayed (shifted to the right) by time . It is 0 for and 1 for .
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5A Gate function (or pulse function) of width starting at can be represented in terms of unit step functions as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:This expression turns on at (via ) and turns off at because subtracts the value 1, returning the sum to 0.
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6For a network function , the roots of the equation are called:
A.Zeros
B.Poles
C.Residues
D.Scale factors
Correct Answer: Poles
Explanation:The roots of the denominator polynomial are the poles of the network function, where the function value tends to infinity.
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7If a network function has a pole at , what is the physical significance in the time domain response?
A.It determines the magnitude of the response.
B.It represents a natural mode or frequency of the system (e.g., ).
C.It blocks frequencies at that point.
D.It determines the initial condition.
Correct Answer: It represents a natural mode or frequency of the system (e.g., ).
Explanation:Poles correspond to the exponential components () in the time-domain transient response of the system.
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8A Driving Point Impedance function relates:
A.Voltage at one port to current at another port.
B.Voltage at a port to the current at the same port.
C.Current at one port to voltage at another port.
D.Voltage at port 1 to voltage at port 2.
Correct Answer: Voltage at a port to the current at the same port.
Explanation:A driving point function is defined at a single port, relating the excitation and response at that specific port ().
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9For a network to be stable, all poles of its transfer function must lie:
A.On the right half of the s-plane.
B.On the imaginary axis only.
C.On the left half of the s-plane.
D.At the origin.
Correct Answer: On the left half of the s-plane.
Explanation:Poles in the left half-plane correspond to decaying exponentials (), ensuring the response is bounded and the system is stable.
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10In a Transfer Function , the roots of the numerator determine:
A.Frequencies of infinite gain.
B.Frequencies of zero transmission (transmission zeros).
C.System stability.
D.Time constants.
Correct Answer: Frequencies of zero transmission (transmission zeros).
Explanation:Zeros are values of for which the transfer function is zero, meaning no signal at that frequency is passed to the output.
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11Which of the following is a necessary condition for a function to be a Driving Point Impedance of a passive network?
A.The real part of the poles must be positive.
B.The coefficients of the polynomials in the numerator and denominator can be negative.
C.It must be a Positive Real (PR) function.
D.The degree of numerator and denominator must differ by at least 2.
Correct Answer: It must be a Positive Real (PR) function.
Explanation:Passive networks must have Positive Real driving point functions to satisfy energy conservation (cannot generate energy).
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12For a rational network function to be physically realizable, the highest degree of and can differ by at most:
A.
B.1
C.2
D.Infinity
Correct Answer: 1
Explanation:For driving point functions of passive networks, the degrees of the numerator and denominator polynomials cannot differ by more than unity.
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13If a driving point function represents a purely LC (Lossless) network, the poles and zeros must lie:
A.On the real axis.
B.On the imaginary axis.
C.In the left half plane (complex conjugate).
D.Anywhere in the s-plane.
Correct Answer: On the imaginary axis.
Explanation:LC networks are lossless, implying no real part in the roots (no damping). Poles and zeros alternate on the axis.
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14Which of the following describes the condition for poles on the imaginary axis for a Positive Real function?
A.They must be multiple (repeated).
B.They must be simple and have real, positive residues.
C.They must have negative residues.
D.They must be complex.
Correct Answer: They must be simple and have real, positive residues.
Explanation:If a PR function has poles on the axis, they must be simple (order 1), and their residues must be real and positive.
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15The Z-parameters are also known as:
A.Short-circuit admittance parameters
B.Open-circuit impedance parameters
C.Transmission parameters
D.Hybrid parameters
Correct Answer: Open-circuit impedance parameters
Explanation:Z-parameters are calculated by setting currents to zero ( or ), which corresponds to open-circuiting the ports.
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16The defining equations for Z-parameters are:
A. and
B. and
C. and
D. and
Correct Answer: and
Explanation:Z-parameters express port voltages as linear functions of port currents.
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17The parameter is defined as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: is the input impedance at port 1 when port 2 is open-circuited ().
Explanation:Y-parameters are found by setting voltages to zero ( or ), which corresponds to short-circuiting the ports.
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19The defining equations for Y-parameters are:
A. and
B. and
C.
D.
Correct Answer: and
Explanation:Y-parameters express port currents as linear functions of port voltages.
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20The parameter is defined as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: is the forward transfer admittance with port 2 short-circuited ().
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21The ABCD parameters are primarily used for:
A.Series connection of two ports
B.Parallel connection of two ports
C.Cascade (Series-Parallel) connection
D.Cascade (Chain) connection of two ports
Correct Answer: Cascade (Chain) connection of two ports
Explanation:ABCD parameters (Transmission parameters) are ideal for cascaded networks because the matrices can simply be multiplied.
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22The defining equations for Transmission (ABCD) parameters are (assuming leaves the network):
A. and
B. and
C. and
D. and
Correct Answer: and
Explanation:Standard convention for ABCD parameters assumes flows out of port 2 (hence the minus sign) to flow into the next cascaded stage.
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23The unit of the parameter in the ABCD matrix is:
A.Dimensionless
B.Mho (Siemens)
C.Ohm
D.Volt
Correct Answer: Ohm
Explanation:From , since is Volts and is Amps, must be in Ohms (Impedance).
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24The unit of the parameter in the ABCD matrix is:
A.Ohm
B.Mho (Siemens)
C.Dimensionless
D.Ampere
Correct Answer: Mho (Siemens)
Explanation:From , since is Amps and is Volts, must be in Mhos/Siemens (Admittance).
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25Why are 'h' parameters called 'hybrid' parameters?
A.They are used only in hybrid cars.
B.They mix Z and Y parameters (Volts and Amps are mixed in inputs and outputs).
C.They are calculated using only resistors.
D.They are dimensionless.
Correct Answer: They mix Z and Y parameters (Volts and Amps are mixed in inputs and outputs).
Explanation:The equations relate and (dependent) to and (independent), mixing impedance, admittance, and gain ratios.
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26The defining equations for Hybrid (h) parameters are:
A. and
B. and
C. and
D. and
Correct Answer: and
Explanation:These are the standard defining equations where (input current) and (output voltage) are the independent variables.
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27Which h-parameter represents the short-circuit forward current gain?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:. This is the ratio of output current to input current with output shorted.
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28The condition for Reciprocity in terms of Z-parameters is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:A network is reciprocal if the transfer impedance is the same in both directions, i.e., .
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29The condition for Symmetry in terms of Y-parameters is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:A two-port network is symmetrical if the input and output ports can be swapped without changing electrical behavior, requiring .
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30The condition for Reciprocity in terms of ABCD parameters is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:For a reciprocal network, the determinant of the Transmission matrix must be unity.
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31The condition for Symmetry in terms of ABCD parameters is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:For a symmetrical network (input behavior equals output behavior), must equal .
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32The condition for Reciprocity in terms of h-parameters is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:The reciprocity condition for hybrid parameters is .
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33If two two-port networks are connected in Series, the equivalent parameter matrix is the sum of their individual:
A.Y-matrices
B.Z-matrices
C.ABCD-matrices
D.h-matrices
Correct Answer: Z-matrices
Explanation:In a series-series connection, the voltages add while currents are common, meaning .
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34If two two-port networks are connected in Parallel, the equivalent parameter matrix is the sum of their individual:
A.Y-matrices
B.Z-matrices
C.ABCD-matrices
D.h-matrices
Correct Answer: Y-matrices
Explanation:In a parallel-parallel connection, currents add while voltages are common, meaning .
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35If two two-port networks are connected in Cascade, the equivalent parameter matrix is the product of their individual:
A.Z-matrices
B.Y-matrices
C.ABCD-matrices
D.h-matrices
Correct Answer: ABCD-matrices
Explanation:For cascaded networks, the output of the first is the input of the second, allowing matrix multiplication of the Transmission (ABCD) parameters.
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36The relationship between Z and Y matrices is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:The impedance matrix is the inverse of the admittance matrix (provided the determinant is not zero).
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37Given the Z-parameters, can be calculated as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:Using matrix inversion, .
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38For a symmetrical T-network with series arms and shunt arm , is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: is the input impedance with the output open. In a T-network, this is the series arm plus the shunt arm ().
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39For a symmetrical -network with series arm and shunt arms , is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: is the input admittance with the output shorted. In a -network, the input shunt arm is in parallel with the series arm (since output is shorted to ground), so admittances add: .
Explanation:g-parameters are the inverse of h-parameters. They express and as functions of and .
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41What is the value of for a T-network with series impedances and shunt impedance ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation: is the open circuit transfer impedance. For a T-network, the voltage appearing at port 1 due to current at port 2 (with port 1 open) is developed solely across the common shunt resistor .
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42In an ideal transformer with turns ratio (primary : secondary), the transmission parameter is:
A.
B.
C.$0$
D.$1$
Correct Answer:
Explanation:For an ideal transformer, and . Comparing to , we see .
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43Which parameter does NOT exist for an ideal transformer?
A.ABCD parameters
B.Z parameters
C.h parameters
D.Inverse ABCD parameters
Correct Answer: Z parameters
Explanation:An ideal transformer allows current transformation but has infinite inductance/impedance behavior in matrix terms. The determinant of coefficients prevents formation of standard Z or Y matrices directly without added components.
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44A Gyrator is a two-port network that:
A.Is reciprocal.
B.Converts impedance to admittance.
C.Has .
D.Is lossy.
Correct Answer: Converts impedance to admittance.
Explanation:A Gyrator is a non-reciprocal device (antireciprocal, ) that inverts impedance, acting as an impedance inverter.
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45The determinant of the h-parameter matrix for a reciprocal network is:
A.
B.1
C.Not defined
D.
Correct Answer: Not defined
Explanation:Actually, for a SYMMETRICAL network . The Reciprocal condition is , which does not dictate the value of the determinant . Wait, let's re-evaluate options. A specific value isn't fixed for reciprocity alone. However, check common textbook confusion. Let's select a different question for clarity.
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46For a symmetrical network, the determinant of the h-parameter matrix is:
A.
B.1
C.-1
D.Infinity
Correct Answer: 1
Explanation:Symmetry requires .
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47Which of the following functions represents a ramp starting at ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:. It is a ramp function shifted to the right by 2 units.
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48In the s-domain, differentiation in the time domain corresponds to multiplication by:
A.
B.
C.
D.$1$
Correct Answer:
Explanation:. Ignoring initial conditions, it corresponds to multiplication by .
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49Network synthesis is the process of:
A.Calculating the response given the network.
B.Finding the network topology and element values given the network function.
C.Analyzing the stability of the network.
D.Measuring the voltage and current.
Correct Answer: Finding the network topology and element values given the network function.
Explanation:Synthesis is the reverse of analysis; it involves designing the circuit to meet a specified transfer or driving point function.
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50The poles of a driving point impedance function of an RC network lie on:
A.The imaginary axis.
B.The negative real axis.
C.The positive real axis.
D.Complex conjugate locations.
Correct Answer: The negative real axis.
Explanation:RC networks are dissipative but non-oscillatory. Their poles and zeros are simple and lie on the negative real axis of the s-plane.
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51Interrelationship: in terms of ABCD parameters is given by:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:. From , if , , so .
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