1Which of the following is NOT a standard file attribute maintained by the operating system?
A.Identifier
B.Name
C.Location
D.Current file contents
Correct Answer: Current file contents
Explanation:
Attributes are metadata about the file (name, size, location, protection, timestamps), whereas content is the actual data stored within the file.
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2In which file access method is information in the file processed in order, one record after the other?
A.Indexed Access
B.Direct Access
C.Relative Access
D.Sequential Access
Correct Answer: Sequential Access
Explanation:
Sequential access reads or writes data consecutively, much like a tape drive, starting from the beginning.
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3Which directory structure allows a user to create their own subdirectories and organizes files into a hierarchy?
A.Flat directory
B.Tree-structured directory
C.Hash-structured directory
D.Single-level directory
Correct Answer: Tree-structured directory
Explanation:
A tree-structured directory allows users to create subdirectories, resulting in a hierarchy of files and folders.
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4What is the specific operation called when a file system is attached to an existing directory structure?
A.Mounting
B.Formatting
C.Linking
D.Spooling
Correct Answer: Mounting
Explanation:
Mounting is the process of making a file system available to the system by attaching it to a specific point (mount point) in the directory tree.
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5Which allocation method suffers from external fragmentation?
A.Indexed allocation
B.Hashed allocation
C.Linked allocation
D.Contiguous allocation
Correct Answer: Contiguous allocation
Explanation:
Contiguous allocation requires files to occupy consecutive blocks. As files are deleted, gaps are created that may be too small for new files, leading to external fragmentation.
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6In Linked Allocation, what is the major disadvantage regarding file access?
A.It uses too much disk space for pointers
B.It creates external fragmentation
C.It requires a File Allocation Table (FAT)
D.It only supports efficient sequential access
Correct Answer: It only supports efficient sequential access
Explanation:
To find the 'i-th' block in linked allocation, the OS must traverse the pointers from the beginning, making direct (random) access very slow.
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7Which allocation method solves the external fragmentation problem and supports efficient direct access by bringing all pointers together into one block?
A.Linked allocation
B.Contiguous allocation
C.Indexed allocation
D.Dynamic allocation
Correct Answer: Indexed allocation
Explanation:
Indexed allocation uses an index block to hold pointers to all data blocks of a file, eliminating external fragmentation and allowing direct access.
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8A Bit Vector is used for which purpose in file management?
A.File compression
B.Directory implementation
C.Free-space management
D.File protection
Correct Answer: Free-space management
Explanation:
A Bit Vector (or Bit Map) is a method to track free disk blocks where each bit represents a block (0 for allocated, 1 for free, or vice-versa).
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9Which directory implementation method requires a linear search to find a file?
A.Hash Table
B.Indexed List
C.Linear List
D.B+ Tree
Correct Answer: Linear List
Explanation:
A Linear List implementation of a directory requires scanning the list of file names one by one to find a specific file, which can be slow for large directories.
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10What is the primary problem with using a Hash Table for directory implementation?
A.Linear search time
B.Collisions
C.External fragmentation
D.Inability to store metadata
Correct Answer: Collisions
Explanation:
Hash tables provide fast access, but collisions occur when two filenames hash to the same location, requiring collision resolution mechanisms.
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11Which of the following is a 'Dedicated Device'?
A.CPU
B.Main Memory
C.Hard Disk Drive
D.Tape Drive
Correct Answer: Tape Drive
Explanation:
Dedicated devices, like tape drives or plotters, are assigned to only one process at a time until the job is finished.
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12What technique allows a dedicated device (like a printer) to appear as a shared device?
A.Caching
B.Swapping
C.Polling
D.Spooling
Correct Answer: Spooling
Explanation:
Spooling (Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-Line) buffers data to a disk area so that multiple processes can 'write' to the printer simultaneously without blocking, while a daemon prints them one by one.
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13In the context of device management, which devices transfer data one character at a time?
A.Block devices
B.Network devices
C.Character devices
D.Storage devices
Correct Answer: Character devices
Explanation:
Character devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, serial ports) transfer data as a stream of bytes/characters, unlike block devices which transfer in chunks.
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14What is the time taken for the disk arm to move the heads to the cylinder containing the desired sector called?
A.Seek time
B.Rotational latency
C.Transfer time
D.Response time
Correct Answer: Seek time
Explanation:
Seek time is the time required to move the disk arm to the required track/cylinder.
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15Which disk scheduling algorithm selects the request with the least seek time from the current head position?
A.SSTF
B.C-LOOK
C.SCAN
D.FCFS
Correct Answer: SSTF
Explanation:
Shortest Seek Time First (SSTF) selects the request closest to the current head position to minimize head movement.
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16What is a major disadvantage of the SSTF disk scheduling algorithm?
A.It is slower than FCFS
B.It may cause starvation of some requests
C.It causes head crashing
D.It is difficult to implement
Correct Answer: It may cause starvation of some requests
Explanation:
If new requests continually arrive near the current head position, requests far away may never be serviced (starvation).
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17Which disk scheduling algorithm is also known as the 'Elevator Algorithm'?
A.SSTF
B.C-SCAN
C.SCAN
D.FCFS
Correct Answer: SCAN
Explanation:
In SCAN, the disk arm starts at one end and moves toward the other, servicing requests as it goes, then reverses direction, similar to an elevator.
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18In C-SCAN disk scheduling, what happens when the head reaches the end of the disk?
A.It reverses direction immediately and services requests
B.It stops and waits for new requests
C.It returns to the beginning without servicing requests on the return trip
D.It randomly jumps to a new cylinder
Correct Answer: It returns to the beginning without servicing requests on the return trip
Explanation:
C-SCAN (Circular SCAN) treats the cylinders as a circular list. When it reaches the end, it immediately returns to the beginning to provide a more uniform wait time.
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19What is a Direct Access Storage Device (DASD)?
A.Magnetic Disk
B.Magnetic Tape
C.Keyboard
D.Punch Card
Correct Answer: Magnetic Disk
Explanation:
DASDs, like magnetic disks or SSDs, allow the system to access any block of data directly without reading preceding blocks.
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20Which hardware component is responsible for handling the details of specific device control and data transfer, offloading this work from the main CPU?
A.System Bus
B.Cache
C.I/O Channel / IOP
D.ALU
Correct Answer: I/O Channel / IOP
Explanation:
An I/O Channel or Input/Output Processor is a specialized processor that handles I/O operations, allowing the main CPU to continue processing other tasks.
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21What is the primary purpose of Inter Process Communication (IPC)?
A.To manage disk space allocation
B.To increase the CPU clock speed
C.To allow processes to exchange data and synchronize actions
D.To prevent processes from running simultaneously
Correct Answer: To allow processes to exchange data and synchronize actions
Explanation:
IPC mechanisms allow cooperating processes to share data, communicate information, and synchronize their execution.
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22Which of the following is NOT a standard IPC mechanism?
A.Message Passing
B.Fragmentation
C.Shared Memory
D.Pipes
Correct Answer: Fragmentation
Explanation:
Fragmentation is a memory or disk management issue, not a method for processes to communicate.
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23In the context of IPC, what is a 'Race Condition'?
A.When the outcome of execution depends on the specific order in which access takes place
B.When two processes try to read the same file
C.When a process runs faster than the CPU
D.When two processes communicate via a pipe
Correct Answer: When the outcome of execution depends on the specific order in which access takes place
Explanation:
A race condition occurs when multiple processes access and manipulate shared data concurrently, and the final result depends on the timing of their execution.
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24What is a fundamental characteristic of a standard (anonymous) Pipe?
A.It is unidirectional
B.It allows communication between unrelated processes
C.It persists after the creating process terminates
D.It is bidirectional by default
Correct Answer: It is unidirectional
Explanation:
Standard pipes provide a one-way flow of data. Data enters at the write end and exits at the read end.
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25What limitation applies to standard (anonymous) pipes?
A.They store data permanently on disk
B.They require a network connection
C.They can only be used by processes with a common ancestor (parent-child)
D.They are slower than message queues
Correct Answer: They can only be used by processes with a common ancestor (parent-child)
Explanation:
Anonymous pipes do not have a name in the filesystem, so they can only be shared by processes that inherit the file descriptors, typically a parent and child.
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26The popen() function in C library is used to:
A.Create a new thread
B.Allocate shared memory
C.Create a pipe, fork a child, and invoke a shell
D.Open a file for direct access
Correct Answer: Create a pipe, fork a child, and invoke a shell
Explanation:
popen() creates a pipe, forks a child process, and executes a shell command, connecting the command's input or output to the pipe.
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27Which function is used to close a stream opened by popen()?
A.fclose()
B.exit()
C.close()
D.pclose()
Correct Answer: pclose()
Explanation:
pclose() closes the I/O stream associated with the pipe and waits for the child command to terminate.
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28Which IPC method is generally considered the fastest?
A.Shared Memory
B.Message Queues
C.Pipes
D.Sockets
Correct Answer: Shared Memory
Explanation:
Shared memory is fastest because it avoids copying data between kernel space and user space; processes access the same memory region directly.
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29What is a mandatory requirement when using Shared Memory?
A.Network protocols
B.Serial access
C.Synchronization mechanism
D.Disk mounting
Correct Answer: Synchronization mechanism
Explanation:
Since multiple processes access the same memory, synchronization (like semaphores) is needed to prevent race conditions and ensure data consistency.
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30What is another name for a Named Pipe?
A.LIFO
B.FIFO
C.Signal
D.Socket
Correct Answer: FIFO
Explanation:
A Named Pipe is often called a FIFO (First In, First Out) because it behaves like a pipe but exists as a special file in the filesystem.
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31How does a FIFO differ from a standard Pipe?
A.FIFO can only be used by a parent and child
B.FIFO is faster
C.FIFO allows bidirectional communication only
D.FIFO exists as a device special file in the file system
Correct Answer: FIFO exists as a device special file in the file system
Explanation:
Unlike anonymous pipes, FIFOs have a name in the filesystem, allowing unrelated processes to communicate as long as they have appropriate permissions.
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32Which system call is typically used to create a FIFO?
A.pipe()
B.msgget()
C.mkfifo()
D.shmget()
Correct Answer: mkfifo()
Explanation:
mkfifo() is the system call used to create a named pipe (FIFO) in the filesystem.
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33In a Message Queue, how are messages typically retrieved?
A.By message size
B.By message type or priority
C.Strictly FIFO only
D.Randomly
Correct Answer: By message type or priority
Explanation:
Message queues allow processes to read messages not just in FIFO order, but often based on message type or priority.
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34Which protection mechanism involves associating a list of users and their access rights with each file?
A.Password protection
B.Capability Lists
C.Access Control List (ACL)
D.Key locks
Correct Answer: Access Control List (ACL)
Explanation:
An ACL is associated with a file and lists the users (or groups) and the specific access rights (read, write, execute) they have for that file.
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35In an Acyclic-Graph Directory structure, what is the main benefit over a Tree structure?
A.No cycle detection required
B.Ability to share files and subdirectories
C.Smaller size
D.Faster searching
Correct Answer: Ability to share files and subdirectories
Explanation:
Acyclic graphs allow directories to share subdirectories and files (via links), which is not possible in a strict tree structure.
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36What happens to a file in a 'DAG' directory structure if one of the links to it is deleted?
A.The file becomes hidden
B.The file remains if other links exist
C.The file system crashes
D.The file is deleted immediately
Correct Answer: The file remains if other links exist
Explanation:
In a shared directory structure (like DAG), deleting a link removes that reference. The actual file is usually only deleted when the reference count drops to zero.
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37Which file access pattern is best suited for CD-ROMs?
A.Read-Write
B.Random Access
C.Write-only
D.Sequential Access
Correct Answer: Sequential Access
Explanation:
While random access is possible, CD-ROM technology is optimized for sequential access of large streams of data (audio/video).
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38Group 'world' or 'others' in Unix file protection refers to:
A.Users in the same group as the owner
B.All users in the system other than owner and group
C.System Administrators only
D.The owner of the file
Correct Answer: All users in the system other than owner and group
Explanation:
Unix permissions are divided into Owner, Group, and Others (World).
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39What does the acronym NFS stand for?
A.Network File System
B.New File System
C.Network Folder Service
D.Non-fragmented System
Correct Answer: Network File System
Explanation:
NFS is a standard protocol for accessing files over a network.
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40In Free-Space Management, what is a disadvantage of the Linked List method?
A.It is hard to implement
B.It wastes space
C.It causes internal fragmentation
D.It requires traversing the list to find multiple free blocks
Correct Answer: It requires traversing the list to find multiple free blocks
Explanation:
While it doesn't waste space (pointers are stored in free blocks), finding a large number of continuous free blocks requires slow disk I/O to traverse the list.
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41Which device type is strictly sequential access?
A.Solid State Drive
B.Flash Drive
C.Magnetic Tape
D.Magnetic Disk
Correct Answer: Magnetic Tape
Explanation:
Magnetic tapes must be wound or rewound to reach a specific point, making them strictly sequential.
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42What is the role of the Device Controller?
A.To compile code
B.To interface between the OS and the device hardware
C.To schedule processes
D.To manage user logins
Correct Answer: To interface between the OS and the device hardware
Explanation:
The controller is the hardware component that understands the specific commands of the device and communicates with the OS via registers or bus.
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43Blocking I/O means:
A.The I/O device is blocked
B.The kernel crashes
C.The process is suspended until I/O is completed
D.The process continues while I/O executes
Correct Answer: The process is suspended until I/O is completed
Explanation:
In blocking I/O, the execution of the process is halted (placed in a wait queue) until the I/O operation finishes.
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44Which IPC method utilizes a kernel-managed linked list of messages?
A.Semaphores
B.Shared Memory
C.Pipes
D.Message Queues
Correct Answer: Message Queues
Explanation:
A message queue is stored by the kernel as a linked list of messages.
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45In File Management, what is an Absolute Path Name?
A.Path starting from the root directory
B.Path of a hidden file
C.Path starting from the current directory
D.Path containing no spaces
Correct Answer: Path starting from the root directory
Explanation:
An absolute path traces the file location starting all the way from the root of the file system (e.g., /home/user/file.txt).
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46What does the open() system call typically return?
A.The file content
B.A file handle or file descriptor
C.True or False
D.The file size
Correct Answer: A file handle or file descriptor
Explanation:
open() returns a small integer (file descriptor/handle) used in subsequent system calls to refer to that file.
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47Which disk scheduling algorithm is theoretically optimal but impossible to implement without knowing future requests?
A.SCAN
B.Look
C.Shortest Seek Time First
D.FCFS
Correct Answer: Shortest Seek Time First
Explanation:
While SSTF is implementable, a purely 'Optimal' policy would require knowing the future chain of requests to minimize total movement. Among standard dynamic algorithms, SSTF is a greedy approximation of optimal.
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48With respect to Directory Implementation, what is a Hash Table bucket?
A.A physical storage unit
B.A type of file
C.A list of entries that hash to the same value
D.A trash can for deleted files
Correct Answer: A list of entries that hash to the same value
Explanation:
In a hash table with chaining, a bucket contains the linked list of all directory entries that hashed to the same index.
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49The logic that prevents a user from reading another user's file is handled by:
A.Disk Scheduling
B.File Allocation Table
C.File Protection Mechanism
D.Directory Structure
Correct Answer: File Protection Mechanism
Explanation:
Protection mechanisms (permissions, ACLs) enforce rules regarding who can access which files.
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50What is the main function of a Control Unit in I/O systems?
A.Execute arithmetic operations
B.Decode instructions and generate control signals for the device
C.Store data permanently
D.Manage RAM
Correct Answer: Decode instructions and generate control signals for the device
Explanation:
The Control Unit directs the operation of the processor and devices by decoding instructions and managing signal flow.