1
What is the core component of the Linux operating system that interacts directly with the hardware?
A. Shell
B. Kernel
C. Desktop Environment
D. Compiler
Correct Answer: Kernel
Explanation: The Kernel is the core of the OS that manages hardware resources and allows software to interact with hardware.
2
Who is credited with creating the initial version of the Linux kernel?
A. Bill Gates
B. Steve Jobs
C. Linus Torvalds
D. Dennis Ritchie
Correct Answer: Linus Torvalds
Explanation: Linus Torvalds released the first version of the Linux kernel in 1991.
3
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Linux?
A. Closed Source
B. Single-user only
C. Open Source
D. Costly licensing fees
Correct Answer: Open Source
Explanation: Linux is open-source software, meaning its source code is freely available for anyone to use, modify, and redistribute.
4
Which of the following is NOT a popular Linux distribution?
A. Ubuntu
B. Fedora
C. Debian
D. macOS
Correct Answer: macOS
Explanation: macOS is a Unix-based operating system developed by Apple, not a Linux distribution. Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian are Linux distros.
5
What program interprets commands typed by the user and sends them to the operating system?
A. The Kernel
B. The Shell
C. The Desktop
D. The Swap
Correct Answer: The Shell
Explanation: The shell is the command-line interface that interprets user inputs and executes them.
6
Which command is used to display the current working directory?
A. cd
B. ls
C. pwd
D. dir
Correct Answer: pwd
Explanation: The 'pwd' command stands for 'print working directory' and shows the full path of the current directory.
7
Which command is used to list files and directories?
A. show
B. list
C. ls
D. ps
Correct Answer: ls
Explanation: The 'ls' command is used to list directory contents.
8
How do you display the manual page for a specific command, for example, 'ls'?
A. help ls
B. man ls
C. ls ?
D. info ls
Correct Answer: man ls
Explanation: The 'man' command is used to display the user manual of any command.
9
Which command is used to create a new empty directory?
A. mkfile
B. newdir
C. mkdir
D. touch
Correct Answer: mkdir
Explanation: The 'mkdir' command stands for 'make directory'.
10
What command allows you to change your current directory?
Correct Answer: cd
Explanation: The 'cd' command stands for 'change directory'.
11
Which command is primarily used to create an empty file or update the timestamp of an existing file?
A. mkdir
B. cat
C. touch
D. make
Correct Answer: touch
Explanation: The 'touch' command creates an empty file if it doesn't exist or updates the timestamp if it does.
12
Which command is used to remove (delete) a file?
A. del
B. remove
C. rm
D. erase
Correct Answer: rm
Explanation: The 'rm' command is used to remove files.
13
What is the function of the 'cp' command?
A. Change path
B. Copy files or directories
C. Create program
D. Check process
Correct Answer: Copy files or directories
Explanation: 'cp' is the standard command used to copy files and directories.
14
Which command is used to move or rename files?
Correct Answer: mv
Explanation: The 'mv' command moves files to a new location or renames them if the destination is the same directory.
15
Which command is used to remove an empty directory?
A. rm
B. delete
C. rmdir
D. clean
Correct Answer: rmdir
Explanation: 'rmdir' allows you to remove a directory only if it is empty.
16
To view the contents of a file on the standard output, which command is used?
A. see
B. look
C. cat
D. read
Correct Answer: cat
Explanation: 'cat' (concatenate) reads a file and outputs its content to the screen.
17
Which command is used to change the file permissions?
A. chown
B. chmod
C. perm
D. attrib
Correct Answer: chmod
Explanation: 'chmod' (change mode) is used to change the read, write, and execute permissions of files.
18
What does the command 'chmod 777 file.txt' do?
A. Removes the file
B. Gives read, write, and execute permissions to everyone
C. Makes the file hidden
D. Locks the file
Correct Answer: Gives read, write, and execute permissions to everyone
Explanation: In octal notation, 7 represents Read(4) + Write(2) + Execute(1). 777 gives full permissions to User, Group, and Others.
19
Which command displays information about currently running processes?
A. proc
B. status
C. ps
D. tasklist
Correct Answer: ps
Explanation: 'ps' stands for 'process status' and displays active processes.
20
If a program is unresponsive, which command can be used to terminate it using its PID?
A. stop
B. end
C. kill
D. quit
Correct Answer: kill
Explanation: The 'kill' command sends a signal (usually termination) to a process identified by its Process ID (PID).
21
What does the 'cd ..' command do?
A. Moves to the root directory
B. Moves to the home directory
C. Moves one directory up (parent directory)
D. Repeats the last command
Correct Answer: Moves one directory up (parent directory)
Explanation: The '..' symbol represents the parent directory.
22
Which flag is used with 'rm' to delete a directory and its contents recursively?
Correct Answer: -r
Explanation: The '-r' (recursive) flag is required to remove directories that contain files.
23
In the Linux file system, which character represents the root directory?
Correct Answer: /
Explanation: Linux uses a single hierarchical tree structure starting at the root directory, represented by a forward slash (/).
24
What is a major difference between Linux and Windows regarding file paths?
A. Linux uses backslashes (), Windows uses forward slashes (/)
B. Linux uses forward slashes (/), Windows uses backslashes ()
C. Both use forward slashes
D. Both use backslashes
Correct Answer: Linux uses forward slashes (/), Windows uses backslashes ()
Explanation: This is a fundamental syntax difference in file paths between the two operating systems.
25
Which user in Linux has unlimited privileges and is equivalent to the Administrator in Windows?
A. Admin
B. SuperUser
C. Root
D. Master
Correct Answer: Root
Explanation: The 'root' user is the superuser in Linux with full administrative access.
26
Unlike Windows, Linux file names are:
A. Case-insensitive
B. Case-sensitive
C. Limited to 8 characters
D. Always ending in .txt
Correct Answer: Case-sensitive
Explanation: In Linux, 'File.txt' and 'file.txt' are treated as two different files.
27
What is a Virtual Machine (VM)?
A. A physical robot
B. A software emulation of a physical computer
C. A type of virus
D. A web browser
Correct Answer: A software emulation of a physical computer
Explanation: A VM behaves like a physical computer but runs as software on top of another operating system.
28
The operating system running inside a Virtual Machine is called the:
A. Host OS
B. Guest OS
C. Main OS
D. Core OS
Correct Answer: Guest OS
Explanation: The OS running the VM software is the Host, and the OS inside the VM is the Guest.
29
Which software is commonly used to create and manage Virtual Machines?
A. Oracle VirtualBox
B. Adobe Photoshop
C. Microsoft Word
D. VLC Player
Correct Answer: Oracle VirtualBox
Explanation: VirtualBox is a widely used hypervisor for x86 virtualization.
30
What is the layer of software that creates and runs virtual machines called?
A. Compiler
B. Hypervisor
C. Kernel
D. Bootloader
Correct Answer: Hypervisor
Explanation: A hypervisor (or Virtual Machine Monitor) allows multiple guest OSs to run on a single host.
31
What is a key benefit of using a Virtual Machine?
A. Increases hardware speed
B. Isolation of the environment
C. Requires no RAM
D. Replaces the need for a monitor
Correct Answer: Isolation of the environment
Explanation: VMs are isolated; if the guest OS crashes or gets a virus, it does not affect the host OS.
32
When creating a VM, what resources must be allocated from the host?
A. Internet bandwidth only
B. RAM and Storage
C. Monitor resolution
D. Keyboard layout
Correct Answer: RAM and Storage
Explanation: The host must dedicate physical RAM and disk space for the guest OS to function.
33
What feature allows you to save the state of a VM at a specific point in time?
A. Screenshot
B. Snapshot
C. Clone
D. Pause
Correct Answer: Snapshot
Explanation: Snapshots allow you to revert the VM to a previous state later.
34
What is a File System?
A. A method of storing and organizing files on a storage device
B. A system to clean computer fans
C. A protocol for internet browsing
D. A type of monitor display
Correct Answer: A method of storing and organizing files on a storage device
Explanation: A file system controls how data is stored and retrieved on a disk.
35
What does FAT stand for in file systems?
A. Fast Access Table
B. File Allocation Table
C. File Access Type
D. Fixed Allocation Type
Correct Answer: File Allocation Table
Explanation: FAT is an older but highly compatible file system architecture.
36
Which file system is the standard default for modern Windows operating systems?
A. HFS
B. ext4
C. NTFS
D. FAT16
Correct Answer: NTFS
Explanation: NTFS (New Technology File System) is the default for Windows (often referred to incorrectly as NDFS in some older contexts/typos).
37
Which file system is primarily associated with macOS?
A. NTFS
B. HFS/HFS+
C. ext4
D. FAT32
Correct Answer: HFS/HFS+
Explanation: HFS (Hierarchical File System) and HFS+ were standard for Mac before APFS.
38
What is the standard file system used by most modern Linux distributions?
A. NTFS
B. Extended File System (ext3/ext4)
C. HFS
D. FAT32
Correct Answer: Extended File System (ext3/ext4)
Explanation: The ext (Extended) family, particularly ext4, is the standard for Linux.
39
What does UDF stand for?
A. Universal Disk Format
B. Unified Data File
C. User Data Format
D. Ultra Disk File
Correct Answer: Universal Disk Format
Explanation: UDF is a vendor-independent file system used for optical media like DVDs and Blu-rays.
40
Which file system limitation makes FAT32 unsuitable for large video files?
A. It cannot store text files
B. Maximum file size is 4GB
C. It is not compatible with Windows
D. It is too slow
Correct Answer: Maximum file size is 4GB
Explanation: FAT32 cannot handle individual files larger than 4GB.
41
In the context of Linux commands, what does the -l flag do in ls -l?
A. Lists in landscape mode
B. Lists in long format (details)
C. Lists only links
D. Lists last opened files
Correct Answer: Lists in long format (details)
Explanation: ls -l shows detailed information like permissions, owner, size, and modification date.
42
Which symbol is used to represent the user's home directory in Linux?
Correct Answer: ~
Explanation: The tilde (~) is a shortcut for the current user's home directory.
43
Which command creates a duplicate of a file?
Correct Answer: cp
Explanation: cp copies the source file to a destination, creating a duplicate.
44
To create a hidden file in Linux, the filename must start with:
A. A dot (.)
B. A hash (#)
C. A dollar sign ($)
D. An underscore (_)
Correct Answer: A dot (.)
Explanation: Files beginning with a dot (e.g., .config) are hidden by default in standard directory listings.
45
Which command would you use to check the version of the kernel?
A. ls -v
B. uname -r
C. kernel -v
D. ver
Correct Answer: uname -r
Explanation: uname -r prints the kernel release version.
46
In Windows, drives are labeled A:, C:, etc. In Linux, all storage devices are mounted under:
A. The Registry
B. The Root directory (/)
C. My Computer
D. The Drive Manager
Correct Answer: The Root directory (/)
Explanation: Linux uses a unified file system hierarchy where devices are mounted as directories within the root tree.
47
Which command effectively 'renames' a directory?
A. rn
B. name
C. mv
D. cp
Correct Answer: mv
Explanation: The mv (move) command is used for renaming; moving a file to the same folder with a different name effectively renames it.
48
What does the 'sudo' command enable a user to do?
A. Surf the web
B. Execute a command with superuser (root) privileges
C. Sort files
D. Delete the OS
Correct Answer: Execute a command with superuser (root) privileges
Explanation: Sudo stands for 'SuperUser DO'.
49
Which file system type is known as a 'Journaling File System' commonly used in Linux?
A. FAT12
B. ext3/ext4
C. ISO9660
D. CDFS
Correct Answer: ext3/ext4
Explanation: ext3 and ext4 are journaling file systems, meaning they keep a log of changes to prevent corruption during crashes.
50
What happens if you run rmdir on a directory that contains files?
A. It deletes everything
B. It asks for a password
C. It fails and displays an error
D. It moves the files to trash
Correct Answer: It fails and displays an error
Explanation: rmdir only removes empty directories. You must use rm -r for non-empty directories.