1The term Motivation is derived from the Latin word movere, which means:
A.To think
B.To move
C.To believe
D.To achieve
Correct Answer: To move
Explanation:Motivation comes from the Latin word movere, which translates to 'to move', implying the driving force that initiates and directs behavior.
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2In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which need is at the very top of the pyramid?
A.Physiological Needs
B.Esteem Needs
C.Self-Actualization Needs
D.Safety Needs
Correct Answer: Self-Actualization Needs
Explanation:Self-Actualization represents the highest level of Maslow's pyramid, referring to the realization of a person's potential, self-fulfillment, and peak experiences.
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3According to Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, which of the following is considered a Hygiene Factor?
A.Achievement
B.Recognition
C.Salary and Working Conditions
D.Responsibility
Correct Answer: Salary and Working Conditions
Explanation:Hygiene factors (like salary, company policy, and working conditions) do not necessarily motivate employees, but their absence causes dissatisfaction.
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4Which theory suggests that employees are inherently lazy, dislike work, and must be coerced to perform?
A.Theory Y
B.Theory X
C.Theory Z
D.Equity Theory
Correct Answer: Theory X
Explanation:Douglas McGregor's Theory X assumes that the average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible, requiring strict supervision.
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5Theory Y assumes that:
A.Employees prefer to be directed and avoid responsibility.
B.Money is the only motivator.
C.Work is as natural as play or rest, and people are self-directed.
D.Employees prioritize hygiene factors over motivators.
Correct Answer: Work is as natural as play or rest, and people are self-directed.
Explanation:Theory Y posits that people are intrinsically motivated, enjoy their work, and seek responsibility under the right conditions.
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6In Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, the formula for Motivation is expressed as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct Answer:
Explanation:Vroom suggested that motivation is the product of Expectancy (belief that effort leads to performance), Instrumentality (belief that performance leads to rewards), and Valence (value of the reward).
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7Which type of motivation arises from internal desires, such as the joy of learning or the satisfaction of a job well done?
A.Extrinsic Motivation
B.Intrinsic Motivation
C.Financial Motivation
D.Negative Motivation
Correct Answer: Intrinsic Motivation
Explanation:Intrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by internal rewards rather than external pressures or financial incentives.
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8The phenomenon where the combined effect of a team is greater than the sum of individual effects is known as:
A.Social Loafing
B.Groupthink
C.Synergy
D.Entropy
Correct Answer: Synergy
Explanation:Synergy describes the interaction of elements that when combined produce a total effect that is greater than the sum of the individual elements, often summarized as .
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9Which of the following is NOT a stage in Tuckman’s Group Development Model?
A.Forming
B.Storming
C.Conforming
D.Performing
Correct Answer: Conforming
Explanation:Bruce Tuckman's model includes five stages: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. 'Conforming' is not a specific stage in this model.
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10During which stage of group development does conflict and competition typically emerge as members assert their personalities?
A.Forming
B.Storming
C.Norming
D.Adjourning
Correct Answer: Storming
Explanation:The Storming stage is characterized by conflict and disagreement as group members vie for position and challenge the group's leadership or direction.
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11In the Norming stage of group development:
A.Members are polite and avoid controversy.
B.The group disbands.
C.Conflict is at its highest.
D.Group cohesion develops, and roles become clearly defined.
Correct Answer: Group cohesion develops, and roles become clearly defined.
Explanation:During Norming, the group settles into a routine, resolves conflicts, builds trust, and establishes agreed-upon standards of behavior.
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12McClelland’s Theory of Needs identifies three primary motivators. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A.Need for Achievement
B.Need for Safety
C.Need for Power
D.Need for Affiliation
Correct Answer: Need for Safety
Explanation:David McClelland's theory focuses on the Need for Achievement (nAch), Need for Power (nPow), and Need for Affiliation (nAff). Safety is associated with Maslow.
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13What is Social Loafing?
A.The tendency for individuals to work harder in groups.
B.The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.
C.The process of socializing during work hours.
D.A conflict resolution strategy.
Correct Answer: The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.
Explanation:Social loafing occurs when a person exerts less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone, often due to a diffusion of responsibility.
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14Groupthink typically results in:
A.Highly creative solutions.
B.Critical evaluation of all alternatives.
C.Irrational or dysfunctional decision-making due to the desire for harmony.
D.Increased conflict within the group.
Correct Answer: Irrational or dysfunctional decision-making due to the desire for harmony.
Explanation:Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon where the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.
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15Which conflict resolution style involves low assertiveness and high cooperativeness?
A.Competing
B.Collaborating
C.Accommodating
D.Avoiding
Correct Answer: Accommodating
Explanation:Accommodating is an unassertive but cooperative approach where one party neglects their own concerns to satisfy the concerns of the other party.
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16Which conflict handling style is often described as a Win-Win approach?
A.Compromising
B.Competing
C.Avoiding
D.Collaborating
Correct Answer: Collaborating
Explanation:Collaborating involves working together to find a solution that fully satisfies the concerns of both parties, resulting in a 'Win-Win' outcome.
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17In the Johari Window, the area representing information known to others but unknown to oneself is called the:
A.Open Area
B.Blind Area
C.Hidden Area
D.Unknown Area
Correct Answer: Blind Area
Explanation:The Blind Area (or Blind Spot) contains information about a person that others can see (e.g., habits, mannerisms) but the person is unaware of.
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18The term Interpersonal Relations refers to:
A.The relationship between a person and their inner self.
B.The study of international politics.
C.Social associations, connections, or affiliations between two or more people.
D.The relation between an employee and their machine.
Correct Answer: Social associations, connections, or affiliations between two or more people.
Explanation:Interpersonal relations cover the nature of interactions and connections between individuals in social or professional settings.
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19Which of the following is a primary cause of Dysfunctional Conflict?
A.Constructive criticism
B.Healthy competition
C.Breakdown in communication
D.Shared goals
Correct Answer: Breakdown in communication
Explanation:Dysfunctional conflict often arises from misunderstandings, lack of information, or poor communication, hindering group performance.
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20According to Equity Theory, an employee is motivated when:
A.They are paid more than everyone else.
B.They perceive their ratio of inputs to outcomes is equal to that of relevant others.
C.They have no supervision.
D.They have easy goals.
Correct Answer: They perceive their ratio of inputs to outcomes is equal to that of relevant others.
Explanation:Equity Theory suggests motivation depends on the fair balance between an employee's inputs (effort, skill) and outputs (salary, recognition) compared to others.
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21A team composed of employees from about the same hierarchical level, but from different work areas, who come together to accomplish a task is called a:
A.Self-managed team
B.Virtual team
C.Cross-functional team
D.Problem-solving team
Correct Answer: Cross-functional team
Explanation:Cross-functional teams bring together people with different functional expertise (e.g., marketing, engineering, finance) to work toward a common goal.
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22What is the primary difference between a Group and a Team?
A.A group is larger than a team.
B.A team has a specific shared goal and mutual accountability, while a group primarily interacts to share information.
C.A group has a leader, but a team does not.
D.There is no difference.
Correct Answer: A team has a specific shared goal and mutual accountability, while a group primarily interacts to share information.
Explanation:Teams are defined by synergy, complementary skills, and mutual accountability toward a common purpose, whereas groups focus more on individual performance.
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23The ERG Theory by Alderfer condenses Maslow’s five needs into three. What does ERG stand for?
A.Existence, Relatedness, Growth
B.Energy, Resources, Goals
C.Empathy, Respect, Gratitude
D.Environment, Relationships, Gains
Correct Answer: Existence, Relatedness, Growth
Explanation:Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory groups needs into Existence (physiological/safety), Relatedness (social/esteem), and Growth (self-actualization).
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24Which reinforcement method involves removing an unpleasant consequence to increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated?
A.Positive Reinforcement
B.Punishment
C.Negative Reinforcement
D.Extinction
Correct Answer: Negative Reinforcement
Explanation:Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior by the removal or avoidance of a negative outcome (e.g., stopping nagging when a task is done).
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25The degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group is known as:
A.Group Shift
B.Group Cohesiveness
C.Group Norms
D.Group Structure
Correct Answer: Group Cohesiveness
Explanation:Cohesiveness refers to the bonds that hold a group together, including mutual attraction and a sense of collective identity.
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26Which conflict management style is assertive and uncooperative, pursuing one's own concerns at the other's expense?
A.Competing
B.Collaborating
C.Compromising
D.Accommodating
Correct Answer: Competing
Explanation:Competing involves a win-lose approach where an individual firmly pursues their own interests, often using power to win their position.
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27In the Transactional Analysis (TA) model, which ego state reflects behavior copied from parents or authority figures?
A.Adult Ego State
B.Child Ego State
C.Parent Ego State
D.Sibling Ego State
Correct Answer: Parent Ego State
Explanation:The Parent Ego State contains the attitudes, behaviors, and feelings incorporated from external sources, primarily parents.
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28The Goal-Setting Theory by Locke suggests that:
A.Generic goals like 'do your best' are most effective.
B.Specific and challenging goals lead to higher performance.
C.Goals should be easy to ensure satisfaction.
D.Goals are irrelevant to motivation.
Correct Answer: Specific and challenging goals lead to higher performance.
Explanation:Locke found that specific, difficult goals result in higher performance than easy goals or vague instructions to 'do your best', provided the goals are accepted.
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29Which of the following is an example of an Extrinsic Motivator?
A.Sense of achievement
B.Curiosity
C.Promotion and Bonuses
D.Personal growth
Correct Answer: Promotion and Bonuses
Explanation:Extrinsic motivators are external rewards such as money, grades, promotions, or praise, rather than internal satisfaction.
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30Effective Active Listening involves:
A.Planning your response while the other person speaks.
B.Interrupting to correct facts immediately.
C.Paraphrasing and reflecting feelings to ensure understanding.
D.Remaining completely silent with a blank expression.
Correct Answer: Paraphrasing and reflecting feelings to ensure understanding.
Explanation:Active listening requires full attention, processing the information, and providing feedback (like paraphrasing) to confirm understanding.
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31Kurt Lewin is famously associated with the study of:
A.Scientific Management
B.Group Dynamics
C.Bureaucracy
D.Hierarchy of Needs
Correct Answer: Group Dynamics
Explanation:Kurt Lewin is considered the father of social psychology and coined the term 'Group Dynamics' to describe the way groups and individuals act and react to changing circumstances.
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32The final stage in Tuckman's model, involving the wrapping up of activities and dissolution of the group, is called:
A.Ending
B.Adjourning
C.Closing
D.Norming
Correct Answer: Adjourning
Explanation:Adjourning (sometimes called Deforming or Mourning) involves completing the task and breaking up the team.
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33Which of the following creates a Virtual Team?
A.Working in the same office.
B.Using computer technology to tie together physically dispersed members.
C.Meeting strictly for social events.
D.A group of robots.
Correct Answer: Using computer technology to tie together physically dispersed members.
Explanation:Virtual teams rely on technology (video conferencing, email, collaboration software) to work together across time, space, and organizational boundaries.
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34Conflict that supports the goals of the group and improves its performance is known as:
A.Dysfunctional Conflict
B.Functional Conflict
C.Relationship Conflict
D.Personal Conflict
Correct Answer: Functional Conflict
Explanation:Functional (or constructive) conflict encourages new ideas, stimulates creativity, and leads to better decision-making.
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35In the context of conflict resolution, Compromising means:
A.One party wins, the other loses.
B.Both parties give up something to reach a mutually acceptable solution.
C.Both parties ignore the problem.
D.One party gives in completely.
Correct Answer: Both parties give up something to reach a mutually acceptable solution.
Explanation:Compromising is the middle ground where each party makes concessions to reach an agreement; there is no clear winner or loser.
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36The Pygmalion Effect in management refers to:
A.Employees performing better when leaders have high expectations of them.
B.Employees performing worse under pressure.
C.Leaders favoring employees who look like them.
D.The decline of motivation over time.
Correct Answer: Employees performing better when leaders have high expectations of them.
Explanation:The Pygmalion Effect describes the phenomenon where higher expectations lead to an increase in performance.
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37Which is a characteristic of a Formal Group?
A.Formed naturally based on friendship.
B.Structure and roles are defined by the organization.
C.Focus is primarily on social interaction.
D.Leadership is always rotating.
Correct Answer: Structure and roles are defined by the organization.
Explanation:Formal groups are established by the organization to perform specific tasks and achieve defined goals, with assigned roles.
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38The Johari Window area that is known to self but unknown to others is the:
A.Open Area
B.Blind Area
C.Hidden (Facade) Area
D.Unknown Area
Correct Answer: Hidden (Facade) Area
Explanation:The Hidden area represents secrets, feelings, or information that a person knows about themselves but chooses not to reveal to others.
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39Which of the following is a barrier to effective interpersonal relations?
A.Empathy
B.Trust
C.Stereotyping
D.Open communication
Correct Answer: Stereotyping
Explanation:Stereotyping involves making assumptions about people based on their group membership, which prevents understanding them as individuals and harms relationships.
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40In the context of motivation, Reinforcement Theory emphasizes:
A.Internal needs and desires.
B.Goal setting.
C.The relationship between behavior and its consequences.
D.Fairness in pay.
Correct Answer: The relationship between behavior and its consequences.
Explanation:Reinforcement Theory (B.F. Skinner) focuses on how environmental consequences (rewards or punishments) shape behavior.
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41Which leadership style is most likely to cause Groupthink?
A.Democratic leadership encouraging debate.
B.Laissez-faire leadership.
C.Highly directive and authoritarian leadership.
D.Transformational leadership.
Correct Answer: Highly directive and authoritarian leadership.
Explanation:Authoritarian leaders who discourage dissent and push for their own views often suppress critical thinking, leading to Groupthink.
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42What is the Halo Effect?
A.Drawing a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic.
B.Believing everyone is an angel.
C.Motivating people through religious beliefs.
D.The effect of lighting on workplace productivity.
Correct Answer: Drawing a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic.
Explanation:The Halo Effect is a cognitive bias where one positive trait (e.g., attractiveness or punctuality) influences the overall perception of a person.
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43Which factor creates the Need for Affiliation in individuals?
A.Desire to control others.
B.Desire to excel.
C.Desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.
D.Desire for money.
Correct Answer: Desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.
Explanation:The Need for Affiliation (nAff) drives people to seek social acceptance, friendship, and harmonious relationships with others.
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44Self-Efficacy refers to:
A.Selfishness.
B.An individual’s belief that they are capable of performing a task.
C.The actual skill level of a person.
D.The efficiency of a machine.
Correct Answer: An individual’s belief that they are capable of performing a task.
Explanation:Self-efficacy (Bandura) is the belief in one's own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.
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45A conflict caused by scarce resources (e.g., budget, office space) is known as:
A.Values conflict
B.Structural conflict
C.Relationship conflict
D.Data conflict
Correct Answer: Structural conflict
Explanation:Structural conflict arises from external forces like unequal control of resources, time constraints, or geographical factors.
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46To convert a group into a high-performing team, which element is essential?
A.Total uniformity of thought.
B.Individual incentives only.
C.Trust and open communication.
D.Strict hierarchy.
Correct Answer: Trust and open communication.
Explanation:Trust allows team members to be vulnerable, share ideas, and rely on one another, which is critical for high performance.
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47Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Theory Z (William Ouchi)?
A.Long-term employment
B.Collective decision making
C.Rapid evaluation and promotion
D.Holistic concern for employees
Correct Answer: Rapid evaluation and promotion
Explanation:Theory Z emphasizes slow evaluation and promotion, along with long-term employment and collective responsibility.
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48Role Ambiguity occurs when:
A.A person has too many roles to play.
B.A person is unsure about their specific rights, duties, and responsibilities.
C.A person dislikes their role.
D.A person is overqualified for their role.
Correct Answer: A person is unsure about their specific rights, duties, and responsibilities.
Explanation:Role ambiguity happens when expectations regarding a job or position are not clearly defined, leading to stress and confusion.
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49The stage of group development where members accept the group leader and the group structure is:
A.Adjourning
B.Storming
C.Norming
D.Forming
Correct Answer: Norming
Explanation:By the Norming stage, resistance to control evaporates, and members accept the group's leadership and rules.
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50Which of the following best describes Assertiveness?
A.Getting what you want by any means.
B.Expressing your views and needs clearly and respectfully without violating the rights of others.
C.Remaining silent to avoid conflict.
D.Aggressively dominating a conversation.
Correct Answer: Expressing your views and needs clearly and respectfully without violating the rights of others.
Explanation:Assertiveness is the ability to communicate opinions, thoughts, and feelings firmly and positively, respecting both oneself and others.